{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T14:58:01Z","timestamp":1773241081921,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States","reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAE International","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Laser Doppler measurements and flow visualization are presented for a three-dimensional fountain flow generated by the impingement of two-axisymmetric turbulent jets on a ground plane through the influence of a low-velocity crossflow. The experiments were performed for a Reynolds number based on the jet-exit conditions of 1.05x10<sup>5<\/sup>, a free stream to jet velocity ratio, <img class=\"article-image inline\" src=\"962257_fig0001.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/> of 0.033, and a jet height to jet diameter ratio, H\/D, of 5, and include mean and turbulent velocity characteristics along the two normal directions contained in planes parallel to the nozzle axis. The results, which have relevance to flows encountered by powered-lift aircraft operating in ground effect, show the presence of a complex 3-D scarf vortex formed around the impinging jets. In zones were measurement data are not available, the flow details are numerically visualized using a solution of the finite difference form of the three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, incorporating the turbulence viscosity concept.<\/div><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4271\/962257","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,8]],"date-time":"2010-10-08T15:59:22Z","timestamp":1286553562000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Ground Vortex Formation with Twin Impinging Jets"],"prefix":"10.4271","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Jorge M. M.","family":"Barata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"2796","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LAUNDER, B. E. \u201cSecond-Moment Closure: Present and Future\u201d Intl. J. Heat Fluid Flow 10 282 300 1989","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-727X(89)90017-9"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"JONES, W. P. \u201cTurbulence Modelling:Current Practice and Future Trends\u201d Proc. Intl. Symp. on Engng. Turbulence Modelling and Measurements Dubrovnick, Yugoslavia Sept. 24-28 1990"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"BARATA, J. M. M. \u201cNumerical and Experimental Study of Jets Impinging on Flat Surfaces Through a Crossflow\u201d Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Technical Univ. of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal 1989"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SARIPPALI, K. R. \u201cLaser Doppler Velocimeter MeasuremEnts in 3D Impinging Twin-Jet Fountain Flows\u201d Turbulent Shear Flows 5 Durst et al. Springer-Verlag Berlin 147 168 1987","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-71435-1_14"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"KIND, R. J. SUTHANTHIRAN, K. \u201cThe Interaction of Two Opposing Plane Turbulent Wall Jets\u201d AIAA Paper 72-0211 Jan. 1980"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GILBERT, B. L. \u201cDetailed Turbulence Measurements in a Two Opposing Plane Turbulent Wall Jets\u201d AIAA 16th Fluid and Plasma Dynamics Conf., AIAA Paper 83-1678 Danvers, MA July 12-14 1983","DOI":"10.2514\/6.1983-1678"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"JENKINS, R. C. HILL, W. G., Jr. \u201cInvestigation of VTOL Upwash Flows Formed by Two Impinging Jets\u201d Grumman Research Dept. Rept. RE-548 Bethpage, NY Nov. 1977"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KOTANSKY, D. R. GLAZE, L. W. \u201cThe Effects of Ground Wall-Jet Characteristics on Fountain Upwash Flow Formation and Development\u201d 1980","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA086127"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KAVASAOGLU, M. S. SCHETZ, J. A. JAKUBOWSKY, A. K. \u201cRectangular Jets in a Crossflow\u201d Journal of Aircraft 26 9 793 804 1989","DOI":"10.2514\/3.45843"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SCHETZ, J. A. JAKUBOWSKY, A. K. AOYAGI, K. \u201cSurface Pressures on a Flat Plate With Dual Jet Configurations\u201d Journal of Aircraft 21 7 484 490 1984","DOI":"10.2514\/3.44997"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"ARA\u00daJO, S. R. B. DUR\u00c3O, D. F. G. FIRMINO, F. J. G. \u201cJets Impinging Normally and Obliquelly to a Wall\u201d"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SUGIYAMA Y. USAMI, Y. \u201cExperiments on the Flow in and Around Jets Directed Normal to a Crossflow\u201d Bulletin JSME 22 1736 1745 1979","DOI":"10.1299\/jsme1958.22.1736"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ANDREOPOULOS, J. RODI, W. \u201cExperimental