{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T06:07:59Z","timestamp":1759990079127,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAE International","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars \u2013 Electron. Electr. Syst."],"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The amount of energy wasted through the exhaust of an Internal\nCombustion Engine (ICE) vehicle is roughly the same as the\nmechanical power output of the engine. The high temperature of\nthese gases (up to 1000\u00b0C) makes them intrinsically apt for energy\nrecovery. The gains in efficiency for the vehicle could be\nrelevant, even if a small percentage of this waste energy could be\nregenerated into electric power and used to charge the battery pack\nof a Hybrid or Extended Range Electric Vehicle, or prevent the\nactuation of a conventional vehicle's alternator.<\/div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">This may be achieved by the use of thermodynamic cycles, such as\nStirling engines or Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC). However, these\nsystems are difficult to downsize to the power levels typical of\nlight-vehicle exhaust systems and are usually bulky. The direct\nconversion of thermal energy into electricity, using Thermoelectric\nGenerators (TEG) is very attractive in terms of minimal complexity.\nHowever, current commercial thermoelectric modules based on Seebeck\neffect are temperature-limited, so they are unable to be in direct\ncontact with the exhaust gases. A way to downgrade the temperature\nlevels without significantly reducing the regeneration potential is\nto interpose Heat Pipes (HP) between the exhaust gas and the\nSeebeck modules in a controlled way. This control of maximum\npermissible temperature at the modules is achieved by regulating\nthe pressure of phase change of the service fluid of the HP. In\nthis way the system will be failsafe against overheating and will\nbe able to operate efficiently under both low and high thermal\nloads. Such is the case of the range extender unit being developed\nby the team, which has a low (15 kW) and a high (40 kW) power mode\nof operation.<\/div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Various designs concepts were evaluated by simulation, design\nand test. Although efficiencies were still moderate, it was\npossible to demonstrate the potential of this system for optimizing\nthe output of commercially available temperature-limited TEGs.<\/div><\/div><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/2012-01-1214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,13]],"date-time":"2012-04-13T06:08:34Z","timestamp":1334297314000},"page":"561-571","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Temperature Controlled Exhaust Heat Thermoelectric Generation"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"05","author":[{"given":"Francisco","family":"P. Brito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Minho"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Minho"}]},{"given":"L.M.","family":"Goncalves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Minho"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Minho"}]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"Jost, K. \u201cUpfront (Editorial): Green Innovations\u201d Automotive Engineering International 118-3 4 2010"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"European Commission EU Climate and Energy Package 2010 http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/clima\/documentation\/package\/docs\/climate_package_en.pdf April 25th 2011"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Department of Transportation (DOT), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards -Final Rule Federal Register, Rules and Regulations 75 88 May 7 2010 http:\/\/www.nhtsa.gov\/staticfiles\/rulemaking\/pdf\/cafe\/CAFE-GHG_MY_2012-2016_Final_Rule_FR.pdf April 25th 2011"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Martins, J. \u201cMotores de Combust\u00e3o Interna\u201d 3rd Publindustria Porto, Portugal 2011"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Heywood, J. 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J. \u201cCRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics\u201d London CRC Press Rowe, D.M. 1987"}],"container-title":["SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/downloads\/articles\/2012-01-1214\/Full%20Text%20PDF","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T23:01:49Z","timestamp":1759878109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/articles\/temperature-controlled-exhaust-heat-thermoelectric-generation-2012-01-1214"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,16]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2012-01-1214","relation":{},"ISSN":["1946-4614","1946-4622"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1946-4614"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1946-4622"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,16]]},"article-number":"2012-01-1214"}}