{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:53:08Z","timestamp":1760061188509,"version":"build-2065373602"},"publisher-location":"400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States","reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAE International","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Since the late 19th century until recently several electric vehicles have been designed, manufactured and used throughout the world. Some were just prototypes, others were concept cars, others were just special purpose vehicles and lately, a considerable number of general purpose cars has been produced and commercialized.<\/div>\n <div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Since the mid nineties the transportation sector emissions are being increasingly regulated and the dependency on oil and its price fluctuations originated an increasing interest on electric vehicles (EV).<\/div>\n <div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">A wide research was made on existing electric\/hybrid vehicle models. Some of these vehicles were just in the design phase, but most reached the prototype or full market production. They were divided into several types, such as NEVs, prototypes, concept cars, and full homologated production cars. For each type of vehicle model a technical historic analysis was made. Data related to the vehicle configuration as well as the embedded systems were collected and compared. Based on these data future prospect of evolution was subsequently made.<\/div>\n <div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The main focus was put on city vehicles and long range vehicles. For city vehicles the market approach normally consists in the use of full electric configuration while for the latter, the hybrid configuration is commonly used. The electrical systems and combustion engines found in these vehicles are compared in order to forecast the evolution trend in terms of specifications and performance of the whole vehicle and of each system.<\/div><\/div><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/2010-01-0856","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,14]],"date-time":"2010-04-14T14:16:12Z","timestamp":1271254572000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Survey on Electric\/Hybrid Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. do Minho"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. do Minho"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. do Minho"}]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"\u201cAn Electric Vehicle Delivery Plan for London\u201d May 2009 http:\/\/www.london.gov.uk\/mayor\/publications\/2009\/docs\/electric-vehicles-plan.pdf 16 September 2009"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"\u201cPowertrain 2020 China's Ambition to Become Market Leader in E-Vehicles\u201d Roland Berger Strategy Consultants Munich\/Shanghai April 2009"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"SAE J1715 Information Report Hybrid Vehicle (HEV) and Electric Vehicle Terminology July 2007"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tate, E. D. Harpster, M. O. Savagian, P. J. \u201cThe Electrification of the Automobile: From the Conventional Hybrid, to Plug-in Hybrids, to Extended Range Electric Vehicles\u201d SAE Int. J. of Pass. Cars - Electron. Electr. Syst. 1 1 156 166 2008","DOI":"10.4271\/2008-01-0458"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Chu, A. \u201cThe Use of A123 Systems Technology in PHEV Applications\u201d PHEV2007 Conference Winnipeg, Canada November 1-2 2007"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Burke., A. Miller, M. \u201cPerformance Characteristics of Lithium-ion Batteries of Various Chemistries for Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles\u201d EVS24 Stavanger, Norway May 13-16 2009"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Signorelli, R. Schindall, J. Kassakian, J. \u201cCarbon Nanotube Enhanced Double Layer Capacitor\u201d Proceedings of the 14th intern. Seminar on Double Layer Capacitors and Hybrid Energy Storage Devices FL, USA 49 61 December 6-8 2004"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chau, K. T. Wong, Y. S. Chan, C. C. \u201cAn Overview of Energy Sources for Electric Vehicles\u201d Energy Conversion & Management 40 1999 1021 1039","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-8904(99)00021-7"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Brockbank, C. Cross, D. \u201cMechanical Hybrid System Comprising a Flywheel and CVT for Motorsport & Mainstream Automotive Applications,\u201d SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-1312 2009"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, K.M. Patel, N. R. Ward, T. G. Nagashima, J. M. Caricchi, F. Crescimbini, F. \u201cApplication of Direct-Drive Wheel Motor for Fuel Cell Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Propulsion System\u201d IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 42 5 September\/October 2006","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2006.880886"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, B. Martins, J. \u201cDirect Comparison of an Engine Working under Otto, Miller and Diesel cycles: Thermodynamic Analysis and Real Engine Performance,\u201d SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0261 2007","DOI":"10.4271\/2007-01-0261"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"\u201cAVL Range Extender\u201d http:\/\/www.avl.com\/emag\/Range_Extender\/ 21 September 2009"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"\u201cLotus Range Extender Engine Revealed\u201d 07 September 2009"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"\u201cToyota Hybrid System THS II\u201d Toyota Motor Corporation Tokyo May 2003"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abe, S. Murata, M. \u201cDevelopment of IMA Motor for 2006 Civic Hybrid\u201d SAE 2006-01-1505 2006","DOI":"10.4271\/2006-01-1505"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"http:\/\/automobiles.honda.com\/fcx-clarity\/ 21 September 2009"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowers, B. J. Zhao, J. Ruffo, M. Dattatraya, D. Khan, R. Quet, P-F. Sweetland, V. 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Boudjemaa, F. \u201cMulti-Fuel Fuel Processor and PEM Fuel Cell System for Vehicles,\u201d SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0692 2007","DOI":"10.4271\/2007-01-0692"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"\u201cRenault-Nissan Alliance Takes Initial Zero Emission Mobility Move in Europe\u201d 20 July 2009"}],"event":{"name":"SAE 2010 World Congress & Exhibition","start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,13]]},"number":"174509","location":"Detroit, Michigan, United States","acronym":"ANNUAL"},"container-title":["SAE Technical Paper Series"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/downloads\/papers\/2010-01-0856\/Full%20Text%20PDF","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T21:11:47Z","timestamp":1760044307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/papers\/a-survey-electric-hybrid-vehicles-2010-01-0856"}},"subtitle":[],"proceedings-subject":"SAE Technical Paper Series","short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,12]]},"references-count":18,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2010-01-0856","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-7191","2688-3627"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0148-7191"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2688-3627"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,12]]},"article-number":"2010-01-0856"}}