{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:31:32Z","timestamp":1790188292344,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"African Journals Online (AJOL)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ethiop J Health Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria (GNB) isolated from patients at the King Faisal Hospital in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.\r\nMETHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 298 patients admitted to the intensive care unit for 48 hours and who had a central venous catheter were selected using a census sampling method. Only patients with ESBL and carbapenem-resistant GNB-isolated organisms (175 patients) were included. The susceptibility test of GNB was carried out according to the standard recommendations. The identified strains were tested in-vitro against several antimicrobial drugs. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 24.\r\nRESULTS: 36(20.6%) of samples were ESBL-producing GNB, whereas 139(79.4%) were carbapenem-resistant GNB. The pooled proportional estimates of ESBL-producing GNB Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and other GNB were 44.4%, 41.6%, and 14.0%, respectively; the pooled proportional estimates of carbapenem resistance GNB Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii complex\/hemolyticus and other GNB were 82.8%, 10.8%, and 6.4%, respectively. All ESBL-producing GNB and carbapenem-resistance GNB were multidrug-resistant pathogens. The highest carbapenem resistance GNB 139(100%) was to ampicillin, and the lowest 122(87.7%) was to Amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid (Amox\/clav). All ESBL-producing GNB 36 (100%) were resistant to cefotaxime, and 35 (97.2%) were resistant to ampicillin, cefuroxime, cefepime, and ceftazidime. Additionally, the effective antibiotic against ESBL-producing GNB was imipenem.\r\nCONCLUSION: Antibiotic utilization measures appear to contribute to the control of the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens such as ESBL and carbapenem-resistant GNB. Strict adherence to well-accepted infection control guidelines along with caution in using broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents represents the best strategy for preventing the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v32i6.20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T09:29:58Z","timestamp":1721813398000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase and Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens in Makkah, Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.4314","volume":"32","author":[{"family":"Ahmed Kabrah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2895","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"container-title":["Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajol.info\/index.php\/ejhs\/article\/download\/237472\/224400","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajol.info\/index.php\/ejhs\/article\/download\/237472\/224400","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T09:30:33Z","timestamp":1721813433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajol.info\/index.php\/ejhs\/article\/view\/237472"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ejhs.v32i6.20","relation":{},"ISSN":["2413-7170","1029-1857"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2413-7170","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1029-1857","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]}}}