{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:07:35Z","timestamp":1787314055217,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":320,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in an array of cardiometabolic complications, with obesity being the most common component risk of cardiometabolic disease (CMD) in this population. Recent Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines for CMD in SCI recommend physical exercise as a primary treatment strategy for the management of CMD in SCI. However, the high prevalence of obesity in SCI and the pleiotropic nature of this body habitus warrant strategies for tailoring exercise to specifically target obesity. In general, exercise for obesity management should aim primarily to induce a negative energy balance and secondarily to increase the use of fat as a fuel source. In persons with SCI, reductions in the muscle mass that can be recruited during activity limit the capacity for exercise to induce a calorie deficit. Furthermore, the available musculature exhibits a decreased oxidative capacity, limiting the utilization of fat during exercise. These constraints must be considered when designing exercise interventions for obesity management in SCI. Certain forms of exercise have a greater therapeutic potential in this population partly due to impacts on metabolism during recovery from exercise and at rest. In this article, we propose that exercise for obesity in SCI should target large muscle groups and aim to induce hypertrophy to increase total energy expenditure response to training. Furthermore, although carbohydrate reliance will be high during activity, certain forms of exercise might induce meaningful postexercise shifts in the use of fat as a fuel. General activity in this population is important for many components of health, but low energy cost of daily activities and limitations in upper body volitional exercise mean that exercise interventions targeting utilization and hypertrophy of large muscle groups will likely be required for obesity management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci20-00058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T13:48:44Z","timestamp":1616161724000},"page":"109-120","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Exercise Interventions Targeting Obesity in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"David W.","family":"McMillan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, UHealth\/Jackson Memorial, Miami, Florida"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin A.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Nash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, UHealth\/Jackson Memorial, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Gater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, UHealth\/Jackson Memorial, Miami, Florida"},{"name":"Christine E. 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patterns in relation to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in men with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t36(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t107\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t114."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b31","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"440","article-title":"A preliminary report on the effects of the level of spinal cord injury on the association between central adiposity and metabolic profile","volume":"3","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n A preliminary report on the effects of the level of spinal cord injury on the association between central adiposity and metabolic profile.\n\t\t\t\t\tPM R.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t3(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t440\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t446."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b32","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"99","article-title":"Influence of motor complete spinal cord injury on visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue measured by 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Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t45(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t304\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t309."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b34","series-title":"Metabolism","first-page":"52","article-title":"Influence of the sympathetic nervous system on insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue metabolism: a study in spinal cord-injured subjects","volume":"44","year":"1995","unstructured":"Karlsson\n AK,\n \n \n Attvall\n S,\n \n \n Jansson\n PA,\n \n \n Sullivan\n L,\n \n \n Lonnroth\n P.\n \n \n Influence of the sympathetic nervous system on insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue metabolism: a study in spinal cord-injured subjects.\n\t\t\t\t\tMetabolism.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t44(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t52\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t58."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b35","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"1051","article-title":"Establishing a threshold to predict risk of cardiovascular disease from the serum triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein concentrations in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"56","year":"2018","unstructured":"La Fountaine\n MF,\n \n \n Cirnigliaro\n CM,\n \n \n Hobson\n JC,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tEstablishing a threshold to predict risk of cardiovascular disease from the serum triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein concentrations in persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t56(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t1051\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1058."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b36","series-title":"PLoS One","article-title":"Effect of functional sympathetic nervous system impairment of the liver and abdominal visceral adipose tissue on circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins","volume":"12","year":"2017","unstructured":"La Fountaine\n MF,\n \n \n Cirnigliaro\n CM,\n \n \n Kirshblum\n SC,\n \n \n McKenna\n C,\n \n \n Bauman\n WA.\n \n \n Effect of functional sympathetic nervous system impairment of the liver and abdominal visceral adipose tissue on circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.