{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T13:18:58Z","timestamp":1768742338331,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Clin Inform"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Background: Recognizing facial expressions is an important social skill. In some psychological disorders such as schizophrenia, loss of this skill may complicate the patient\u2019s daily life. Prior research has shown that information technology may help to develop facial expression recognition skills through educational software and games.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Objectives: To examine if a computer game designed for teaching facial expressions would improve facial expression recognition skills of patients with schizophrenia.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methods: We developed a website composed of eight serious games. Thirty-two patients were given a pre-test composed of 21 facial expression photographs. Eighteen patients were in the study group while 14 were in the control group. Patients in the study group were asked to play the games on the website. After a period of one month, we performed a post-test for all patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results: The median score of the correct answers was 17.5 in the control group whereas it was 16.5 in the study group (of 21) in pretest. The median post-test score was 18 in the control group (p=0.052) whereas it was 20 in the study group (p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusions: Computer games may be used for the purpose of educating people who have difficulty in recognizing facial expressions.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Citation: G\u00fclkesen KH, I\u015fleyen F, Cinemre B, \u015eamur MK, Sen Kaya S, Zayim N. A web-based game for teaching facial expressions to schizophrenic patients. Appl Clin Inform 2017; 8: 719\u2013730 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4338\/ACI-2016-10-RA-0172<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4338\/aci-2016-10-ra-0172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,11]],"date-time":"2017-07-11T13:17:26Z","timestamp":1499779046000},"page":"719-730","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Web-based Game for Teaching Facial Expressions to Schizophrenic Patients"],"prefix":"10.4338","volume":"08","author":[{"given":"Filiz","family":"I\u015fleyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Buket","family":"Cinemre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Kemal","family":"Samur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Semiha \u015een","family":"Kaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ne\u015fe","family":"Zayim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kemal Hakan","family":"G\u00fclkesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn192","article-title":"Facial emotion perception in schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review","volume":"36","author":"CG Kohler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181c84cb0","article-title":"A Raballo. Basic emotion recognition and psychopathology in schizophrenia","volume":"198","author":"F Laroi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2008.08.005","article-title":"A functional and structural study of emotion and face processing in children with autism","volume":"173","author":"BA Corbett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.07.018","article-title":"Remediation of impairments in facial affect recognition in schizophrenia: efficacy and specificity of a new training program","volume":"80","author":"W Wolwer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(03)00039-8","article-title":"Remediation of facial affect recognition impairments in patients with schizophrenia: a new training program","volume":"117","author":"N Frommann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.06.002","article-title":"Brief emotion training improves recognition of facial emotions in chronic schizophrenia","volume":"128","author":"H Silver","year":"2004","journal-title":"A pilot study. Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1348\/014466505X90866","article-title":"A pilot study to investigate the effectiveness of emotion recognition remediation in schizophrenia using the micro-expression training tool","volume":"45","author":"TA Russell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.53.4.712","article-title":"Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion","volume":"53","author":"P Ekman","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030377","article-title":"Constants across cultures in the face and emotion","volume":"17","author":"P Ekman","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02190342","article-title":"Facial expression and emotional face recognition in schizophrenia and depression","volume":"242","author":"W Gaebel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708004704","article-title":"The influence of emotion clarity on emotional prosody identification in paranoid schizophrenia","volume":"39","author":"DR Bach","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(98)00042-5","article-title":"Facial affect recognition and information processing in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","volume":"32","author":"J Addington","year":"1998","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2001.00893.x","article-title":"Differential judgement of static facial expressions of emotions in three cultures","volume":"55","author":"Y Huang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030377","article-title":"Constants across cultures in the face and emotion","volume":"17","author":"P Ekman","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref16","first-page":"1901","article-title":"What are the characteristics of people who are successful on recognizing human facial expressions on computer monitor?","volume":"4","author":"KH Gulkesen","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"662","article-title":"Evaluation of the usability of a serious game aiming to teach facial expressions to schizophrenic