{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T20:13:23Z","timestamp":1775333603139,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SMW Supporting Association","issue":"4344","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,25]],"date-time":"2010-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1287964800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Swiss Med Wkly"],"abstract":"<jats:p>STUDY AIM: To describe characteristics of stimulant abuse and toxicity.\n        METHOD: We conducted a  retrospective analysis of cases of exposure to cocaine, amphetamines  (amphetamine, methamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA])  and methylphenidate reported to the Swiss Toxicological Information Centre  between 1997 and 2009.\n        RESULTS: There were 667  reports for cocaine, 147 for amphetamine, 41 for methamphetamine, 433 for MDMA,  and 122 for methylphenidate. Detailed outcome data were available in 546 (39%)  of all reported cases. Exposure to amphetamine or MDMA commonly resulted in  mild to moderate toxicity, but severe toxicity was seen in approximately 15% of  reported cocaine and MDMA exposures with a known medical outcome. Frequently  observed clinical signs and symptoms included tachycardia, arterial  hypertension, nausea, agitation, and panic. Amphetamine and MDMA exposures were  seen in a younger population and were mainly reported at weekends, while  cocaine users were older and exposures occurred proportionally more frequently  on weekdays. Parenteral drug use and co-use of heroin was more frequent in  cocaine users than in those using other stimulants.There has been an increase in reports of non-medical use of  methylphenidate in recent years, indicating a need for further studies of abuse  of prescription stimulants.\n        CONCLUSION: Stimulant abuse  is associated with major toxicity in approximately 15% of reported cases with a  known medical outcome. Amphetamine and MDMA users differed from cocaine users  in terms of user characteristics, time of use and medical complications.  Non-medical use of prescription stimulants such as methylphenidate needs  attention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2010.13115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,27]],"date-time":"2011-10-27T03:48:08Z","timestamp":1319687288000},"page":"w13115","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Retrospective analysis of stimulant  abuse cases reported to the Swiss Toxicological Information Centre during  1997\u20132009"],"prefix":"10.57187","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Bruggisser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Bodmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MF","family":"Wilks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Kupferschmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Liechti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"36756","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,25]]},"container-title":["Swiss Medical Weekly"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/smw.ch\/index.php\/smw\/article\/download\/1204\/1292","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/smw.ch\/index.php\/smw\/article\/download\/1204\/1293","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/smw.ch\/index.php\/smw\/article\/download\/1204\/1292","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T02:29:35Z","timestamp":1755224975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/smw.ch\/index.php\/smw\/article\/view\/1204"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,25]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4344","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4414\/smw.2010.13115","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-3997"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-3997","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,25]]}}}