\n\t\t\t\t\tPLoS One.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t12(\n\t\t\t\t\t3)."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b37","series-title":"J Am Coll Nutr","first-page":"476","article-title":"The influence of visceral fat on the postprandial lipemic response in men with paraplegia","volume":"29","year":"2010","unstructured":"Emmons\n RR,\n \n \n Garber\n CE,\n \n \n Cirnigliaro\n CM,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tThe influence of visceral fat on the postprandial lipemic response in men with paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Coll Nutr.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t29(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t476\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t481."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b38","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"468","article-title":"Effects of prandial challenge on triglyceridemia, glycemia, and pro-inflammatory activity in persons with chronic paraplegia","volume":"38","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ellenbroek\n D,\n \n \n Kressler\n J,\n \n \n Cowan\n RE,\n \n \n Burns\n PA,\n \n \n Mendez\n AJ,\n \n \n Nash\n MS.\n \n \n Effects of prandial challenge on triglyceridemia, glycemia, and pro-inflammatory activity in persons with chronic paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t38(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t468\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t475."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b39","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"320","article-title":"Evidence for an exaggerated postprandial lipemia in chronic paraplegia","volume":"28","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nash\n MS,\n \n \n DeGroot\n J,\n \n \n Martinez-Arizala\n A,\n \n \n Mendez\n AJ.\n \n \n Evidence for an exaggerated postprandial lipemia in chronic paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t28(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t320\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t325."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b40","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"445","article-title":"High density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in physically active and sedentary spinal cord injured patients","volume":"67","year":"1986","unstructured":"Brenes\n G,\n \n \n Dearwater\n S,\n \n \n Shapera\n R,\n \n \n LaPorte\n RE,\n \n \n Collins\n E.\n \n \n High density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in physically active and sedentary spinal cord injured patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t1986;\n\t\t\t\t\t67(\n\t\t\t\t\t7):\n\t\t\t\t\t445\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t450."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b41","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"102","article-title":"Associations between serum lipids and indicators of adiposity in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"33","year":"1995","unstructured":"Maki\n KC,\n \n \n Briones\n ER,\n \n \n Langbein\n WE,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tAssociations between serum lipids and indicators of adiposity in men with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tParaplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t33(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t102\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t109."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b42","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"183","article-title":"Late-life spinal cord injury and aging with a long term injury: characteristics of two emerging populations","volume":"18","year":"1995","unstructured":"McGlinchey-Berroth\n R,\n \n \n Morrow\n L,\n \n \n Ahlquist\n M,\n \n \n Sarkarati\n M,\n \n \n Minaker\n KL.\n \n \n Late-life spinal cord injury and aging with a long term injury: characteristics of two emerging populations.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t18(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t183\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t193."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b43","series-title":"J Am Paraplegia Soc","first-page":"158","article-title":"The serum lipoprotein profile in veterans with paraplegia: the relationship to nutritional factors and body mass index","volume":"15","year":"1992","unstructured":"Zlotolow\n SP,\n \n \n Levy\n E,\n \n \n Bauman\n WA.\n \n \n The serum lipoprotein profile in veterans with paraplegia: the relationship to nutritional factors and body mass index.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Paraplegia Soc.\n\t\t\t\t\t1992;\n\t\t\t\t\t15(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t158\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t162."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b44","series-title":"J Clin Invest","first-page":"522","article-title":"Glucagon response to hypoglycemia in sympathectomized man","volume":"57","year":"1976","unstructured":"Palmer\n JP,\n \n \n Henry\n DP,\n \n \n Benson\n JW,\n \n \n Johnson\n DG,\n \n \n Ensinck\n JW.\n \n \n Glucagon response to hypoglycemia in sympathectomized man.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Invest.\n\t\t\t\t\t1976;\n\t\t\t\t\t57(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t522\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t525."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b45","series-title":"Metabolism","first-page":"52","article-title":"Influence of the sympathetic nervous system on insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue metabolism: a study in spinal cord-injured subjects","volume":"44","year":"1995","unstructured":"Karlsson\n AK,\n \n \n Attvall\n S,\n \n \n Jansson\n PA,\n \n \n Sullivan\n L,\n \n \n Lonnroth\n P.\n \n \n Influence of the sympathetic nervous system on insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue metabolism: a study in spinal cord-injured subjects.\n\t\t\t\t\tMetabolism.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t44(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t52\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t58."