{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T12:36:57Z","timestamp":1762173417505,"version":"build-2065373602"},"publisher-location":"400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States","reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAE International","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines are becoming increasingly popular due to the potential to improve power and fuel consumption. The direct injection of gasoline inside an engine is classified in three types: wall-guided; air-guided; and spray-guided (also designated as air-assisted). In the wall-guided, spray impingement on the piston's bowl head is part of the process to form a stratified charge near the spark plug, as well as to aid in the fuel mixture preparation. In the air-guided (swirl and tumble) and spray-guided, the impingement is undesirable.<\/div>\n<div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The interaction between the spray and the surrounding air, as well as the characteristics of the spray, are very important to achieve the benefits of the GDI concept. Although many works have been published which consider the structure of individual sprays, much remains to be known about the interaction between the spray and the wall in the presence of air motion. This is the goal of our work. For that an experimental facility has been built to study the fluid and thermodynamic behavior of a gasoline spray impinging onto a cold\/heated surface under cross flow conditions. In a first step of our study we intend to build a fundamental basis on the influence of droplet size and velocity relatively to the cross flow and, therefore, used a PFI injector for easy of experimental analysis. Despite this injector operates at low pressure, images of the spray under quiescent conditions showed a spray quality similar to that of a DI injector, without injection of streams of liquid. Also, measurements obtained with a phase Doppler anemometer showed that droplet sizes range between 10\u03bcm and 120\u03bcm.<\/div>\n<div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The present paper reports the results obtained with Mie scattering and shadowgraph using a high speed CCD camera to analyze the influence of the pressure and duration of injection in the spray\/wall interaction, considering the presence of different cross flow velocities.<\/div><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/2002-01-2664","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,16]],"date-time":"2010-08-16T10:48:10Z","timestamp":1281955690000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Visualization and Analysis of Spray Impingement Under Cross-Flow Conditions"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Miguel R.","family":"Pan\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio L. N.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico"}]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meingast, U. Staudt, M. Reichelt, L. Renz, U. Sommerhoff, F.-A. \u201cAnalysis of Spray\/Wall Interaction Under Diesel Engine Conditions\u201d SAE Paper 2000-01-0272 2000","DOI":"10.4271\/2000-01-0272"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arcoumanis, C. Chang, J.-C. \u201cHeat transfer between a heated plate and an impinging transient diesel spray\u201d Experiments in Fluids 16 105 119 1993","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00944912"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6zdemir, I. B. Whitelaw, J. H. \u201cImpingement of an unsteady two-phase jet on unheated and heated flat plates\u201d J. Fluid Mech. 252 499 523 1993","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112093003854"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J. Xie, X. Im, K.S. Kim, H. Lai M.-C. Yang, J. Han Z. Anderson, R.W. \u201cCharacteristics of Direct Injection Gasoline Spray Wall Impingement at Elevated Temperature Conditions\u201d SAE Paper 1999-01-3662 1999","DOI":"10.4271\/1999-01-3662"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawajiri, K. Yonezawa, T. Ohuchi, H. Sumida, M. Katashiba, H. \u201cStudy of Interaction Between Spray and Air Motion, and Spray Wall Impingement\u201d SAE Paper 2002-01-0836 2002","DOI":"10.4271\/2002-01-0836"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brehem, C. Whitelaw, J.H. Sassi, L. Vafidis, C. \u201cAir and Fuel Characteristics in the Intake Port of a SI Engine\u201d SAE Paper 1999-01-1491 1999","DOI":"10.4271\/1999-01-1491"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, C. Gosman, A.D. \u201cDevelopment of Methodology for Spray Impingement Simulation\u201d SAE Paper 950283 