{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T01:57:43Z","timestamp":1784944663389,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"Over two-thirds of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) experience neurogenic obesity-induced cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) and other chronic comorbidities. Obesity is likely to impede social and recreational activities, impact quality of life, and impose additional socioeconomic burdens on persons with SCI. Advances in imaging technology facilitate the mapping of adiposity and its association with the cardiometabolic profile after SCI. Central adiposity or central obesity is characterized by increased waist (WC) and abdominal circumferences (AC) as well as visceral adipose tissue (VAT). A number of studies, while relying on expensive imaging techniques, have reported direct associations of both central obesity and VAT in imposing significant health risks after SCI. The mechanistic role of central obesity on cardiometabolic heath in persons with SCI has yet to be identified, despite the knowledge that it has been designated as an independent risk factor for cardiometabolic dysfunction and premature mortality in other clinical populations. In persons with SCI, the distribution of adipose tissue has been suggested to be a function of sex, level of injury, and age. To date, there is no SCI-specific WC or AC cutoff value to provide anthropometric prediction of VAT and diagnostic capability of persons at risk for central obesity, CMS, and cardiovascular disease after SCI. The purpose of the current review is to summarize the factors contributing to visceral adiposity in persons with SCI and to develop an SCI-specific anthropometric prediction equation for this population. Furthermore, a proposed WC cutoff will be discussed as a surrogate index for central obesity, CMS, and cardiovascular disorders after SCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci20-00055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T13:49:32Z","timestamp":1616161772000},"page":"23-35","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Anthropometric Prediction of Visceral Adiposity in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Ashraf S.","family":"Gorgey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Central Virginia VA Health Care System, Richmond, Virginia"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Areej N.","family":"Ennasr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Central Virginia VA Health Care System, Richmond, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary J.","family":"Farkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Gater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b1","series-title":"Circulation","first-page":"433","article-title":"Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute\/American Heart Association conference on scientific 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injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tParaplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t33:\n\t\t\t\t\t102\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t109."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b31","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"817","article-title":"Anthropometric prediction of visceral adipose tissue in persons with motor complete spinal cord injury","volume":"10","year":"2018","unstructured":"McCauley\n LS,\n \n \n Sumrell\n RM,\n \n \n Gorgey\n AS.\n \n \n Anthropometric prediction of visceral adipose tissue in persons with motor complete spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPM R2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t10:\n\t\t\t\t\t817\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t825,\n\t\t\t\t\te812."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b32","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1240","article-title":"A model of prediction and cross-validation of fat-free mass in men with motor complete spinal cord injury","volume":"93","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Dolbow\n DR,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n A model of prediction and cross-validation of fat-free mass in men with motor complete spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t93:\n\t\t\t\t\t1240\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1245."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b33","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"693","article-title":"Effects of spinal cord injury on body composition and metabolic profile - part I","volume":"37","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Dolbow\n DR,\n \n \n Dolbow\n JD,\n \n \n Khalil\n RK,\n \n \n Castillo\n C,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n Effects of spinal cord injury on body composition and metabolic profile - part I.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t37(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t693\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t702."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b34","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"494","article-title":"Serum leptin, abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maruyama\n Y,\n \n \n Mizuguchi\n M,\n \n \n Yaginuma\n T,\n \n \n Kusaka\n M,\n \n \n Yoshida\n H,\n \n \n Yokoyama\n K,\n \n \n Kasahara\n Y,\n \n \n Hosoya\n T.\n \n \n Serum leptin, abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t46:\n\t\t\t\t\t494\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t9."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b35","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"765","article-title":"The relationship between the postprandial lipemic response and lipid composition in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"37","year":"2014","unstructured":"Emmons\n RR,\n \n \n Cirnigliaro\n CM,\n \n \n Kirshblum\n SC,\n \n \n Bauman\n WA.\n \n \n The relationship between the postprandial lipemic response and lipid composition in persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t37:\n\t\t\t\t\t765\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t73."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b36","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"836","article-title":"Associations between abdominal visceral fat and surrogate measures of obesity in Japanese men with spinal cord injury","volume":"52","year":"2014","unstructured":"Inayama\n T,\n \n \n Higuchi\n Y,\n \n \n Tsunoda\n N,\n \n \n Uchiyama\n H,\n \n \n Sakuma\n H.