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A comprehensive literature search (2000-2025) identified studies of C15:0\u2019s mechanistic actions in vitro  and in vivo , and multi-omics studies focused on receptor binding, signaling cascades, gene expression, and comparative pharmacology. C15:0 is a dual partial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b1\/\u03b4 agonist. It activates AMP-activated protein kinase, suppresses mechanistic target of rapamycin, and selectively inhibits histone deacetylase 6. It augments succinate-driven complex II respiration, preserves mitochondrial membrane potential, limits reactive oxygen species, and attenuates interleukin-6 (IL-6) \u2013 triggered Janus kinase 2\/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and nuclear factor kappa B p65 signaling, lowering monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and IL-6. Across the BioMAP\u00ae human-primarycell platform \u2013 which tests 12 distinct primary human cell systems such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, and T-cells \u2013 C15:0 (17 \u00b5M) produced statistically significant changes in 36 mechanistically diverse biomarkers. This broad, multi-pathway modulation mirrors the phenotype produced by metformin and rapamycin, yet occurred with no detectable cytotoxicity, paralleling metformin and rapamycin with negligible cytotoxicity. C15:0 engages receptor targets that converge on enhanced lipid oxidation, cellular energetics, and inflammation resolution. Although prospective clinical outcomes are still lacking, the pleiotropic mechanism profile positions C15:0 as a potentially unique nutraceutical or adjunct therapeutic candidate. Further research is warranted to confirm its clinical impacts, optimize dosing, and clarify long-term safety as an essential fatty acid supporting metabolic and immune homeostasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4331\/wjbc.v16.i4.111258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T02:52:22Z","timestamp":1764816742000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Molecular and cellular mechanisms of pentadecanoic 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