{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T18:47:21Z","timestamp":1789411641349,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Galenos Yayinevi","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["tjps"],"DOI":"10.4274\/tjps.galenos.2025.57455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T12:57:05Z","timestamp":1769777825000},"page":"381-392","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Development and Optimization of Electrospun Poly(vinyl alcohol) Nanofibers for Vaginal Drug Delivery Using Design of Experiments Approach"],"prefix":"10.4274","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sinem","family":"SAAR","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatmanur","family":"TU\u011eCU-DEM\u0130R\u00d6Z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00fcsun","family":"ACART\u00dcRK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2811","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2007.11.004","article-title":"Chitosan citrate as multifunc-tional polymer for vaginal delivery: evaluation of penetration enhancement and peptidase inhi-bition properties","volume":"33","author":"Bonferoni","year":"2008","unstructured":"1. Bonferoni MC, Sandri G, Rossi S, Ferrari F, Gibin S, Caramella C. Chitosan citrate as multifunc-tional polymer for vaginal delivery: evaluation of penetration enhancement and peptidase inhi-bition properties. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2008;33:166-176.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"2. El-Hammadi MM, Arias JL. Nanomedicine for vaginal drug delivery. In: Arias JL, editor. Theory Appl Nonparenteral Nanomed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2021. p. 235-257.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820466-5.00011-9"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"3. Tho I, \u0160kalko-Basnet N. Cell-based in vitro models for vaginal permeability studies. In: Thelen M, editor. Concepts, Models, Drug Permeability Stud. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2024. p. 169-186.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-15510-9.00021-9"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4. Layek B, Das S. Chitosan-based nanomaterials in drug delivery applications. In: Grumezescu AM, editor. Biopolymer-Based Nanomater Drug Deliv Biomed Appl. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2021. p. 185-219.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820874-8.00001-4"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.33289\/ijrpc.10.4.2020.10(91)","article-title":"A review on mucoadhesive vaginal drug delivery system","volume":"10","author":"Chore","year":"2020","unstructured":"5. Chore S, Dighade S. A review on mucoadhesive vaginal drug delivery system. J Drug Deliv Ther. 2020;10:181-188.","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Ther"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2011.623355","article-title":"Vaginal mucoadhesive drug delivery systems","volume":"38","author":"Araujo Pereira RR","year":"2012","unstructured":"6. de Araujo Pereira RR, Bruschi ML. Vaginal mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2012;38:643-652.","journal-title":"Drug Dev Ind Pharm"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"7. Bilensoy E, Abdur Rouf M, Vural I, \u0160en M, Atilla Hincal A. Mucoadhesive, thermosensitive, pro-longed-release vaginal gel for clotrimazole: \u03b2-cyclodextrin complex. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2006;7:E54-E60.","DOI":"10.1208\/pt070238"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10847-006-9259-y","article-title":"Thermosensitive mucoadhesive gel formula-tion loaded with 5-FU: cyclodextrin complex for HPV-induced cervical cancer","volume":"57","author":"Bilensoy","year":"2007","unstructured":"8. Bilensoy E, \u00c7\u0131rpanl\u0131 Y, \u015een M, Do\u011fan AL, \u00c7al\u0131\u015f S. Thermosensitive mucoadhesive gel formula-tion loaded with 5-FU: cyclodextrin complex for HPV-induced cervical cancer. J Incl Phenom Macrocycl Chem. 2007;57:363-370.","journal-title":"J Incl Phenom Macrocycl Chem"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.105397","article-title":"Vagina, a promising route for drug delivery","volume":"83","author":"Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"9. Yang Z, Wu X, Wang H, Zhou J, Lin X, Yang P. Vagina, a promising route for drug delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2024;83:105397.","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.02.001","article-title":"Mucoadhesive and thermogelling systems for vaginal drug delivery","volume":"92","author":"Caramella","year":"2015","unstructured":"10. Caramella CM, Rossi S, Ferrari F, Bonferoni MC, Sandri G. Mucoadhesive and thermogelling systems for vaginal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2015;92:39-52.","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.06.008","article-title":"New strategies for local treatment of vaginal infections","volume":"92","author":"Palmeira-De-Oliveira","year":"2015","unstructured":"11. Palmeira-De-Oliveira R, Palmeira-De-Oliveira A, Martinez-De-Oliveira J. New strategies for local treatment of vaginal infections. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2015;92:105-122.","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.1813","article-title":"Biomedical applications of nanofibers","volume":"22","author":"Leung","year":"2011","unstructured":"12. Leung V, Ko F. Biomedical applications of nanofibers. Polym Adv Technol. 2011;22:350-365.","journal-title":"Polym Adv Technol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.104068","article-title":"Preparation of nanodelivery sys-tems for oral administration of low molecular weight heparin","volume":"79","author":"R\u00fczgar \u00d6zemre","year":"2023","unstructured":"13. R\u00fczgar \u00d6zemre G, Kara AA, Pezik E, Tort S, Vural \u0130, Acart\u00fcrk F. Preparation of nanodelivery sys-tems for oral administration of low molecular weight heparin. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2023;79:104068.","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2010.01.004","article-title":"Electrospinning: a fascinating fiber fabrication technique","volume":"28","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2010","unstructured":"14. Bhardwaj N, Kundu SC. Electrospinning: a fascinating fiber fabrication technique. Biotechnol Adv. 2010;28:325-347.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Adv"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1080\/10837450.2019.1706563","article-title":"Voriconazole incorpo-rated nanofiber formulations for topical application: preparation, characterization and antifun-gal activity studies against Candida species","volume":"25","author":"Esent\u00fcrk \u0130","year":"2020","unstructured":"15. Esent\u00fcrk \u0130, Balkan T, \u00d6zhan G, D\u00f6\u015fler S, G\u00fcng\u00f6r S, Erdal MS, Sarac AS. Voriconazole incorpo-rated nanofiber formulations for topical application: preparation, characterization and antifun-gal activity studies against Candida species. Pharm Dev Technol. 2020;25:440-453.","journal-title":"Pharm Dev Technol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.18433\/J3HP41","article-title":"Strategies to prolong the intravaginal residence time of drug delivery systems","volume":"12","author":"Baloglu","year":"2009","unstructured":"16. Baloglu E, Bernkop-Schn\u00fcrch A, Karavana SY, Senyigit ZA. Strategies to prolong the intravaginal residence time of drug delivery systems. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2009;12:312-336.","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.151253","article-title":"Electrospun nanofibers-derived functional scaffolds for cancer therapy","volume":"489","author":"Kuang","year":"2024","unstructured":"17. Kuang G, Lin X, Li J, Sun W, Zhang Q, Zhao Y. Electrospun nanofibers-derived functional scaffolds for cancer therapy. Chem Eng J. 2024;489:151253.","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.12.011","article-title":"Biomedical applications of chitosan electro-spun nanofibers as a green polymer: review","volume":"207","author":"Kalantari","year":"2019","unstructured":"18. Kalantari K, Afifi AM, Jahangirian H, Webster TJ. Biomedical applications of chitosan electro-spun nanofibers as a green polymer: review. Carbohydr Polym. 2019;207:588-600.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2015.11.015","article-title":"A comprehensive review summarizing the effect of electrospinning parameters and potential applications of nanofibers in biomedical and biotechnology","volume":"11","author":"Haider","year":"2018","unstructured":"19. Haider A, Haider S, Kang IK. A comprehensive review summarizing the effect of electrospinning parameters and potential applications of nanofibers in biomedical and biotechnology. Arab J Chem. 2018;11:1165-1188.","journal-title":"Arab J Chem"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83638","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA15252J","article-title":"Electrospinning ap-plications from diagnosis to treatment of diabetes","volume":"6","author":"Vellayappan","year":"2016","unstructured":"20. Vellayappan M, Venugopal J, Ramakrishna S, Ray S, Ismail AF, Mandal M. Electrospinning ap-plications from diagnosis to treatment of diabetes. RSC Adv. 2016;6:83638-83655.","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2009.01.021","article-title":"Vaginal gel adsorption and retention by human vaginal cells: visual analysis by means of inorganic and organic markers","volume":"373","author":"Braga","year":"2009","unstructured":"21. Braga PC, Dal Sasso M, Spallino A, Sturla C, Culici M. Vaginal gel adsorption and retention by human vaginal cells: visual analysis by means of inorganic and organic markers. Int J Pharm. 