\n \n \n Associations between abdominal visceral fat and surrogate measures of obesity in Japanese men with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t52:\n\t\t\t\t\t836\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t41."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b37","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"523","article-title":"Effects of hybrid cycle and handcycle exercise on cardiovascular disease risk factors in people with spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"47","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bakkum\n AJ,\n \n \n Paulson\n TA,\n \n \n Bishop\n NC,\n \n \n Goosey-Tolfrey\n VL,\n \n \n Stolwijk-Sw\u00fcste\n JM,\n \n \n van Kuppevelt\n DJ,\n \n \n de Groot\n S,\n \n \n Janssen\n TW.\n \n \n Effects of hybrid cycle and handcycle exercise on cardiovascular disease risk factors in people with spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Rehabil Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t47:\n\t\t\t\t\t523\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t30."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b38","series-title":"Bone Rep","first-page":"26","article-title":"Influences of nutrition and adiposity on bone mineral density in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional, observational study","volume":"2","year":"2015","unstructured":"Doubelt\n I,\n \n \n Totosy de Zepetnek\n J,\n \n \n MacDonald\n MJ,\n \n \n Atkinson\n SA.\n \n \n Influences of nutrition and adiposity on bone mineral density in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional, observational study.\n\t\t\t\t\tBone Rep.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t2:\n\t\t\t\t\t26\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t31."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b39","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1931","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity in adults with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study","volume":"97","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pelletier\n CA,\n \n \n Miyatani\n M,\n \n \n Giangregorio\n L,\n \n \n Craven\n BC.\n \n \n Sarcopenic obesity in adults with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t97:\n\t\t\t\t\t1931\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1937."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b40","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"870","article-title":"Low-force muscle activity regulates energy expenditure after spinal cord injury","volume":"49","year":"2017","unstructured":"Woelfel\n JR,\n \n \n Kimball\n AL,\n \n \n Yen\n CL,\n \n \n Shields\n RK.\n \n \n Low-force muscle activity regulates energy expenditure after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sports Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t49:\n\t\t\t\t\t870\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t878."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b41","series-title":"Biomed Res Int","first-page":"1364818","article-title":"Liver adiposity and metabolic profile in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"2017","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rankin\n KC,\n \n \n O\u2019Brien\n LC,\n \n \n Segal\n L,\n \n \n Khan\n MR,\n \n \n Gorgey\n AS.\n \n \n Liver adiposity and metabolic profile in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tBiomed Res Int.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t2017:\n\t\t\t\t\t1364818."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b42","series-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging","first-page":"e29405604","article-title":"Associations of the trunk skeletal musculature and dietary intake to biomarkers of cardiometabolic health after spinal cord injury","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abilmona\n SM,\n \n \n Gorgey\n AS.\n \n \n Associations of the trunk skeletal musculature and dietary intake to biomarkers of cardiometabolic health after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Physiol Funct Imaging.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\te29405604."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b43","series-title":"Neural Regen Res","first-page":"1787","article-title":"Semi-automated segmentation of magnetic resonance images for thigh skeletal muscle and fat using threshold technique after spinal cord injury","volume":"13","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghatas\n MP,\n \n \n Lester\n RM,\n \n \n Khan\n MR,\n \n \n Gorgey\n AS.\n \n \n Semi-automated segmentation of magnetic resonance images for thigh skeletal muscle and fat using threshold technique after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tNeural Regen Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t13:\n\t\t\t\t\t1787\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1795."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b44","series-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab","first-page":"139","article-title":"Participation in moderate-to-vigorous leisure time physical activity is related to decreased visceral adipose tissue in adults with spinal cord injury","volume":"43","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pelletier\n CA,\n \n \n Omidvar\n M,\n \n \n Miyatani\n M,\n \n \n Giangregorio\n L,\n \n \n Craven\n BC.\n \n \n Participation in moderate-to-vigorous leisure time physical activity is related to decreased visceral adipose tissue in adults with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t43:\n\t\t\t\t\t139\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t144."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b45","series-title":"World J Clin Cases","first-page":"2427","article-title":"Dietary manipulation and testosterone replacement therapy may explain changes in body composition after spinal cord injury: A retrospective case report","volume":"7","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Lester\n RM,\n \n \n Ghatas\n MP,\n \n \n Sistrun\n SN,\n \n \n Lavis\n T.\n \n \n Dietary manipulation and testosterone replacement therapy may explain changes in body composition after spinal cord injury: A retrospective case report.\n\t\t\t\t\tWorld J Clin Cases.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t7:\n\t\t\t\t\t2427\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2437."