{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T06:21:13Z","timestamp":1777098073821,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAE International","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars - Mech. Syst."],"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Increasingly stringent targets on energy efficiency and emissions, as well as growing vehicle electrification are making attractive the electric recovery of the energy normally wasted through the tailpipe of Internal Combustion Engines. Recent developments in thermoelectrics (TE) may soon make them a viable solution for such applications [<span class=\"xref\">1<\/span>].<\/div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">This team has been exploring the potential of using TE modules in combination with variable conductance heat pipes for transferring the exhaust heat to the generator with very low thermal resistance and at a constant, prescribed temperature. This passive temperature control eliminates the need for by-pass systems in the event of temperature overshoots.<\/div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The operating temperature of a generator should be as high as possible in order to maximize the Seebeck effect. However, currently available modules are temperature limited. Moreover, the higher the HP temperature the less the usable thermal power at the exhaust will be (heat can only be transferred to from a hotter to a colder body).<\/div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The present work assesses both theoretically and experimentally the influence of the HP temperature in the electric output of a thermoelectric generator. A small diesel engine and a generator were tested and it was found that a high HP operating temperature is only limitative for performance in the cases where low exhaust temperature and low engine power are present. In those cases it is possible to estimate an optimal HP temperature in order to maximize power output. The combined use of Seebeck modules and heat pipes was found to be highly advantageous in various ways.<\/div><\/div><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/2013-01-0559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,9]],"date-time":"2013-04-09T06:03:55Z","timestamp":1365487435000},"page":"652-664","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Influence of Heat Pipe Operating Temperature on Exhaust Heat Thermoelectric Generation"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"06","author":[{"given":"F. P.","family":"Brito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Minho"}]},{"given":"L.M.","family":"Goncalves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Minho"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Minho"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Minho"}]},{"given":"Diogo","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Minho"}]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell , L. 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Manuf. 4 1 1268 1276 2011 10.4271\/2011-01-1335","DOI":"10.4271\/2011-01-1335"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"BMW group corporate communications Press Release: Looking for the next gram 28 August 2011 https:\/\/www.press.bmwgroup.com\/pressclub\/p\/pcgl\/download.html?textId=144138&textAttachmentId=174413 October 25 th 2012"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dresselhaus , M.S. , Chen , G. , Tang , M.Y. , Yang , RG et al. New Directions for Low-Dimensional Thermoelectric Materials Adv. Mater. 19 2007 1043 1053 10.1002\/adma.200600527","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200600527"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves , L.M. , Martins , J. , Antunes , J. , Rocha , R. and Brito , F. P. Heat-Pipe Assisted Thermoelectric Generators for Exhaust Gas Applications ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition November 12 18 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 2010"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins , J. , Goncalves , L. , Antunes , J. , and Brito , F. Thermoelectric Exhaust Energy Recovery with Temperature Control through Heat Pipes SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-0315 2011 10.4271\/2011-01-0315","DOI":"10.4271\/2011-01-0315"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brito , F.P. , Martins , J. , Goncalves , L.M. , Sousa , R. Modelling of Thermoelectric Generator with Heat Pipe Assist for Range Extender Application 37th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2011) November 7 10 Melbourne, Australia 2011","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2011.6120066"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brito P., F. , Martins , J. , Goncalves , L. , and Sousa , R. Temperature Controlled Exhaust Heat Thermoelectric Generation SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars - Electron. Electr. Syst. 5 2 561 571 2012 10.4271\/2012-01-1214","DOI":"10.4271\/2012-01-1214"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Reay , David and Kew , P. Heat Pipes, Theory, Design and Applications Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier 2006"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Goldsmid , H. J. CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics London CRC Press Rowe D.M. 1987"}],"container-title":["SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/downloads\/articles\/2013-01-0559\/Full%20Text%20PDF","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T21:11:40Z","timestamp":1759871500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/articles\/influence-heat-pipe-operating-temperature-exhaust-heat-thermoelectric-generation-2013-01-0559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,8]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2013-01-0559","relation":{},"ISSN":["1946-3995","1946-4002"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1946-3995","type":"print"},{"value":"1946-4002","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,8]]},"article-number":"2013-01-0559"}}