{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T11:41:05Z","timestamp":1759923665281,"version":"build-2065373602"},"publisher-location":"400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States","reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAE International","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The main source for the estimation of stiffness coefficients to be used in accident reconstruction calculations is a very large database of crash-test related information from NHTSA. However, that database includes only car models sold in the USA. Unfortunately, there is no such information for European-only cars besides the raw video recordings of EuroNCAP crash tests. In the present work a methodology is proposed to estimate the stiffness coefficients of European-only models from video images of EuroNCAP crash tests. However, these images are intricate to assess, because the car front is crushed into a deformable barrier at 40% of the front width and usually the bonnet (hood) hides most of the crash damage. Therefore, the top images could not be used straightforward, so a procedure was envisaged to circumvent this difficulty and still allow to calculate stiffness coefficients for European-only cars.<\/div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The methodology for stiffness coefficients estimation involves:\n<ol class=\"list nostyle\"><li class=\"list-item\"><span class=\"li-label\">1<\/span><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">calculation of an average value for rebound based on NHTSA tests;<\/div><\/li><li class=\"list-item\"><span class=\"li-label\">2<\/span><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">calculation of the deformation of the deformable barrier as a function of vehicle class;<\/div><\/li><li class=\"list-item\"><span class=\"li-label\">3<\/span><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">measurement of the maximum deformation, using the superposition of video images of the crash-test;<\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Since the video images are subject to error, such as parallax, a method to reduce these errors was established and used. Then, from the video image it was possible to calculate the permanent deformation by subtracting the rebound (1) and the deformation of the barrier (2) from the maximum deformation (3) that was measured from the image.<\/div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">This methodology allowed to extend the existing database of US cars to European models and to significantly improve the calculation of the dissipated energies associated to the permanent damage caused by accidents.<\/div><\/div><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/2016-01-1464","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,11]],"date-time":"2016-04-11T10:38:49Z","timestamp":1460371129000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Accident Reconstruction Using Data Retrieval from Crash-Test Video Images"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Minho"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Minho"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Minho"}]},{"given":"F. P.","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Minho"}]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"McHenry software, Inc M-smac Input Manual Oct 30 2015"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"McHenry B. G. The Algorithms of Crash 2001 SECCC 2001"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NHTSA Vehicle Crash Test Database http:\/\/www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov\/database\/veh\/veh.htm Oct 30 2015"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Siddall , D. and Day , T. Updating the Vehicle Class Categories, SAE Technical Paper 960897 1996 10.4271\/960897 McHenry , R. and McHenry , B. Effects of Restitution in the Application of Crush Coefficients SAE Technical Paper 970960 1997 10.4271\/970960"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Adrian Hobbs P. J. M. C. Development of the Europena New Car Assessment Programme Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) 1998"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Euro NCAP Latest safety ratings http:\/\/euroncap.com\/Content-Web-Faq\/21982f7f-a312-49db-99e0-8e38e37004de\/the-testing-process.aspx Oct 30 2015"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Euro NCAP Members and Test Facilities http:\/\/www.euroncap.com\/en\/about-euro-ncap\/members-and-test-facilities\/ Oct 30 2015"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Edwards Mervyn , Fails Adrian , Davies Huw , Lowne Richard and Hobbs Adrian Review of the European Frontal and Side Impact Directives TRL Ltd for the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions 2001"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Hollowell W T , Gabler H C , Stucki S L , Summers S , Hackney J R Updated Review of Potential Test Procedures for FMVSS N\u00ba208 Office of Vehicle Safety Research, NHTSA October 1999"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Laboratory Test Procedure For FMVSS 208, Ocupant Crush Protection, FMVSS 212, Windshield Mounting, FMVSS 219, Windshield Zone Intrusion, FMVSS 310F, Fuel System Integrity - Frontal July 27 2005"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"European Parliament Directive 96\/79\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1996 on the protection of occupants of motor vehicles in the event of a frontal impact and amending Directive 70\/156\/EEC European Parliament 1996"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"European Parliament Directive Europ\u00e9enne n\u00b096-27 du 20 mai 1996 du Parlement Europeen et du Conseil N_ 9627 concernant la protection des occupants des vehicules a moteur en cas de collision laterale et modifiant la directive 70156 CEE European Parliament 1996"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Euro NCAP Frontal Impact Testing Protocol, version 6.0.2 October 2013"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Lenard J , Hurley B and Thomas P The accuracy of CRASH3 for calculating collision severity in modern European cars Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Ontario, Canada 31st May-4th June, 1998"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Lowne R W The Validation of the Eevc Frontal Impact Test Procedure Fifteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Paper Number 96-S3-O-28 Melbourne, Australia 1996"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Transportation Laboratory Test Procedure for Oblique Offset Moving Deformable Barrier Impact Test National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Office of Vehicle Safety Research (OVSR) November 2014"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"IIHS About our Tests Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 2015 http:\/\/www.iihs.org\/iihs\/ratings\/ratings-info\/frontal-crash-tests Oct 30 2015"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"EuroNCAP Full Width Frontal Impact Testing Protocol EuroNCAP document April 2015 http:\/\/euroncap.blob.core.windows.net\/media\/17000\/euro-ncap-frontal-fw-test-protocol-v101-april-2015.pdf Oct 30 2015"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Crash 3 Technical Manual United States Department of Transportation, NHTSA, National Center For Statistics and Analysis, Accident Investigation Division"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"McHenry B G The Algorithms of Crash McHenrySoftware, Unites States of America 2001"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"James G Y B J E F and Neptune A. A Method for Quantifying Vehicle Crush Coefficients 1992"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Ogden J. S. Methods of Investigating and Reconstructing Minor Damage, Low-Velocity Motor Vehicle Accidents 1995"}],"event":{"name":"SAE 2016 World Congress and Exhibition","start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,12]]},"number":"217486","location":"Detroit, Michigan, United States","acronym":"ANNUAL"},"container-title":["SAE Technical Paper Series"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/downloads\/papers\/2016-01-1464\/Full%20Text%20PDF","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T11:02:39Z","timestamp":1759921359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/papers\/accident-reconstruction-using-data-retrieval-crash-test-video-images-2016-01-1464"}},"subtitle":[],"proceedings-subject":"SAE Technical Paper Series","short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,5]]},"references-count":22,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2016-01-1464","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-7191","2688-3627"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0148-7191"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2688-3627"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,5]]},"article-number":"2016-01-1464"}}