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b46","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"110","article-title":"Improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity after electrical stimulation-assisted cycling in people with spinal cord injury","volume":"40","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jeon\n JY,\n \n \n Weiss\n CB,\n \n \n Steadward\n RD,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tImproved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity after electrical stimulation-assisted cycling in people with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002;\n\t\t\t\t\t40(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t110\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t117."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b47","series-title":"Diabetes","first-page":"906","article-title":"Glucose-intolerance due to insulin resistance in patients with spinal cord injuries","volume":"29","year":"1980","unstructured":"Duckworth\n WC,\n \n \n Solomon\n SS,\n \n \n Jallepalli\n P,\n \n \n Heckemeyer\n C,\n \n \n Finnern\n J,\n \n \n Powers\n A.\n \n \n Glucose-intolerance due to insulin resistance in patients with spinal cord injuries.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes.\n\t\t\t\t\t1980;\n\t\t\t\t\t29(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t906\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t910."},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b48","series-title":"Am J Physiol","first-page":"E593","article-title":"Intact glucose transport in morphologically altered denervated skeletal muscle from quadriplegic patients","volume":"271","year":"1996","unstructured":"Aksnes\n AK,\n \n \n Hjeltnes\n N,\n \n \n Wahlstrom\n EO,\n \n \n Katz\n A,\n \n \n Zierath\n JR,\n \n \n Wallberg-Henriksson\n H.\n \n \n Intact glucose transport in morphologically altered denervated skeletal muscle from quadriplegic patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1996;\n\t\t\t\t\t271(\n\t\t\t\t\t3 Pt 1):\n\t\t\t\t\tE593\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t600."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b49","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"765","article-title":"The effect of residual neurological deficit on oral glucose tolerance in persons with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"37","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bauman\n WA,\n \n \n Adkins\n RH,\n \n \n Spungen\n AM,\n \n \n Waters\n RL.\n \n \n The effect of residual neurological deficit on oral glucose tolerance in persons with chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t37(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t765\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t771."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b50","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"440","article-title":"A preliminary report on the effects of the level of spinal cord injury on the association between central adiposity and metabolic profile","volume":"3","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n A preliminary report on the effects of the level of spinal cord injury on the association between central adiposity and metabolic profile.\n\t\t\t\t\tPM R.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t3(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t440\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t446."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b51","series-title":"Atherosclerosis","first-page":"528","article-title":"The relationships among serum glucose, albumin concentrations and carotid atherosclerosis in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"206","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang\n YH,\n \n \n Chen\n SY,\n \n \n Wang\n TD,\n \n \n Hwang\n BS,\n \n \n Huang\n TS,\n \n \n Su\n TC.\n \n \n The relationships among serum glucose, albumin concentrations and carotid atherosclerosis in men with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tAtherosclerosis.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t206(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t528\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t534."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b52","series-title":"Horm Metab Res","first-page":"882","article-title":"Corticosteroid-binding globulin, cortisol, free cortisol, and sex hormone-binding globulin responses following oral glucose challenge in spinal cord-injured and able-bodied men","volume":"42","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lewis\n JG,\n \n \n Jones\n LM,\n \n \n Legge\n M,\n \n \n Elder\n PA.\n \n \n Corticosteroid-binding globulin, cortisol, free cortisol, and sex hormone-binding globulin responses following oral glucose challenge in spinal cord-injured and able-bodied men.\n\t\t\t\t\tHorm Metab Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t882\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t886."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b53","series-title":"Pharmacotherapy","first-page":"789","article-title":"Effects of long-term 4-aminopyridine therapy on glucose tolerance and glucokinetics in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"27","year":"2007","unstructured":"Segal\n JL,\n \n \n Thompson\n JF,\n \n \n Tayek\n JA.\n \n \n Effects of long-term 4-aminopyridine therapy on glucose tolerance and glucokinetics in patients with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPharmacotherapy.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t27(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t789\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t792."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b54","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"374","article-title":"Acute caffeine ingestion does not impair glucose tolerance in persons with tetraplegia","volume":"102","year":"2007","unstructured":"Battram\n DS,\n \n \n Bugaresti\n J,\n \n \n Gusba\n J,\n \n \n Graham\n TE.\n \n \n Acute caffeine ingestion does not impair glucose tolerance in persons with tetraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Appl Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t102(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t374\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t381."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b55","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"756","article-title":"Skeletal muscle signaling associated with impaired glucose tolerance in spinal cord-injured men and the effects of contractile activity","volume":"115","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yarar-Fisher\n C,\n \n \n Bickel\n CS,\n \n \n Windham\n ST,\n \n \n McLain\n AB,\n \n \n Bamman\n MM.