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b46","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Differences in glucose metabolism among women with spinal cord injury may not be fully explained by variations in body composition","volume":"100","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li\n J,\n \n \n Hunter\n GR,\n \n \n Chen\n Y,\n \n \n McLain\n A,\n \n \n Smith\n DL,\n \n \n Yarar-Fisher\n C.\n \n \n Differences in glucose metabolism among women with spinal cord injury may not be fully explained by variations in body composition.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t100:\n\t\t\t\t\t1061\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1067."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b1","series-title":"Circulation","first-page":"433","article-title":"Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute\/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition","volume":"109","year":"2004","unstructured":"Grundy\n SM,\n \n \n Brewer\n HB\n Jr.\n \n \n Cleeman\n JI,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tDefinition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute\/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition.\n\t\t\t\t\tCirculation.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t109:\n\t\t\t\t\t433\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t438."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b2","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0236752","article-title":"Waist circumference cutoff identifying risks of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"15","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gill\n S,\n \n \n Sumrell\n RM,\n \n \n Sima\n A,\n \n \n Cifu\n DX,\n \n \n Gorgey\n AS.\n \n \n Waist circumference cutoff identifying risks of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease in men with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPLoS One.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t15:\n\t\t\t\t\te0236752."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b3","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"S127","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in adolescents with spinal cord dysfunction","volume":"30","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nelson\n MD,\n \n \n Widman\n LM,\n \n \n Abresch\n RT,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tMetabolic syndrome in adolescents with spinal cord dysfunction.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t30(\n\t\t\t\t\tSuppl 1):\n\t\t\t\t\tS127\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t139."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b4","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"387","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus in individuals with spinal cord injury or disorder","volume":"29","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lavela\n SL,\n \n \n Weaver\n FM,\n \n \n Goldstein\n B,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes mellitus in individuals with spinal cord injury or disorder.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t29:\n\t\t\t\t\t387\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t395."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b5","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"86","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in veterans with spinal cord injury","volume":"42","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gater\n DR\n Jr.\n \n \n Farkas\n GJ,\n \n \n Berg\n AS,\n \n \n Castillo\n C.\n \n \n Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in veterans with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t42;\n\t\t\t\t\t86\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t93."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b6","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0203049","article-title":"Anthropometric cutoffs and associations with visceral adiposity and metabolic biomarkers after spinal cord injury","volume":"13","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sumrell\n RM,\n \n \n Nightingale\n TE,\n \n \n McCauley\n LS,\n \n \n Gorgey\n AS.\n \n \n Anthropometric cutoffs and associations with visceral adiposity and metabolic biomarkers after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPLoS One.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t13:\n\t\t\t\t\te0203049."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b7","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"643","article-title":"Identification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury","volume":"42","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nash\n MS,\n \n \n Groah\n SL,\n \n \n Gater\n DR,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tIdentification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t42:\n\t\t\t\t\t643\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t677."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b8","series-title":"Metabolism","first-page":"843","article-title":"Central adiposity associations to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in individuals with complete motor spinal cord injury","volume":"60","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Mather\n KJ,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n Central adiposity associations to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in individuals with complete motor spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tMetabolism.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t60:\n\t\t\t\t\t843\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t851."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b9","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"440","article-title":"A preliminary report on the effects of the level of spinal cord injury on the association between central adiposity and metabolic profile","volume":"3","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n A preliminary report on the effects of the level of spinal cord injury on the association between central adiposity and metabolic profile.\n\t\t\t\t\tPM R.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t3:\n\t\t\t\t\t440\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t446."