patients","volume":"205","author":"F Isleyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"49","article-title":"The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms [SANS]: conceptual and theoretical foundations","volume":"1989","author":"NC Andreasen","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry Suppl"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref22","first-page":"14","article-title":"Negatif semptomlan de[gbreve]erlendirme \u00f6l\u00e7e[gbreve]inin g\u00fcvenilirli[gbreve]i ve ge\u00e7erlili[gbreve]i","volume":"4","author":"C Atakl\u0131","year":"1991","journal-title":"D\u00fc \u00fcnen Adam"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms [SANS]","author":"NC Andreasen","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"20","article-title":"Pozitif Semptomlar\u0131 De[gbreve]erlendirme \u00d6l\u00e7e[gbreve]inin G\u00fcvenilirli[gbreve]i ve Ge\u00e7erlili[gbreve]i","volume":"4","author":"C Atakl\u0131","year":"1991","journal-title":"D\u00fc \u00fcnen Adam"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1962.10.3.799","article-title":"The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale","volume":"10","author":"JE Overall","year":"1962","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref27","first-page":"576","article-title":"Clinical Tests of Memory Impairment","volume":"36","author":"OL Zangwill","year":"1943","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"5","article-title":"Neuropsychological assessment in schizophrenic patients treated with haloperidol or clozapine","volume":"19","year":"2009","journal-title":"BCP"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/00221309.1948.9918159","article-title":"A simple objective technique for measuring flexibility in thinking","volume":"1948","author":"EA Berg","year":"1948","journal-title":"J Gen Psychol."},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"132","article-title":"izofrenideki Bili sel S\u00fcre\u00e7lerin De[gbreve]erlendirilmesinde N\u00f6ropsikolojik Testler: Bellek ve Dikkatin \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi","volume":"4","author":"S Karaka","year":"1999","journal-title":"izofreni Dizisi"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2598.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e2598","article-title":"The effectiveness of SPARX, a computerised self help intervention for adolescents seeking help for depression: randomised controlled non-inferiority trial","volume":"344","author":"SN Merry","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1089\/109493103322011641","article-title":"Exploring the use of computer games and virtual reality in exposure therapy for fear of driving following a motor vehicle accident","volume":"6","author":"DG Walshe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"469","article-title":"Serious games as additional psychological support: A review of the literature","volume":"4","author":"JJ Santamar\u00eda","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cyber Ther Rehabil"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361301005003007","article-title":"Evaluation of a new computer intervention to teach people with autism or Asperger syndrome to recognize and predict emotions in others","volume":"5","author":"M Silver","year":"2001","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24.","DOI":"10.1167\/11.13.24","article-title":"The resolution of facial expressions of emotion","volume":"11","author":"S Du","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024902500935","article-title":"Matsumoto and Ekman\u2018s Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion [JACFEE]: Reliability Data and Cross-National Differences","volume":"21","author":"M Biehl","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Nonverbal Behav"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206544","article-title":"Photographs of facial expression: accuracy, response times, and ratings of intensity","volume":"36","author":"R Palermo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.10.1768","article-title":"Facial emotion recognition in schizophrenia: intensity effects and error pattern","volume":"160","author":"CG Kohler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"159","article-title":"Universals and cultural differences in recognizing emotions","volume":"12","author":"HA Elfenbein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/h0049234","article-title":"Short-term retention of individual verbal items","volume":"58","author":"LR Peterson","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2006.09.004","article-title":"Repeated retrieval during learning is the key to long-term retention","volume":"57","author":"JD Karpicke","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Mem Lang"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","article-title":"Test-enhanced learning: taking memory tests improves long-term retention","volume":"17","author":"HL Roediger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(03)00131-2","article-title":"Facial recognition deficits and cognition in schizophrenia","volume":"68","author":"G Sachs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617704104074","article-title":"Relationship of affect recognition with psychopathology and cognitive performance in schizophrenia","volume":"10","author":"VP Bozikas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(97)00050-4","article-title":"Affect recognition in schizophrenia: a function of global impairment or a specific cognitive deficit","volume":"71","author":"G Bryson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"}],"container-title":["Applied Clinical Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.4338\/ACI-2016-10-RA-0172.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T11:54:28Z","timestamp":1692878068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.4338\/ACI-2016-10-RA-0172"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4338\/aci-2016-10-ra-0172","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-0327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-0327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}}}