1995","DOI":"10.4271\/950283"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.H. Ryou, H.S. \u201cDevelopment of a new spray\/wall interaction model\u201d International J. Multiphase Flow 26 1209 1234 2000","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-9322(99)00080-4"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindgren, R. Denbratt, I. \u201cModellingg Gasoline Spray-Wall Interaction - A Review of Current Models\u201d SAE Paper 2000-01-2808 2000","DOI":"10.4271\/2000-01-2808"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mundo, C. Tropea, C. Sommerfeld, M. \u201cNumerical and Experimental Investigation of Spray Characteristics in the Vicinity of a Rigid Wall\u201d Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 15 228 237 1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-1777(97)00015-0"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mundo, C. Sommerfeld, M. Tropea, C. \u201cOn the modelling of liquid sprays impinging on surfaces\u201d Atomization and Sprays 8 625 652 1998","DOI":"10.1615\/AtomizSpr.v8.i6.20"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Rusche, H. \u201cCFD Simulation of Spray Impingement Processes\u201d 1997"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tropea, C. Roisman, I.V. \u201cModelling of Spray Impact on Solid Surfaces\u201d Atomization and Sprays 10 387 408 2000","DOI":"10.1615\/AtomizSpr.v10.i3-5.80"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arcoumanis, C. Cutter, P. \u201cFlow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Impinging Diesel Sprays Under Cross-Flow Conditions\u201d SAE Paper 950448 1995","DOI":"10.4271\/950448"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arcoumanis, C. Whitelaw, D.S. Whitelaw, J.H. \u201cGasoline Injection Against Surfaces and Films\u201d Atomization and Sprays 7 437 456 1997","DOI":"10.1615\/AtomizSpr.v7.i4.70"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J. Huang, Y. Alger, T.F. Matthews, R.D. Hall, M.J. Stanglmaier, R.H. Roberts, C.E. Dai, W. Anderson, R.W. \u201cLiquid Fuel Impingement on In-Cylinder Surfaces as a Source of Hydrocarbon Emissions From Direct Injection Gasoline Engines\u201d Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 123 659 667 2001","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1370398"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landsberg, G.B. Heywood, J.B. Cheng, W.K. \u201cContribution of Liquid Fuel to Hydrocarbon Emissions in Spark Ignition Engines\u201d SAE Paper 2001-01-3587 2001","DOI":"10.4271\/2001-01-3587"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hochgreb, S. \u201cLiquid Fuel Impingement on the Piston Bowl of a Direct-Injection, Spark-Ignited (DISI) Engine Under Stratified Operation\u201d SAE Paper 2001-01-3646 2001","DOI":"10.4271\/2001-01-3646"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senda, J. Ohnishi, M. Takahashi, T. Fujimoto, H. Utsunomiya, A. Wakatabe, M. \u201cMeasurement and Modeling on Wall Wetted Fuel Film Profile and Mixture Preparation in Intake Port of SI Engine\u201d SAE Paper 1999-01-0798 1999","DOI":"10.4271\/1999-01-0798"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Bai, C.X. \u201cModelling of spray impingement processes\u201d University of London"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, K. Quay, B.D. Zello, J.V. Santavicca, D.A. \u201cFuel Volatility Effects on Mixture Preparation and Performance in a GDI Engine During Cold Start\u201d SAE Paper 2001-01-3650 2001","DOI":"10.4271\/2001-01-3650"}],"event":{"name":"SAE Powertrain & Fluid Systems Conference & Exhibition","start":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,21]]},"number":"63967","location":"San Diego, California, United States","acronym":"FFL"},"container-title":["SAE Technical Paper Series"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/downloads\/papers\/2002-01-2664\/Full%20Text%20PDF","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T13:05:11Z","timestamp":1759669511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/papers\/visualization-analysis-spray-impingement-cross-flow-conditions-2002-01-2664"}},"subtitle":[],"proceedings-subject":"SAE Technical Paper Series","short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,21]]},"references-count":21,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2002-01-2664","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-7191","2688-3627"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0148-7191"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2688-3627"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,21]]},"article-number":"2002-01-2664"}}