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b10","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"338","article-title":"Gender dimorphism in central adiposity may explain metabolic dysfunction after spinal cord injury","volume":"10","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Farkas\n GJ,\n \n \n Dolbow\n DR,\n \n \n Khalil\n RE,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n Gender dimorphism in central adiposity may explain metabolic dysfunction after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPM R.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t10:\n\t\t\t\t\t338\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t348."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b11","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"407","article-title":"The influence of level of spinal cord injury on adipose tissue and its relationship to inflammatory adipokines and cardiometabolic profiles","volume":"41","year":"2018","unstructured":"Farkas\n GJ,\n \n \n Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Dolbow\n DR,\n \n \n Berg\n AS,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n The influence of level of spinal cord injury on adipose tissue and its relationship to inflammatory adipokines and cardiometabolic profiles.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t41:\n\t\t\t\t\t407\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t415."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b12","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"229","article-title":"Serum testosterone levels may influence body composition and cardiometabolic health in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"57","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abilmona\n SM,\n \n \n Sumrell\n RM,\n \n \n Gill\n RS,\n \n \n Adler\n RA,\n \n \n Gorgey\n AS.\n \n \n Serum testosterone levels may influence body composition and cardiometabolic health in men with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t57:\n\t\t\t\t\t229\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t239."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b13","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"99","article-title":"Influence of motor complete spinal cord injury on visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue measured by multi-axial magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"34","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Mather,\n KJ,\n \n \n Poarch\n HJ,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n Influence of motor complete spinal cord injury on visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue measured by multi-axial magnetic resonance imaging.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t34:\n\t\t\t\t\t99\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t109."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b14","series-title":"Am J Clin Nutr","first-page":"600","article-title":"Visceral adipose tissue and the ratio of visceral to subcutaneous adipose tissue are greater in adults with than in those without spinal cord injury, despite matching waist circumferences","volume":"87","year":"2008","unstructured":"Edwards\n LA,\n \n \n Bugaresti\n JM,\n \n \n Buchholz\n AC.\n \n \n Visceral adipose tissue and the ratio of visceral to subcutaneous adipose tissue are greater in adults with than in those without spinal cord injury, despite matching waist circumferences.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Clin Nutr2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t87:\n\t\t\t\t\t600\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t607."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b15","series-title":"J Am Coll Nutr","first-page":"476","article-title":"The influence of visceral fat on the postprandial lipemic response in men with paraplegia","volume":"29","year":"2010","unstructured":"Emmons\n RR,\n \n \n Garber\n CE,\n \n \n Cirnigliaro\n CM,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tThe influence of visceral fat on the postprandial lipemic response in men with paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Coll Nutr.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t29:\n\t\t\t\t\t476\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t481."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b16","series-title":"J Clin Densitom","first-page":"63","article-title":"Measurement of visceral adipose tissue in persons with spinal cord injury by magnetic resonance imaging and dual X-ray absorptiometry: generation and application of a predictive equation","volume":"23","year":"2020","unstructured":"McCauley\n LS,\n \n \n Ghatas\n MP,\n \n \n Sumrell\n RM,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tMeasurement of visceral adipose tissue in persons with spinal cord injury by magnetic resonance imaging and dual X-ray absorptiometry: generation and application of a predictive equation.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Densitom.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t23:\n\t\t\t\t\t63\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t72."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b17","series-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)","first-page":"1811","article-title":"Visceral adiposity in persons with chronic spinal cord injury determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry","volume":"23","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cirnigliaro\n CM,\n \n \n LaFountaine\n MF,\n \n \n Dengel\n DR,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tVisceral adiposity in persons with chronic spinal cord injury determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.\n\t\t\t\t\tObesity (Silver Spring).\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t23:\n\t\t\t\t\t1811\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1817."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b18","series-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab","first-page":"107","article-title":"Regional and relative adiposity patterns in relation to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"36","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n Regional and relative adiposity patterns in relation to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in men with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t36:\n\t\t\t\t\t107\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t114."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b19","series-title":"Metabolism","first-page":"54","article-title":"Contribution of intra-abdominal fat accumulation to the impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism in human obesity","volume":"36","year":"1987","unstructured":"Fujioka\n S,\n \n \n Matsuzawa\n Y,\n \n \n Tokunaga\n K,\n \n \n Tarui\n S.