\n \n \n Skeletal muscle signaling associated with impaired glucose tolerance in spinal cord-injured men and the effects of contractile activity.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Appl Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t115(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t756\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t764."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b56","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"107","article-title":"Glucose-intolerance in spinal cord injury","volume":"64","year":"1983","unstructured":"Duckworth\n WC,\n \n \n Jallepalli\n P,\n \n \n Solomon\n SS.\n \n \n Glucose-intolerance in spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t1983;\n\t\t\t\t\t64(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t107\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t110."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b57","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"711","article-title":"Intramuscular fat and glucose tolerance after spinal cord injury - a cross-sectional study","volume":"42","year":"2004","unstructured":"Elder\n CP,\n \n \n Apple\n DF,\n \n \n Bickel\n CS,\n \n \n Meyer\n RA,\n \n \n Dudley\n GA.\n \n \n Intramuscular fat and glucose tolerance after spinal cord injury - a cross-sectional study.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t711\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t716."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b58","series-title":"Metabolism","first-page":"1409","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation exercise increases GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 in paralyzed skeletal muscle","volume":"48","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chilibeck\n PD,\n \n \n Bell\n G,\n \n \n Jeon\n J,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tFunctional electrical stimulation exercise increases GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 in paralyzed skeletal muscle.\n\t\t\t\t\tMetabolism.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t48(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t1409\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1413."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b59","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"1088","article-title":"The development of evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury","volume":"49","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martin Ginis\n K,\n \n \n Hicks\n A,\n \n \n Latimer\n A,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tThe development of evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t49(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t1088\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1096."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b60","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"308","article-title":"Evidence-based scientific exercise guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury: an update and a new guideline","volume":"56","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin Ginis\n KA,\n \n \n van der Scheer\n JW,\n \n \n Latimer-Cheung\n AE,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tEvidence-based scientific exercise guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury: an update and a new guideline.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t56(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t308\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t321."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b61","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","first-page":"2195","article-title":"Fatigability, relaxation properties, and electromyographic responses of the human paralyzed soleus muscle","volume":"73","year":"1995","unstructured":"Shields\n RK.\n \n \n Fatigability, relaxation properties, and electromyographic responses of the human paralyzed soleus muscle.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Neurophysiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t73(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t2195\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2206."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b62","series-title":"J Appl Physiol.","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Mechanical properties of rat soleus after long-term spinal cord transection","volume":"93","year":"2002","unstructured":"Talmadge\n RJ,\n \n \n Roy\n RR,\n \n \n Caiozzo\n VJ,\n \n \n Edgerton\n VR.\n \n \n Mechanical properties of rat soleus after long-term spinal cord transection.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Appl Physiol..\n\t\t\t\t\t2002;\n\t\t\t\t\t93(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t1487\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1497."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b63","series-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med","first-page":"37","article-title":"Muscle fiber composition in patients with traumatic cord lesion","volume":"8","year":"1976","unstructured":"Grimby\n G,\n \n \n Broberg\n C,\n \n \n Krotkiewska\n I,\n \n \n Krotkiewski\n M.\n \n \n Muscle fiber composition in patients with traumatic cord lesion.\n\t\t\t\t\tScand J Rehabil Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t1976;\n\t\t\t\t\t8(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t37\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t42."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b64","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","first-page":"316","article-title":"Effects of electrical stimulation-induced leg training on skeletal muscle adaptability in spinal cord injury","volume":"12","year":"2002","unstructured":"Crameri\n RM,\n \n \n Weston\n A,\n \n \n Climstein\n M,\n \n \n Davis\n GM,\n \n \n Sutton\n JR.\n \n \n Effects of electrical stimulation-induced leg training on skeletal muscle adaptability in spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tScand J Med Sci Sports.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002;\n\t\t\t\t\t12(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t316\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t322."