2009;373:10-15.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/pj.2009.340","article-title":"Electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers: effects of degree of hydrolysis and enhanced water stability","volume":"42","author":"Park","year":"2010","unstructured":"22. Park JC, Ito T, Kim KO, Kim KW, Kim BS, Khil MS. Electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers: effects of degree of hydrolysis and enhanced water stability. Polym J. 2010;42:273-276.","journal-title":"Polym J"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012042","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2110\/1\/012010","article-title":"Synthesis of nanofiber polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with electrospinning method","volume":"1918","author":"Kusumawati","year":"2021","unstructured":"23. Kusumawati D, Istiqomah K, Husnia I, Fathurin N. Synthesis of nanofiber polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with electrospinning method. J Phys Conf Ser. 2021;1918:012042.","journal-title":"J Phys Conf Ser"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12010007","article-title":"Poly(vinyl alcohol)-based nanofibrous electrospun scaffolds for tissue engineering applications","volume":"12","author":"Teixeira","year":"2019","unstructured":"24. Teixeira MA, Amorim MTP, Felgueiras HP. Poly(vinyl alcohol)-based nanofibrous electrospun scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Polymers (Basel). 2019;12:7.","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2016.03.015","article-title":"Encapsulation of fish oil in nanofibers by emulsion electrospinning: physical characteri-zation and oxidative stability","volume":"183","author":"Garc\u00eda-Moreno","year":"2016","unstructured":"25. Garc\u00eda-Moreno PJ, Stephansen K, van der Kruijs J, Guadix A, Guadix EM, Chronakis IS, Jacob-sen C. Encapsulation of fish oil in nanofibers by emulsion electrospinning: physical characteri-zation and oxidative stability. J Food Eng. 2016;183:39-49.","journal-title":"J Food Eng"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2013.08.028","article-title":"Fragrance encapsulation in polymeric matri-ces by emulsion electrospinning","volume":"49","author":"Camerlo","year":"2013","unstructured":"26. Camerlo A, Vebert-Nardin C, Rossi RM, Popa AM. Fragrance encapsulation in polymeric matri-ces by emulsion electrospinning. Eur Polym J. 2013;49:3806-3813.","journal-title":"Eur Polym J"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123660","article-title":"A novel electrospun nanofiber system with PEGylated paclitaxel nanocrystals enhancing the transmucus permeability and in situ re-tention for an efficient cervicovaginal cancer therapy","volume":"650","author":"Duan","year":"2024","unstructured":"27. Duan H, Chen H, Qi C, Lv F, Wang J, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Liu Z. A novel electrospun nanofiber system with PEGylated paclitaxel nanocrystals enhancing the transmucus permeability and in situ re-tention for an efficient cervicovaginal cancer therapy. Int J Pharm. 2024;650:123660.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2019.101455","article-title":"pH-sensitive core-shell electrospun nanofibers based on polyvinyl alcohol\/polycaprolactone as a potential drug delivery system for chemo-therapy against cervical cancer","volume":"55","author":"Yan","year":"2020","unstructured":"28. Yan E, Jiang J, Yang X, Fan L, Wang Y, An Q, Li Z. pH-sensitive core-shell electrospun nanofibers based on polyvinyl alcohol\/polycaprolactone as a potential drug delivery system for chemo-therapy against cervical cancer. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2020;55:101455.","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11020311","article-title":"Recent advances in nanosystems and strategies for vaginal delivery of antimicrobials","volume":"11","author":"Chindamo","year":"2021","unstructured":"29. Chindamo G, Sapino S, Peira E, Chirio D, Gallarate M. Recent advances in nanosystems and strategies for vaginal delivery of antimicrobials. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2021;11:311.","journal-title":"Nanomaterials (Basel)"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.3109\/21691401.2014.966194","article-title":"Development, optimization and evaluation of polymeric electrospun nanofiber: a tool for local delivery of fluconazole for management of vaginal can-didiasis","volume":"44","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","unstructured":"30. Sharma R, Garg T, Goyal AK, Rath G. Development, optimization and evaluation of polymeric electrospun nanofiber: a tool for local delivery of fluconazole for management of vaginal can-didiasis. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2016;44:524-531.","journal-title":"Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2020.02.001","article-title":"A review on recent advances in ap-plication of electrospun nanofiber materials as biosensors","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"31. Liu Y, Hao M, Chen Z, Liu L, Liu Y, Yang W, Ramakrishna S. A review on recent advances in ap-plication of electrospun nanofiber materials as biosensors. Curr Opin Biomed Eng. 2020;13:174-189.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s13738-019-01744-w","article-title":"Eco-friendly synthesis of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via a one-pot three-component reaction in PEG catalyzed by peptide nanofibers as hydrogen-bonding organocatalyst","volume":"17","author":"Ghorbani-Choghamarani A","year":"2020","unstructured":"32. Ghorbani-Choghamarani A, Taherinia Z. Eco-friendly synthesis of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via a one-pot three-component reaction in PEG catalyzed by peptide nanofibers as hydrogen-bonding organocatalyst. J Iran Chem Soc. 2020;17:59-65.","journal-title":"J Iran Chem Soc"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.06.053","article-title":"Evaluating hydrogen detection performance of an electrospun CuZnFe2O4 nanofiber sensor","volume":"45","author":"OE","year":"2020","unstructured":"33. Yilmaz OE, Erdem R. Evaluating hydrogen detection performance of an electrospun CuZnFe2O4 nanofiber sensor. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2020;45:26402-26412.","journal-title":"Int J Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031668","article-title":"PVA-based electrospun materials: a promising route to designing nanofiber mats with desired morphological shape","volume":"25","author":"T\u00fcrko\u011flu","year":"2024","unstructured":"34. T\u00fcrko\u011flu GC, Khomarloo N, Mohsenzadeh E, Gospodinova DN, Neznakomova M, Sala\u00fcn F. PVA-based electrospun materials: a promising route to designing nanofiber mats with desired morphological shape. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:1668.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12010002","article-title":"Quality by design micro-engineering optimisation of NSAID-loaded electrospun fi-brous patches","volume":"12","author":"Nazari","year":"2019","unstructured":"35. Nazari K, Mehta P, Arshad MS, Ahmed S, Andriotis EG, Singh N, Forbes B, Scurr DJ, Topham PD, Conway BR. Quality by design micro-engineering optimisation of NSAID-loaded electrospun fi-brous patches. Pharmaceutics. 2019;12:2.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2021.1915785","article-title":"Telmisartan loaded polycaprolactone\/gelatin-based electrospun vascular scaffolds","volume":"71","author":"Birer","year":"2022","unstructured":"36. Birer M, Acart\u00fcrk F. Telmisartan loaded polycaprolactone\/gelatin-based electrospun vascular scaffolds. Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomater. 2022;71:858-873.","journal-title":"Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomater"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2013.12.022","article-title":"Affecting parameters on electrospinning process and characteriza-tion of electrospun gelatin nanofibers","volume":"39","author":"Okutan","year":"2014","unstructured":"37. Okutan N, Terzi P, Altay F. Affecting parameters on electrospinning process and characteriza-tion of electrospun gelatin nanofibers. Food Hydrocoll. 2014;39:19-26.","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.08.050","article-title":"A couple of new ways of surface tension determination","volume":"115","author":"Gajewski","year":"2017","unstructured":"38. Gajewski A. A couple of new ways of surface tension determination. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2017;115:909-917.","journal-title":"Int J Heat Mass Transf"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2018.10.031","article-title":"Development and characterization of methylprednisolone-loaded delayed release nanofibers","volume":"49","author":"Turanl\u0131","year":"2019","unstructured":"39. Turanl\u0131 Y, Tort S, Acart\u00fcrk F. Development and characterization of methylprednisolone-loaded delayed release nanofibers. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2019;49:58-65.","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.08.061","article-title":"Multipurpose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate electrospun fibers for the pre-vention of HIV-1 and HSV-2 infections in vitro","volume":"531","author":"Tyo","year":"2017","unstructured":"40. Tyo KM, Vuong HR, Malik DA, Sims LB, Alatassi H, Duan J, Holt J, Teller RS, Neupane K, Shanka-rappa SA, Clark MR. Multipurpose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate electrospun fibers for the pre-vention of HIV-1 and HSV-2 infections in vitro. Int J Pharm. 2017;531:118-133.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"41. Saar S, Demir\u00f6z FNT. Evaluation of mechanical and mucoadhesive properties of polyvinyl al-cohol nanofibers as vaginal drug delivery system. FABAD J Pharm Sci. 2023;48:219-230.","DOI":"10.55262\/fabadeczacilik.1268029"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.07.027","article-title":"Evaluation of three-layered doxycycline-collagen loaded nanofiber wound dressing","volume":"529","author":"Tort","year":"2017","unstructured":"42. Tort S, Acart\u00fcrk F, Be\u015fikci A. Evaluation of three-layered doxycycline-collagen loaded nanofiber wound dressing. Int J Pharm. 2017;529:642-653.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.09.003","article-title":"Development of long-acting bioadhesive vaginal gels of oxybutynin: formulation, in vitro and in vivo evaluations","volume":"457","author":"Tu\u011fcu-Demir\u00f6z","year":"2013","unstructured":"43. Tu\u011fcu-Demir\u00f6z F, Acart\u00fcrk F, Erdo\u011fan D. Development of long-acting bioadhesive vaginal gels of oxybutynin: formulation, in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Int J Pharm. 2013;457:25-39.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.07.028","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of electrospun nanofibers containing glu-tamine","volume":"152","author":"Tort","year":"2016","unstructured":"44. Tort S, Acart\u00fcrk F. Preparation and characterization of electrospun nanofibers containing glu-tamine. Carbohydr Polym. 2016;152:802-814.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/10601325.2020.1832517","article-title":"Core-shell nanofibers from poly(vinyl alcohol)-based biopolymers using emul-sion electrospinning as drug delivery system for cephalexin drug","volume":"58","author":"Abdul Hameed","year":"2021","unstructured":"45. Abdul Hameed MM, Mohamed Khan SAP, Thamer BM, Al-Enizi A, Aldalbahi A, El-Hamshary H, El-Newehy MH. Core-shell nanofibers from poly(vinyl alcohol)-based biopolymers using emul-sion electrospinning as drug delivery system for cephalexin drug. J Macromol Sci A. 2021;58:130-144.","journal-title":"J Macromol Sci A"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"46. Ahmadi Bonakdar M, Rodrigue D. Electrospinning: processes, structures, and materials. Mac-romol. 2024;4:58-103.","DOI":"10.3390\/macromol4010004"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1007\/s11814-011-0239-6","article-title":"Density, viscosity, and surface tension of water-ethanol mixtures from 293 to 323 K","volume":"29","author":"Khattab","year":"2012","unstructured":"47. Khattab IS, Bandarkar F, Fakhree MAA, Jouyban A. Density, viscosity, and surface tension of water-ethanol mixtures from 293 to 323 K. Korean J Chem Eng. 2012;29:812-817.","journal-title":"Korean J Chem Eng"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.5155\/eurjchem.3.4.399-403.675","article-title":"The effect of temperature on association constants and conductivities of ferrous chlo-ride and ferric chloride in DMF-water mixtures","volume":"3","author":"Ergin","year":"2012","unstructured":"48. Ergin SP. The effect of temperature on association constants and conductivities of ferrous chlo-ride and ferric chloride in DMF-water mixtures. Eur J Chem. 2012;3:399-403.","journal-title":"Eur J Chem"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1021\/j100866a030","article-title":"Hy-drochloric acid, sodium chloride, and sodium acetate at 0, 25, and 35 degrees in ethanol-water mixtures","volume":"71","author":"Spivey","year":"1967","unstructured":"49. Spivey HO, Shedlovsky T. Studies of electrolytic conductance in alcohol-water mixtures. I. Hy-drochloric acid, sodium chloride, and sodium acetate at 0, 25, and 35 degrees in ethanol-water mixtures. J Phys Chem. 1967;71:2165-2171.","journal-title":"J Phys Chem"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11102514","article-title":"Study on the preparation and lipophilic properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofiber membranes via green electrospinning","volume":"11","author":"JC","year":"2021","unstructured":"50. Ge JC, Wu G, Yoon SK, Kim MS, Choi NJ. Study on the preparation and lipophilic properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofiber membranes via green electrospinning. Nanomaterials (Ba-sel). 