\n \n \n Contribution of intra-abdominal fat accumulation to the impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism in human obesity.\n\t\t\t\t\tMetabolism.\n\t\t\t\t\t1987;\n\t\t\t\t\t36:\n\t\t\t\t\t54\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t59."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b20","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"430","article-title":"Sex dimorphism in the distribution of adipose tissue and its influence on proinflammatory adipokines and cardiometabolic profiles in motor complete spinal cord injury","volume":"42","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farkas\n GJ,\n \n \n Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Dolbow\n DR,\n \n \n Berg\n AS,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n Sex dimorphism in the distribution of adipose tissue and its influence on proinflammatory adipokines and cardiometabolic profiles in motor complete spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t42:\n\t\t\t\t\t430\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t436."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b21","series-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)","first-page":"2398","article-title":"Factors influencing body composition in persons with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study","volume":"95","year":"2003","unstructured":"Spungen\n AM,\n \n \n Adkins\n RH,\n \n \n Stewart\n CA,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tFactors influencing body composition in persons with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Appl Physiol 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composition in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"5","year":"2017","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien\n LC,\n \n \n Wade\n RC,\n \n \n Segal\n L,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tMitochondrial mass and activity as a function of body composition in individuals with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhysiol Rep.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t5(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\te13080."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b26","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"338","article-title":"Gender dimorphism in central adiposity may explain metabolic dysfunction after spinal cord injury","volume":"10","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Farkas\n GJ,\n \n \n Dolbow\n DR,\n \n \n Khalil\n RE,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n Gender dimorphism in central adiposity may explain metabolic dysfunction after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPM R.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t10:\n\t\t\t\t\t338\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t348."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b27","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"292","article-title":"Waist 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injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tParaplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t33:\n\t\t\t\t\t102\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t109."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b31","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"817","article-title":"Anthropometric prediction of visceral adipose tissue in persons with motor complete spinal cord injury","volume":"10","year":"2018","unstructured":"McCauley\n LS,\n \n \n Sumrell\n RM,\n \n \n Gorgey\n AS.\n \n \n Anthropometric prediction of visceral adipose tissue in persons with motor complete spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPM R2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t10:\n\t\t\t\t\t817\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t825,\n\t\t\t\t\te812."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b32","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1240","article-title":"A model of prediction and cross-validation of fat-free mass in men with motor complete spinal cord injury","volume":"93","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Dolbow\n DR,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n A model of prediction and cross-validation of fat-free mass in men with motor complete spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t93:\n\t\t\t\t\t1240\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1245."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b33","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"693","article-title":"Effects of spinal cord injury on body composition and metabolic profile - part I","volume":"37","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Dolbow\n DR,\n \n \n Dolbow\n JD,\n \n \n Khalil\n RK,\n \n \n Castillo\n C,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n Effects of spinal cord injury on body composition and metabolic profile - part I.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t37(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t693\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t702."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b34","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"494","article-title":"Serum leptin, abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maruyama\n Y,\n \n \n Mizuguchi\n M,\n \n \n Yaginuma\n T,\n \n \n Kusaka\n M,\n \n \n Yoshida\n H,\n \n \n Yokoyama\n K,\n \n \n Kasahara\n Y,\n \n \n Hosoya\n T.\n \n \n Serum leptin, abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t46:\n\t\t\t\t\t494\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t9."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b35","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"765","article-title":"The relationship between the postprandial lipemic response and lipid composition in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"37","year":"2014","unstructured":"Emmons\n RR,\n \n \n Cirnigliaro\n CM,\n \n \n Kirshblum\n SC,\n \n \n Bauman\n WA.\n \n \n The relationship between the postprandial lipemic response and lipid composition in persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t37:\n\t\t\t\t\t765\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t73."