{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:08:21Z","timestamp":1776816501623,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SMW Supporting Association","issue":"2324","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,2]],"date-time":"2013-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370131200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Swiss Med Wkly"],"abstract":"<jats:p>QUESTIONS UNDER  STUDY \/ PRINCIPLES: The main aim of this study was to investigate profiles of  drug users, with a particular focus on illicit drugs other than cannabis, and  to explore the effect of early-onset intensive use (drunkenness, daily smoking,  high on cannabis) on profiles of illicit drug use.\n        METHODS:  Baseline data from a representative sample of 5,831 young Swiss men in the ongoing  Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors were used. Substance use (alcohol,  tobacco, cannabis and 15 types of other illicit drug) and age of onset of  intensive use were assessed. The Item Response Theory (IRT) and prevalence  rates at different ages of onset were used to reveal different profiles of  illicit drug use.\n        RESULTS: In  addition to cannabis, there were two profiles of other illicit drug use: (a) \u201csofter\u201d  drug users (uppers, hallucinogens and inhaled drugs), among which ecstasy had  the highest discriminatory potential (IRT slope = 4.68, standard error (SE) = 0.48;  p &lt;0.001); and (b) \u201charder\u201d drug users (heroin, ketamine, gamma-hydroxybutyrate\/gamma-hydroxylactone,  research chemicals, crystal meth and spice), among which ketamine had the highest  discriminatory potential (slope = 4.05; SE = 0.63; p &lt;0.001). Onset of  intensive use at the age of 12 years or younger also discriminated between these  two profiles.\n        CONCLUSION:  Both the IRT model and the effect of onset of intensive use enabled  two groups of illicit drugs to be identified.  In particular, very early onset (at 12 years or younger) intensive use of any  substance was a marker for later use of the second group of drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2013.13805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,3]],"date-time":"2014-07-03T10:27:23Z","timestamp":1404383243000},"page":"w13805","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Profiles  of drug users in Switzerland and effects of\u00a0early-onset intensive use of  alcohol, tobacco and\u00a0cannabis on\u00a0other illicit drug use"],"prefix":"10.57187","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Baggio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Studer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meichun","family":"Mohler-Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Bernard","family":"Daeppen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Gmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"36756","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,2]]},"container-title":["Swiss Medical Weekly"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/smw.ch\/index.php\/smw\/article\/download\/1701\/2283","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/smw.ch\/index.php\/smw\/article\/download\/1701\/2284","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/smw.ch\/index.php\/smw\/article\/download\/1701\/2283","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T04:32:13Z","timestamp":1755232333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/smw.ch\/index.php\/smw\/article\/view\/1701"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,2]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2324","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4414\/smw.2013.13805","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-3997"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-3997","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,2]]}}}