2021;11:2514.","journal-title":"Nanomaterials (Ba-sel)"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/327369","article-title":"Morphological characterization of nanofibers: methods and application in practice","volume":"2012","author":"\u0160irc","year":"2012","unstructured":"51. \u0160irc J, Hobzov\u00e1 R, Kostina N, Munzarov\u00e1 M, Jukl\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1 M, Lhotka M, Dvo\u0159\u00e1kov\u00e1 J, Hampl A. Morphological characterization of nanofibers: methods and application in practice. J Nano-mater. 2012;2012:1-14.","journal-title":"J Nano-mater"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2004.10.027","article-title":"Study on morphology of electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) mats","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","unstructured":"52. Zhang C, Yuan X, Wu L, Han Y, Sheng J. Study on morphology of electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) mats. Eur Polym J. 2005;41:423-432.","journal-title":"Eur Polym J"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2011.2127431","article-title":"Analysis of the effects of solution conductivity on electrospin-ning process and fiber morphology","volume":"47","author":"CJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"53. Angammana CJ, Jayaram SH. Analysis of the effects of solution conductivity on electrospin-ning process and fiber morphology. IEEE Trans Ind Appl. 2011;47:1109-1117.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Appl"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-008-3010-6","article-title":"The effect of temper-ature and humidity on electrospinning","volume":"44","author":"De Vrieze","year":"2009","unstructured":"54. De Vrieze S, Van Camp T, Nelvig A, Hagstr\u00f6m B, Westbroek P, De Clerck K. The effect of temper-ature and humidity on electrospinning. J Mater Sci. 2009;44:1357-1362.","journal-title":"J Mater Sci"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3287","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15153287","article-title":"Mechanical and thermal characterization of annealed oriented PAN nanofibers","volume":"15","author":"Sanchaniya","year":"2023","unstructured":"55. Sanchaniya JV, Lasenko I, Kanukuntala SP, Smogor H, Viluma-Gudmona A, Krasnikovs A, Sanchaniya A. Mechanical and thermal characterization of annealed oriented PAN nanofibers. Polymers (Basel). 2023;15:3287.","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2008.08.022","article-title":"Effect of fiber diameter on tensile properties of electrospun poly(\u03b5-caprolactone)","volume":"49","author":"Wong","year":"2008","unstructured":"56. Wong SC, Baji A, Leng S. Effect of fiber diameter on tensile properties of electrospun poly(\u03b5-caprolactone). Polymer. 2008;49:4713-4722.","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref56","unstructured":"57. Habeeb S, Rajabi L, Dabirian F. Comparing two electrospinning methods in producing polyac-rylonitrile nanofibrous tubular structures with enhanced properties. Iran J Chem Chem Eng. 2019;38:23-42."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-3659(93)90078-J","article-title":"An investigation into the role of water movement and mucus gel dehy-dration in mucoadhesion","volume":"25","author":"SA","year":"1993","unstructured":"58. Mortazavi SA, Smart JD. An investigation into the role of water movement and mucus gel dehy-dration in mucoadhesion. J Control Release. 1993;25:197-203.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2020.1767125","article-title":"Electrospun metronidazole-loaded nanofibers for vaginal drug delivery","volume":"46","author":"Tu\u011fcu-Demir\u00f6z","year":"2020","unstructured":"59. Tu\u011fcu-Demir\u00f6z F, Saar S, Tort S, Acart\u00fcrk F. Electrospun metronidazole-loaded nanofibers for vaginal drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2020;46:1015-1025.","journal-title":"Drug Dev Ind Pharm"}],"container-title":["Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T12:50:47Z","timestamp":1770036647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.turkjps.org\/articles\/development-and-optimization-of-electrospun-polyvinyl-alcohol-nanofibers-for-vaginal-drug-delivery-using-design-of-experiments-approach\/doi\/tjps.galenos.2025.57455"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/tjps.galenos.2025.57455","relation":{},"ISSN":["1304-530X","2148-6247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1304-530X","type":"print"},{"value":"2148-6247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]}}}