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b36","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"836","article-title":"Associations between abdominal visceral fat and surrogate measures of obesity in Japanese men with spinal cord injury","volume":"52","year":"2014","unstructured":"Inayama\n T,\n \n \n Higuchi\n Y,\n \n \n Tsunoda\n N,\n \n \n Uchiyama\n H,\n \n \n Sakuma\n H.\n \n \n Associations between abdominal visceral fat and surrogate measures of obesity in Japanese men with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t52:\n\t\t\t\t\t836\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t41."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b37","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"523","article-title":"Effects of hybrid cycle and handcycle exercise on cardiovascular disease risk factors in people with spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"47","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bakkum\n AJ,\n \n \n Paulson\n TA,\n \n \n Bishop\n NC,\n \n \n Goosey-Tolfrey\n VL,\n \n \n Stolwijk-Sw\u00fcste\n JM,\n \n \n van Kuppevelt\n DJ,\n \n \n de Groot\n S,\n \n \n 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Rehabil","first-page":"1931","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity in adults with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study","volume":"97","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pelletier\n CA,\n \n \n Miyatani\n M,\n \n \n Giangregorio\n L,\n \n \n Craven\n BC.\n \n \n Sarcopenic obesity in adults with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t97:\n\t\t\t\t\t1931\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1937."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b40","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"870","article-title":"Low-force muscle activity regulates energy expenditure after spinal cord injury","volume":"49","year":"2017","unstructured":"Woelfel\n JR,\n \n \n Kimball\n AL,\n \n \n Yen\n CL,\n \n \n Shields\n RK.\n \n \n Low-force muscle activity regulates energy expenditure after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sports Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t49:\n\t\t\t\t\t870\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t878."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b41","series-title":"Biomed Res Int","first-page":"1364818","article-title":"Liver adiposity and metabolic profile in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"2017","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rankin\n KC,\n \n \n O\u2019Brien\n LC,\n \n \n Segal\n L,\n \n \n Khan\n MR,\n \n \n Gorgey\n AS.\n \n \n Liver adiposity and metabolic profile in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tBiomed Res Int.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t2017:\n\t\t\t\t\t1364818."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b42","series-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging","first-page":"e29405604","article-title":"Associations of the trunk skeletal musculature and dietary intake to biomarkers of cardiometabolic health after spinal cord injury","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abilmona\n SM,\n \n \n Gorgey\n AS.\n \n \n Associations of the trunk skeletal musculature and dietary intake to biomarkers of cardiometabolic health after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Physiol Funct Imaging.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\te29405604."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b43","series-title":"Neural Regen Res","first-page":"1787","article-title":"Semi-automated segmentation of magnetic resonance images for thigh skeletal muscle and fat using threshold technique after spinal cord injury","volume":"13","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghatas\n MP,\n \n \n Lester\n RM,\n \n \n Khan\n MR,\n \n \n Gorgey\n AS.\n \n \n Semi-automated segmentation of magnetic resonance images for thigh skeletal muscle and fat using threshold technique after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tNeural Regen Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t13:\n\t\t\t\t\t1787\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1795."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b44","series-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab","first-page":"139","article-title":"Participation in moderate-to-vigorous leisure time physical activity is related to decreased visceral adipose tissue in adults with spinal cord injury","volume":"43","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pelletier\n CA,\n \n \n Omidvar\n M,\n \n \n Miyatani\n M,\n \n \n Giangregorio\n L,\n \n \n Craven\n BC.\n \n \n Participation in moderate-to-vigorous leisure time physical activity is related to decreased visceral adipose tissue in adults with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t43:\n\t\t\t\t\t139\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t144."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b45","series-title":"World J Clin Cases","first-page":"2427","article-title":"Dietary manipulation and testosterone replacement therapy may explain changes in body composition after spinal cord injury: A retrospective case report","volume":"7","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Lester\n RM,\n \n \n Ghatas\n MP,\n \n \n Sistrun\n SN,\n \n \n Lavis\n T.\n \n \n Dietary manipulation and testosterone replacement therapy may explain changes in body composition after spinal cord injury: A retrospective case report.\n\t\t\t\t\tWorld J Clin Cases.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t7:\n\t\t\t\t\t2427\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2437."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-23-b46","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Differences in glucose metabolism among women with spinal cord injury may not be fully explained by variations in body composition","volume":"100","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li\n J,\n \n \n Hunter\n GR,\n \n \n Chen\n Y,\n \n \n McLain\n A,\n \n \n Smith\n DL,\n \n \n Yarar-Fisher\n C.\n \n \n Differences in glucose metabolism among women with spinal cord injury may not be fully explained by variations in body composition.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t100:\n\t\t\t\t\t1061\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1067."}],"container-title":["Topics in Spinal Cord Injury 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