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b65","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"1304","article-title":"Long-term intensive electrically stimulated cycling by spinal cord-injured people: effect on muscle properties and their relation to power output","volume":"38","year":"2008","unstructured":"Duffell\n LD,\n \n \n Donaldson\n ND,\n \n \n Perkins\n TA,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tLong-term intensive electrically stimulated cycling by spinal cord-injured people: effect on muscle properties and their relation to power output.\n\t\t\t\t\tMuscle Nerve.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t38(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t1304\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1311."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b66","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"61","article-title":"Treadmill training-induced adaptations in muscle phenotype in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"30","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stewart\n BG,\n \n \n Tarnopolsky\n MA,\n \n \n Hicks\n AL,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tTreadmill training-induced adaptations in muscle phenotype in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tMuscle Nerve.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t30(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t61\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t68."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b67","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"38","article-title":"Na+,K+-ATPase concentration and fiber type distribution after spinal cord injury","volume":"29","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ditor\n DS,\n \n \n Hamilton\n S,\n \n \n Tarnopolsky\n MA,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tNa+,K+-ATPase concentration and fiber type distribution after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tMuscle Nerve.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t29(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t38\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t45."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b68","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"147","article-title":"Phenotypic adaptations in human muscle fibers 6 and 24 wk after spinal cord injury","volume":"92","year":"2002","unstructured":"Talmadge\n RJ,\n \n \n Castro\n MJ,\n \n \n Apple\n DF,\n Jr.,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDudleyGA.\n Phenotypic adaptations in human muscle fibers 6 and 24 wk after spinal 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with a spinal cord injury or disorder: a systematic scoping review","volume":"42","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zleik\n N,\n \n \n Weaver\n F,\n \n \n Harmon\n RL,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tPrevention and management of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures in persons with a spinal cord injury or disorder: a systematic scoping review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t735\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t759."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b71","series-title":"Calcif Tissue Int","first-page":"338","article-title":"Marrow changes in paraplegic patients","volume":"36","year":"1984","unstructured":"Minaire\n P,\n \n \n Edouard\n C,\n \n \n Arlot\n M,\n \n \n Meunier\n PJ.\n \n \n Marrow changes in paraplegic patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tCalcif Tissue Int.\n\t\t\t\t\t1984;\n\t\t\t\t\t36(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t338\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t340."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b72","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"939","article-title":"Femoral bone marrow adiposity and cortical bone cross-sectional areas in men with motor complete spinal cord injury","volume":"5","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Poarch\n HJ,\n \n \n Adler\n RA,\n \n \n Khalil\n RE,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n Femoral bone marrow adiposity and cortical bone cross-sectional areas in men with motor complete spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPM R.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t5(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t939\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t948."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b73","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"3702","article-title":"Spinal cord injury causes chronic bone marrow failure","volume":"11","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carpenter\n RS,\n \n \n Marbourg\n JM,\n \n \n Brennan\n FH,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal cord injury causes chronic bone marrow failure.\n\t\t\t\t\tNat Commun.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t11(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t3702."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b74","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"36","article-title":"Body composition assessment in spinal cord injury clinical trials","volume":"11","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gater\n D,\n \n \n Clasey\n J.\n \n \n Body composition assessment in spinal cord injury clinical trials.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t11(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t36\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t49."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b75","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"138","article-title":"Weight after SCI: the good, the bad and the ugly","volume":"40","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gater\n DR.\n \n \n Weight after SCI: the good, the bad and the ugly.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t40(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t138\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t140."},{"issue":"19","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b76","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"2020","article-title":"The physical activity guidelines for Americans","volume":"320","year":"2018","unstructured":"Piercy\n KL,\n \n \n Troiano\n RP,\n \n \n Ballard\n RM,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tThe physical activity guidelines for Americans.\n\t\t\t\t\tJAMA.