Investigation of Jets in a Crossflow\u201d J. Fluid Mech. 138 93 127 1984","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112084000057"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SHAYESTEH, M.V. SHABAKA, I. M. N. A. BRADSHAW, P. \u201cTurbulent Structure of a Three-Dimensional Impinging Jet in a Crossflow\u201d AIAA 23rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting AIAA Paper 85-0044 Reno, NV Jan. 14-17 1985","DOI":"10.2514\/6.1985-44"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KAMOTANI, Y. GREBER, I. \u201cExperiments on Confined Turbulent Jets in a Crossflow\u201d NASA CR-2392 1974","DOI":"10.2514\/6.1973-647"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"STOY, R. C. BEN-HAIM, Y. \u201cTurbulent Jets in a Confined Crossflow\u201d J. Fluids Engng. 95 551 556 1973","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3447069"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CRABB, D. DUR\u00c3O, D. F. G. WHITELAW, J. H. \u201cA Round Jet Normal to a Crossflow\u201d J. Fluids Engng. 113 142 153 1981","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3240764"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KEFFER, J. F. BAINES, W. D. \u201cThe Round Turbulent Jet in a Cross-wind\u201d J. of Fluid Mechanics 15 481 496 1963","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112063000409"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ADLER, D. BARON, A. \u201cPrediction of a Three-Dimensional Circular Turbulent Jet in a Crossflow\u201d AIAA Journal 17 Feb. 168 174 1979","DOI":"10.2514\/3.61091"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PATANKAR, S. V. BASU, D. K. ALPAY, S. A. \u201cPrediction of the Three-Dimensional Velocity Field of a Deflected Jet\u201d J. of Fluids Engineering 99 Dec. 758 762 1977","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3448902"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RAMSEY, J. W. GOLDSTEIN, R. J. \u201cInteraction of a Heated Jet With a Deflecting Stream\u201d 1972","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3449832"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"JONES, W. P. McGUIRK, J. J. \u201cComputation of a Round Turbulent Jet Discharging into a Confined Crossflow\u201d Turbulent Shear Flows 2 Bradbury L. 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R. \u201cVisualization of Multijet Impingement Flow\u201d AIAA Journal 21 483 484 1983","DOI":"10.2514\/3.8102"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MELLING, A. WHITELAW, J. H. \u201cTurbulent Flow in a Rectangular Duct\u201d J. Fluid Mechanics 78 285 315 1975","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112076002450"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"DURST, F. MELLING, A WHITELAW, J. H. \u201cPrinciples and Practice of Laser-Doppler Anemometry\u201d 2nd New York Academic Press 1981"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"YANTA, W. J. SMITH, W. J. \u201cMeasurements of Turbulent Transport Properties with a Laser-Doppler Velocimeter\u201d 11th Aerospace Sciences Meeting AIAA Paper 73-0169 Washington 1978"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"KOTANSKY, D. R. \u201cThe Modelling and Prediction of Multiple VTOL Aircraft Flow Fields in Ground Effect\u201d 1980"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KNOWLES, K. BRAY, D. \u201cThe Ground Vortex Formed by Impinging Jets in Crossflow\u201d AIAA 29th Aerospace Sciences Meeting AIAA Paper 91-0768 Reno, NV Jan. 7-10 1991","DOI":"10.2514\/6.1991-768"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BARATA, J. M. M. \u201cNumerical Study of Single Impinging Jets Through a Crossflow\u201d Journal of Aircraft 26 11 Nov. 1002 1008 1989","DOI":"10.2514\/3.45873"}],"event":{"name":"SAE International Powered Lift Conference and Exposition","location":"Jupiter, Florida, United States","acronym":"GMDMEETING","number":"90991","start":{"date-parts":[[1996,11,18]]}},"container-title":["SAE Technical Paper Series"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/downloads\/papers\/962257\/Full%20Text%20PDF","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T07:05:32Z","timestamp":1759475132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/papers\/ground-vortex-formation-twin-impinging-jets-962257"}},"subtitle":[],"proceedings-subject":"SAE Technical Paper Series","short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,11,18]]},"references-count":32,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/962257","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-7191","2688-3627"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-7191","type":"print"},{"value":"2688-3627","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,11,18]]},"article-number":"962257"}}