{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T13:44:07Z","timestamp":1759671847799,"version":"build-2065373602"},"publisher-location":"400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States","reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAE International","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">This paper presents an experimental study of the deformation of spherical liquid droplets impinging onto dry and flat surfaces making use of a CCD-camera with a high spatial resolution. The experiments consider different liquids (water and Diesel oil) and the effects of droplet velocity and diameter at the impact in a range of Weber numbers up to 1100 and Reynolds numbers up to 77400. Emphasis is put on the nature of the surface target. To consider this effect, two surface materials were used (perspex and aluminium) with surface roughness varying from less than 5\u03bcm (considered as a smooth surface) up to R<sub>a<\/sub>=66,6\u03bcm. For the range of droplet diameters considered in the experiments, the corresponding dimensionless values of R<sub>a<\/sub>\/R<sub>droplet<\/sub> vary from 1.5\u00d710<sup>-5<\/sup> and 2.5\u00d710<sup>-2<\/sup>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">In a first step, the experiments focus on the spread of the liquid film and analysis of the results suggest that, provided that the Reynolds number of the droplet at the impact is large (Re&gt;2000), the energy dissipated at the wall is not affected by the nature of the surface. The effect of surface roughness appears to be important for low Reynolds numbers, typically Re&lt;1000.<\/div>\n<div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Depending upon the physical parameters at the impact, the droplet may splash at the first contact with the surface (prompt splash) or the liquid film at the wall may break-up on secondary droplets during spread. In a second step, the experiments emphasize the effect of surface roughness on the onset of splash for different liquids. The experimental results are analysed in terms of the critical Weber number for which splash occurs, and compared with correlations reported in the literature accounting for the effects of surface roughness and droplet liquid and suggest the likely influence of, not only the nature of the surface (e.g. surface profile and material), but also of the liquid.<\/div><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/2002-01-2749","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,16]],"date-time":"2010-08-16T10:48:10Z","timestamp":1281955690000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Deformation of Single Droplets Impacting onto a Flat Surface"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Moita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Lu\u00eds N.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico"}]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandra, S. Avedisian, C. T. \u201cOn the collision of a droplet with a solid surface\u201d Proc. R. Soc. London 432 13 41 1991","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1991.0002"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marmanis, H. Thoroddsen, S. T. \u201cScaling of the fingering pattern of an impacting drop\u201d Physics of Fluids 8 6 1344 1346 1996","DOI":"10.1063\/1.868941"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thoroddsen, S. T. Sakakibara, J. \u201cEvolution of the fingering pattern of an impacting drop\u201d Physics of Fluids 10 6 1359 1374 1998","DOI":"10.1063\/1.869661"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stow, C. D. Hadfield, M. G. \u201cAn experimental investigation of fluid flow resulting from the impact of a water drop with an unyielding dry surface\u201d Proc. R. Soc. of London 373 1981","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1981.0002"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Range, Kai Feuillebois, Fran\u00e7ois \u201cInfluence of Surface Roughness on Liquid Drop Impact\u201d Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 203 16 30 1998","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1998.5518"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Riboo, R. Marengo. M. Tropea, C. \u201cOutcomes from a drop impact on solid surfaces\u201d ILASS-Europe'99 1998"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160ikalo, \u0160 Marengo, M. Tropea, C. Ganic \u201cAnalysis of impact of droplets on horizontal surfaces\u201d Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 25 503 510 2001","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-1777(01)00109-1"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karl, Alexander Anders, Klaus Rieber, Martin Frohn, Arnold \u201cDeformation of liquid droplets during collisions with hot walls: experimental and numerical results\u201d Part. Syst. Charact. 13 186 19 1996","DOI":"10.1002\/ppsc.19960130304"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, B. S. Lee, D. H. \u201cOn the dynamic behaviour of a liquid droplet impacting upon an inclined heated surface\u201d Experiments in Fluids 29 380 387 2000","DOI":"10.1007\/s003489900104"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasandideh-Fard, M. Qiao, Y. M. Chandra, S. Mostaghimi, J. \u201cCapillary effects during droplet impact on a solid surface\u201d Physics of Fluids 8 3 650 658 1996","DOI":"10.1063\/1.868850"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin, Z. Hobbs, P. V. \u201cSplashing of water drops on solid and wetted surfaces: Hydrodynamics and charge separation\u201d Phils. Trans. R soc. of London 269 1971","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.1971.0052"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haitao, Xu Liu Yongchang He Ping Wang Haiqing \u201cThe TAR Model for calculation of droplet\/wall impingement\u201d Journal of Fluids Engineering 593 597 1998","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2820705"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukai, J. Shiiba, Y. Yamamoto, T. Miyatake, O. Poulikakos, D. Megaridis, C. M. Zhao, Z. \u201cWetting effects on the spreading of a liquid droplet colliding with a flat surface: experiment and modeling\u201d Physics of Fluids 7 2 236 247 1995","DOI":"10.1063\/1.868622"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mundo, CHR. Sommerfeld, M. Tropea, C. \u201cDroplet-wall Collisions: Experimental studies of the deformation and break-up processes\u201d Int. J. Multiphase Flow 21 2 151 173 1995","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-9322(94)00069-V"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cossali, G. E. Coghe, A. Marengo, M. \u201cThe impact of a single drop on a wetted solid surface\u201d Experiments in Fluids 22 463 472 1997","DOI":"10.1007\/s003480050073"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Wu, Z. N. \u201cMod\u00e9lisation et calcul implicite multidomaine d'\u00e9coulements diphasiques gas-gouttelettes\u201d Ph.D. Thesis Universit\u00e9 Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France 1992"}],"event":{"name":"SAE Powertrain & Fluid Systems Conference & Exhibition","start":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,21]]},"number":"63967","location":"San Diego, California, United States","acronym":"FFL"},"container-title":["SAE Technical Paper Series"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/downloads\/papers\/2002-01-2749\/Full%20Text%20PDF","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T13:00:51Z","timestamp":1759669251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/papers\/deformation-single-droplets-impacting-onto-a-flat-surface-2002-01-2749"}},"subtitle":[],"proceedings-subject":"SAE Technical Paper Series","short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,21]]},"references-count":16,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2002-01-2749","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-7191","2688-3627"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0148-7191"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2688-3627"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,21]]},"article-number":"2002-01-2749"}}