{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T13:45:59Z","timestamp":1781012759760,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SMW Supporting Association","issue":"5152","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,19]],"date-time":"2011-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1324252800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Swiss Med Wkly"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mechanical  devices are sought to support insufficient or paralysed striated muscles  including the failing heart. Nickel-titanium alloys (nitinol) present the following two  properties: (i) super-elasticity, and (ii) the potential to assume different  crystal structures depending on temperature and\/or stress. Starting from the  martensite state nitinol is able to resume the austenite form (state of low  potential energy and high entropy) even against an external resistance. This  one-way shape change is deployed in self-expanding vascular stents. Heating  induces the force generating transformation from martensite to the austenite  state while cooling induces relaxation back to the martensite state. This  two-way shape change oscillating between the two states may be used in  cyclically contracting support devices of silicon-coated nitinol wires. Such a  contractile device sutured to the right atrium has been tested in vitro in a  bench model and in vivo in sheep. The contraction properties of natural  muscles, specifically of the myocardium, and the tight correlation with ATP  production by oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria is briefly  outlined. Force development by the nitinol device cannot be smoothly regulated  as in natural muscle. Its mechanical impact is forced onto the natural muscle  regardless of the actual condition with regard to metabolism and Ca2+-homeostasis.  The development of artificial muscle on the basis of nitinol wires is still in  its infancy. The nitinol artificial muscle will have to  prove its viability in the various clinical  settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2011.13319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,19]],"date-time":"2011-12-19T17:30:59Z","timestamp":1324315859000},"page":"w13319","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Artificial muscle: facts and fiction"],"prefix":"10.57187","volume":"141","author":[{"given":"MC","family":"Schaub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"36756","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,19]]},"container-title":["Swiss Medical Weekly"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/smw.ch\/index.php\/smw\/article\/download\/1408\/1700","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/smw.ch\/index.php\/smw\/article\/download\/1408\/1701","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/smw.ch\/index.php\/smw\/article\/download\/1408\/1700","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T03:25:44Z","timestamp":1755228344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/smw.ch\/index.php\/smw\/article\/view\/1408"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,19]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5152","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4414\/smw.2011.13319","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-3997"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-3997","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,19]]}}}