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t320(\n\t\t\t\t\t19):\n\t\t\t\t\t2020\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2028."},{"issue":"24","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b77","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"1451","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"54","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bull\n FC,\n \n \n Al-Ansari\n SS,\n \n \n Biddle\n S,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tWorld Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t54(\n\t\t\t\t\t24):\n\t\t\t\t\t1451\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1462."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b78","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil.","first-page":"1693","article-title":"Exercise guidelines to promote cardiometabolic health in spinal cord injured humans: time to raise the 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moderate intensity continuous and high-intensity interval exercise in persons with paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;\n\t\t\t\t\t59(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t26\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t33."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b89","series-title":"Spinal Cord Ser Cases","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory responses to various arm cycling regimens in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"5","year":"2019","unstructured":"Astorino\n TA.\n \n \n Hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory responses to various arm cycling regimens in men with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord Ser Cases.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t5(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t8."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b90","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil","first-page":"444","article-title":"Within-session responses to high-intensity interval training in spinal cord injury","volume":"40","year":"2018","unstructured":"Astorino\n TA,\n \n \n Thum\n JS.\n \n 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Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t38(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t825\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t838."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b96","series-title":"Med Sci Sport Exerc","first-page":"1131","article-title":"Exercise responses during functional electrical stimulation cycling in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"45","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hasnan\n N,\n \n \n Ektas\n N,\n \n \n Tanhoffer\n AIP,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tExercise responses during functional electrical stimulation cycling in individuals with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sport Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t45(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t1131\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1138."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b97","series-title":"Biomed Tech (Berl)","first-page":"58","article-title":"High-intensity virtual-reality arm plus FES-leg interval training in individuals with spinal cord injury","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hasnan\n N,\n \n \n Engkasan\n JP,\n \n \n Husain\n R,\n \n \n Davis\n GM.\n \n \n High-intensity virtual-reality arm plus FES-leg interval training in individuals with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tBiomed Tech (Berl).\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t58."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b98","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"635","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory responses during functional electrical stimulation cycling and electrical stimulation isometric exercise","volume":"52","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fornusek\n C,\n \n \n Gwinn\n TH,\n \n \n Heard\n R.\n \n \n Cardiorespiratory responses during functional electrical stimulation cycling and electrical stimulation isometric exercise.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t52(\n\t\t\t\t\t8):\n\t\t\t\t\t635\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t639."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b99","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"873","article-title":"Feasibility of functional electrical stimulated cycling in subjects with spinal cord injury an energetics assessment","volume":"42","year":"2010","unstructured":"Perret\n C,\n \n \n Berry\n H,\n \n \n Hunt\n KJ,\n \n \n Donaldson\n N,\n \n \n Kakebeeke\n TH.\n \n \n Feasibility of functional electrical stimulated cycling in subjects with spinal cord injury an energetics assessment.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Rehabil Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t873\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t875."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b100","series-title":"Technol Health Care","first-page":"73","article-title":"Energetics of paraplegic cycling: adaptations to 12 months of high volume training","volume":"20","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berry\n HR,\n \n \n Kakebeeke\n TH,\n \n \n Donaldson\n N,\n \n \n Perret\n C,\n \n \n Hunt\n KJ.\n \n \n Energetics of paraplegic cycling: adaptations to 12 months of high volume training.\n\t\t\t\t\tTechnol Health Care.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t20(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t73\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t84."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b101","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol","first-page":"127","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory responses during arm ergometry, functional electrical stimulation cycling, and two hybrid exercise conditions in spinal cord injured","volume":"2","year":"2007","unstructured":"Verellen\n J,\n \n \n Vanlandewijck\n Y,\n \n \n Andrews\n B,\n \n \n Wheeler\n GD.\n \n \n Cardiorespiratory responses during arm ergometry, functional electrical stimulation cycling, and two hybrid exercise conditions in spinal cord injured.\n\t\t\t\t\tDisabil Rehabil Assist Technol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t2(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t127\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t132."