{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T13:40:14Z","timestamp":1759844414188,"version":"build-2065373602"},"publisher-location":"Piazza Barsanti E Matteucci 1, Naples, Italy","reference-count":19,"publisher":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Vehicle exhaust emission control systems are most often operated under transient conditions as inlet gas species concentrations, temperature and mass flow rate vary in accordance with the driving conditions. The main objective of this article is to study the ignition and extinction phenomena associated with the reactions that occur in three way catalysts (TWC), in particular to evaluate the dependence of the ignition and extinction of the TWC reactions on the precious metal loading (PML). To this end, we report here transient experimental data for two ceramic TWC with different PML, one referred to as TWC-L (low PML) and the other as TWC-H (high PML). The present measurements were carried out on a vehicle equipped with a 2.8 liter V6 spark ignition engine that has multipoint fuel injection. During the experiments, different TWC were in turn placed in the so called under-floor position (about 1 m away from the engine) replacing the original TWC installed on the vehicle. The vehicle was tested on a chassis dynamometer (Maha LPS200). The transient operating conditions were imposed by a servo that actuates the engine throttle. A dedicated software was used to control the servo and also for data acquisition. The data obtained include inlet mass flow rates, manifold absolute pressures, engine operating temperatures, engine speeds, signals from the lambda sensors, exhaust gas species concentrations and temperatures taken both upstream and downstream of the TWC, as well as temperatures in various locations within the substrate of the TWC. The present study was executed on a vehicle only during cold start and for extended idle periods. These modes provided exhaust conditions of temperature and flow that proved very valuable in evaluating and deducing sensitivity of TWC to ignition and extinction with respect to precious metal loading, exhaust temperature and other implied factors. The experimental data revealed that: i) the ignition location depends on the PML, in particular for the TWC-L the ignition starts at the back-end and for the TWC-H the ignition starts at the front-end; ii) for the TWC-H the ignition occurs at lower inlet gas temperatures and propagates faster which reduces both the heat-up time and the ignition propagation time; iii) the extinction process starts at the front part of the substrate for both TWC; iv) the inlet temperature required for ignition was always higher than the extinction temperature owing to kinetic, heat and mass transfer effects occurring in the TWC; and v) the differences observed between the ignition and the extinction temperatures depend on the PML.<\/div><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/2009-24-0152","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,15]],"date-time":"2010-07-15T16:38:10Z","timestamp":1279211890000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ignition and Extinction Characteristics of Three Way Catalysts"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Br\u00fcck, R. Hirth, P. Maus, W. \u201cThe necessity of optimizing the interactions of advanced post-treatment components in order to obtain compliance with SULEV-legislation\u201d SAE paper 990770 1999","DOI":"10.4271\/1999-01-0770"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bissett, E.J. Oh, S.H. \u201cElectrically heated converters for automotive emission control: determination of the best size regime for the heated element\u201d Chemical Engineering Science Vol. 54 3957 3966 1999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2509(99)00110-4"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konstantinidis, P.A. Koltsakis, G.C. Stamatelos, A.M. \u201cComputer aided assessment and optimization of catalyst fast light-off techniques\u201d Proc. Instn. Mech. Engrs., Part D: J. Automobile Engineering Vol. 211 21 37 1997","DOI":"10.1243\/0954407971526191"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skoglundh, M. Fridell, M. \u201cStrategies for enhancing low-temperature activity\u201d Topics in Catalysis Vol. 28 79 87 2004","DOI":"10.1023\/B:TOCA.0000024336.98281.0e"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myung, C. Park, S. Kim, H. Min, K. Choi, M. \u201cExperimental investigation of the effect of thin-wall substrates and spark timing retard on total hydrocarbon emissions during cold start for super-ultra-low-emission vehicle application\u201d Proc. Instn. Mech. Engrs., Part D: J. Automobile Engineering Vol. 218 427 433 2004","DOI":"10.1243\/095440704773599935"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iliyas, A. Zahedi-Niaki, M.H. Ei\u0107, M. Kaliaguine, S. \u201cControl of hydrocarbon cold-start emissions: a search for potential adsorbents\u201d Microporous and Mesoporous Materials Vol. 102 171 177 2007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2006.12.038"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keith, J.M. Chang, H. Leighton, D.T. \u201cDesigning a fast-igniting Catalytic Converter\u201d American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal Vol. 47 650 663 2001","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690470313"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramanathan, K. Balakotaiah, V. West, D.H. \u201cLight-off criterion and transient analysis of catalytic monoliths\u201d Chemical Engineering Science Vol. 58 1381 1405 2003","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2509(02)00679-6"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramanathan, K. Balakotaiah, V. West, D.H. \u201cGeometry effects on ignition in catalytic monoliths\u201d American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal Vol. 50 1493 1509 2004","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.10120"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramanathan, K. Balakotaiah, V. 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Fornasiero, P. Hickey, N. \u201cAutomotive catalytic converters: current status and some perspectives\u201d Catalysis Today Vol. 77 419 449 2003","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5861(02)00384-X"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, S.H. Hoang D.L. \u201cModeling of Catalytic Conversion of CO\/HC in Gasoline Exhaust at Engine Cold-Start\u201d SAE paper 1999-01-0452 1999","DOI":"10.4271\/1999-01-0452"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, H. Costa, M. \u201cEvaluation of the conversion efficiency of ceramic and metallic three way catalytic converters\u201d Energy Conversion and Management Vol. 49 291 300 2008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2007.06.008"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Santos, H. Costa, M. \u201cReconstruction of transient emissions from light-duty vehicles\u201d 6 th Mediterranean Combustion Symposium Ajaccio, Corsica, France 7\u201311 June 2009"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Konstantas, G. \u201cDevelopment and application of a computer aided engineering methodology supporting the design optimization of automotive exhaust treatment systems\u201d PhD Thesis Mechanical Engineering Dept., University of Thessaly, Volos 2006"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Benedetto, A. Cimino, S. Pirone, R. 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