{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T20:41:01Z","timestamp":1768596061260,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States","reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAE International","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Silent motors are an excellent strategy to combat noise pollution. Still, they can pose risks for pedestrians who rely on auditory cues for safety and reduce driver awareness due to the absence of the familiar sounds of combustion engines. Sound design for silent motors not only tackles the above issues but goes beyond safety standards towards a user-centered approach by considering how users perceive and interpret sounds. This paper examines the evolving field of sound design for electric vehicles (EVs), focusing on Acoustic Vehicle Alerting Systems (AVAS). The study analyzes existing AVAS, classifying them into different groups according to their design characteristics, from technical concerns and approaches to aesthetic properties. Based on the proposed classification, an (adaptive) sound design methodology, and concept for AVAS are proposed based on state-of-the-art technologies and tools (APIs), like Wwise Automotive, and integration through a functional prototype within a virtual environment. We validate our solution by conducting user tests focusing on EV sound perception and preferences in rural and urban environments. Results showed participants preferred nature-like and melodic sounds with a wide range of frequencies, emphasizing 1000Hz, in rural areas, for the AVAS. For the interior experience, melodic, reliable, and relaxing sounds with a frequency range from 200Hz to 500Hz. In urban areas, melodic, futuristic, but not overpowering sounds (80Hz to 700Hz) with balanced frequencies at high speeds were chosen for the car's exterior. In the interior, melodic, futuristic, and combustion engine-like sounds with a low frequencies background and higher frequencies at high speeds were also preferred.<\/div><\/div><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/2025-01-0068","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T22:15:26Z","timestamp":1746483326000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sound Design for Electric Vehicles: Enhancing Safety and User Experience Through Acoustic Vehicle Alerting System (AVAS)"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Ana Raquel","family":"Rodrigues Ferraz Esteves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto - FEUP"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Miguel","family":"Campos Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto - FEUP"}]},{"given":"Gilberto","family":"Bernardes de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto - FEUP"}]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"Laib , F. and \n \n Schmidt J.A. \n \n Acoustic Vehicle Alerting Systems (AVAS) of Electric Cars and its Possible Influence on Urban Soundscape 23rd International Congress on Acoustics 2019"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miljkovi\u0107 , D. \n \n Brief Introduction to Active Noise Control in Cars 47th MIPRO ICT and Electronics Convention (MIPRO) Opatija, Croatia: IEEE May 2024 915 920 10.1109\/MIPRO60963.2024.10569845","DOI":"10.1109\/MIPRO60963.2024.10569845"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Renault Group \n The Sound Design of Electric Cars: Understanding the Process - Easy Electric Life - Renault Group 2018 https:\/\/www.renaultgroup.com\/en\/news-on-air\/news\/what-sound-identity-is-appropriate-for-electric-cars\/"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Berge , T.S. and \n \n Haukland , F. \n \n Adaptive Acoustic Vehicle Alerting Sound, AVAS, for Electric Vehicles Results from Field Testing SINTEF 2019"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Bittner P. \n \n In Search of the Perfect Electric Sound 2019 https:\/\/www.volkswagen.is\/is\/um-volkswagen\/timarit\/in-search-of-the-perfect-electric-sound.html"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Schafer , R.M. \n \n The Soundscape: Our Sonic Environment and the Tuning of the World 1993"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabzi\u0144ska , I. \n \n The Dying of Czerniakowskie Lake, the Dying of Quiet: From a Hi-Fi to a Lo-Fi Soundscape Etnografia Pol. 2019 https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:213743990","DOI":"10.23858\/EP63.2019.007"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"de la Garza A. \n \n Electric Cars Can Sound Like Anything. That\u2019s a Huge Opportunity to Craft the Soundscape of the Future https:\/\/time.com\/5951773\/electric-car-sound-future\/"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Villegas D.R.G. \n \n Study and Application of the AVAS to Electric Vehicles for Pedestrian Safety 2023"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Alejandro de la G. \n \n Electric Cars Can Sound Like Anything. That\u2019s a Huge Opportunity to Craft the Soundscape of the Future 2021 https:\/\/time.com\/5951773\/electric-car-sound-future\/"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Fast Company \n How Silent Electric Vehicles Get Their Sound 2018 https:\/\/www.fastcompany.com\/video\/how-silent-electric-vehicles-get-their-sound\/PYPTnTl4"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Renault Group \n Renault, in Tune with Sound - The Voice of Electric Vehicles (Episode 2) 2021 https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XJ6g7h1fZXM"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"L\u00f6blein M. \n \n How BMW gives its Electric Models their Own Identity with Individual Sounds | BMW.com \n 2022 https:\/\/www.bmw.com\/en\/magazine\/innovation\/hans-zimmer-individual-drive-sounds-as-identity-for-electric-vehicles.html"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Esteves , R. \n \n Sound Design for Electric Vehicles: Enhancing Safety and User Experience Through Acoustic Vehicle Alerting System (AVAS) 2024"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang , D. , \n \n Cao , X. , and \n \n Meng , Q. \n \n Effects of a Human Sound-Based Index on the Soundscapes of Urban Open Spaces Science of The Total Environment 802 2022 149869 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149869"}],"event":{"name":"Noise & Vibration Conference & Exhibition","location":"Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States","acronym":"NVC","number":"306418","start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]}},"container-title":["SAE Technical Paper Series"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/downloads\/papers\/2025-01-0068\/Full%20Text%20PDF","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T12:40:39Z","timestamp":1758631239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/papers\/sound-design-electric-vehicles-enhancing-safety-user-experience-acoustic-vehicle-alerting-system-avas-2025-01-0068"}},"subtitle":[],"proceedings-subject":"SAE Technical Paper Series","short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"references-count":15,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2025-01-0068","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-7191","2688-3627"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-7191","type":"print"},{"value":"2688-3627","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"article-number":"2025-01-0068"}}