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b102","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"488","article-title":"Relationship of spinal cord injury level and duration to peak aerobic capacity with arms-only and hybrid functional electrical stimulation rowing","volume":"97","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shaffer\n RF,\n \n \n Picard\n G,\n \n \n Taylor\n JA.\n \n \n Relationship of spinal cord injury level and duration to peak aerobic capacity with arms-only and hybrid functional electrical stimulation rowing.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t97(\n\t\t\t\t\t7):\n\t\t\t\t\t488\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t491."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b103","series-title":"Artif Organs","first-page":"E203","article-title":"Development of functional electrical stimulation rowing: the Rowstim series","volume":"41","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andrews\n B,\n \n \n Gibbons\n R,\n \n \n Wheeler\n G.\n \n \n Development of functional electrical stimulation rowing: the Rowstim series.\n\t\t\t\t\tArtif Organs.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t41(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\tE203\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\tE212."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b104","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"817","article-title":"Aerobic capacity with hybrid FES rowing in spinal cord injury: comparison with arms-only exercise and preliminary findings with regular training","volume":"3","year":"2011","unstructured":"Taylor\n JA,\n \n \n Picard\n G,\n \n \n Widrick\n JJ.\n \n \n Aerobic capacity with hybrid FES rowing in spinal cord injury: comparison with arms-only exercise and preliminary findings with regular training.\n\t\t\t\t\tPM R.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t3(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t817\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t824."},{"issue":"18","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b105","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"2631","article-title":"Low-dose testosterone and evoked resistance exercise after spinal cord injury on cardio-metabolic risk factors: an open-label randomized clinical trial","volume":"36","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Khalil\n RE,\n \n \n Gill\n R,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tLow-dose testosterone and evoked resistance exercise after spinal cord injury on cardio-metabolic risk factors: an open-label randomized clinical trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Neurotrauma.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t36(\n\t\t\t\t\t18):\n\t\t\t\t\t2631\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2645."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b106","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"669","article-title":"Endurance neuromuscular electrical stimulation training improves skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in individuals with motor-complete spinal cord injury","volume":"55","year":"2017","unstructured":"Erickson\n ML,\n \n \n Ryan\n TE,\n \n \n Backus\n D,\n \n \n McCully\n KK.\n \n \n Endurance neuromuscular electrical stimulation training improves skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in individuals with motor-complete spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tMuscle Nerve.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t55(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t669\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t675."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b107","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","first-page":"2399","article-title":"Motor unit recruitment during neuromuscular electrical stimulation: a critical appraisal","volume":"111","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bickel\n CS,\n \n \n Gregory\n CM,\n \n \n Dean\n JC.\n \n \n Motor unit recruitment during neuromuscular electrical stimulation: a critical appraisal.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Appl Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t111(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t2399\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2407."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b108","series-title":"PLoS One","article-title":"Strategies for rapid muscle fatigue reduction during fes exercise in individuals with spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"11","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ibitoye\n MO,\n \n \n Hamzaid\n NA,\n \n \n Hasnan\n N,\n \n \n Wahab\n AKA,\n \n \n Davis\n GM.\n \n \n Strategies for rapid muscle fatigue reduction during fes exercise in individuals with spinal cord injury: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tPLoS 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College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise","volume":"43","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garber\n CE,\n \n \n Blissmer\n B,\n \n \n Deschenes\n MR,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sport Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t43(\n\t\t\t\t\t7):\n\t\t\t\t\t1334\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1359."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b113","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"459","article-title":"Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults","volume":"41","year":"2009","unstructured":"Donnelly\n JE,\n \n \n Blair\n SN,\n \n \n Jakicic\n JM,\n \n \n Manore\n MM,\n \n \n Rankin\n JW,\n \n \n Smith\n BK.\n \n \n Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sports Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t41(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t459\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t471."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b114","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"643","article-title":"Identification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury","volume":"42","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nash\n MS,\n \n \n Groah\n SL,\n \n \n Gater\n DR,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tIdentification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t643\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t677."