{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T16:14:01Z","timestamp":1783440841751,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SMW Supporting Association","issue":"4142","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,5]],"date-time":"2014-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412467200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Swiss Med Wkly"],"abstract":"<jats:p>QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY: Myoclonic movements are common problems during induction of anaesthesia with etomidate. The myoclonus occurring after etomidate administration may represent a form of seizure. Agonistic modulation of the \u03ba opiate receptor may reduce seizures, and butorphanol acts in such a manner. The aim of this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was to test our hypothesis that pre-treatment with butorphanol might reduce the incidence and severity of myoclonus induced by etomidate.\r\nMETHODS: Patients (108) with American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status I or II were randomly assigned to one of two groups to receive either 0.015 mg\/kgof butorphanol (n = 54) or saline (n = 54) intravenously. At two minutes after infusion of butorphanol or saline, 0.3 mg\/kg etomidate was given. The occurrence and severity (observational score of 0\u20133) of myoclonus was assessed during 2 minutes after administration of etomidate. For each patient, blood pressure (BP), saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2), and heart rate (HR) were measured.\r\nRESULTS: The incidence of myoclonus was significantly lower in Group Butorphanol than in Group Saline (13.0% vs 79.6%; RR = 0.163, 95%CI: 0.081\u20130.329; \u03c72= 48.265,\u00a0p\u00a0&lt;0.0001). The severity levels of myoclonic movement were also significantly lower in Group Butorphanol than in Group Saline (p\u00a0&lt;0.0001). Throughout the procedure, changes of BP, SpO2, and HR did not differ between the groups. There were no problems with bradycardia or hypotension.\r\nCONCLUSIONS: Infusion of 0.015 mg\/kgbutorphanol 2 minutes before etomidate administration is effective for suppressing myoclonus induced by etomidate during induction of general anaesthesia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2014.14042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T05:41:46Z","timestamp":1420177306000},"page":"w14042","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Butorphanol pre-treatment prevents myoclonus induced by etomidate"],"prefix":"10.57187","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Liang","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanning","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"36756","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,5]]},"container-title":["Swiss Medical Weekly"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/smw.ch\/index.php\/smw\/article\/download\/3261\/5482","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/smw.ch\/index.php\/smw\/article\/download\/3261\/5482","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T10:27:23Z","timestamp":1755253643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/smw.ch\/index.php\/smw\/article\/view\/3261"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,5]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4142","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4414\/smw.2014.14042","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-3997"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-3997","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,5]]}}}