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b115","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"118","article-title":"Nutritional health considerations for persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"23","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bigford\n G,\n \n \n Nash\n MS.\n \n \n Nutritional health considerations for persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t23(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t118 \u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t206."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b116","series-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol","first-page":"R1492","article-title":"Fatty acid kinetics and carbohydrate metabolism during electrical exercise in spinal cord-injured humans","volume":"281","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kjaer\n M,\n \n \n Dela\n F,\n \n \n Sorensen\n FB,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tFatty acid kinetics and carbohydrate metabolism during electrical exercise in spinal cord-injured humans.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001;\n\t\t\t\t\t281(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\tR1492\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1498."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b117","series-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging","first-page":"60","article-title":"Alterations in VOmax and the VO plateau with manipulation of sampling interval","volume":"29","year":"2009","unstructured":"Astorino\n TA.\n \n \n Alterations in VOmax 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activity in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"42","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nightingale\n TE,\n \n \n Walhin\n J-P,\n \n \n Thompson\n D,\n \n \n Bilzon\n JL.\n \n \n Biomarkers of cardiometabolic health are associated with body composition characteristics but not physical activity in persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t328\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t337."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b129","series-title":"J Appl Physiol.","first-page":"349","article-title":"Lipid oxidation in fit young adults during postexercise recovery","volume":"99","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kuo\n CC,\n \n \n Fattor\n JA,\n \n \n Henderson\n GC,\n \n \n Brooks\n GA.\n \n \n Lipid oxidation in fit young adults during postexercise recovery.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Appl Physiol..\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t99(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t349\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t356."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b130","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"95","article-title":"Determinants of resting lipid oxidation in response to a prior bout of endurance exercise","volume":"116","year":"2014","unstructured":"Henderson\n GC,\n \n \n Alderman\n BL.\n \n \n Determinants of resting lipid oxidation in response to a prior bout of endurance exercise.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Appl Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t116(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t95\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t103."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b131","series-title":"J Physiol","first-page":"1069","article-title":"Regulation of glucose and glycogen metabolism during and after exercise","volume":"590","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jensen\n TE,\n \n \n Richter\n EA.\n \n \n Regulation of glucose and glycogen metabolism during and after exercise.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t590(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t1069\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1076."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b132","series-title":"J Appl 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resistance- and endurance-type exercise reduce the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and in insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetologia.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t55(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t1273\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1282."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b134","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"67","article-title":"Effect of prior exercise on postprandial lipemia: an updated quantitative review","volume":"116","year":"2014","unstructured":"Freese\n EC,\n \n \n Gist\n NH,\n \n \n Cureton\n KJ.\n \n \n Effect of prior exercise on postprandial lipemia: an updated quantitative review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Appl Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t116(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t67\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t75."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b135","series-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol","first-page":"R1072","article-title":"Improved body composition after 8 wk of 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rate.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:KinneyJM,TuckerHN,\n\t\t\t\t\teds.Energy Metabolism: Tissue Determinants and Cellular Corollaries.\n\t\t\t\t\tNew York, NY:\n\t\t\t\t\tRaven Press;\n\t\t\t\t\t1992:\n\t\t\t\t\t61 \u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t80."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b139","series-title":"Am J Clin Nutr","first-page":"907","article-title":"Brain and high metabolic rate organ mass: contributions to resting energy expenditure beyond fat-free mass","volume":"91","year":"2010","unstructured":"Javed\n F,\n \n \n He\n Q,\n \n \n Davidson\n LE,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tBrain and high metabolic rate organ mass: contributions to resting energy expenditure beyond fat-free mass.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Clin Nutr.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t91(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t907\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t912."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b140","series-title":"Am J Clin Nutr","first-page":"1062","article-title":"Small organs with a high metabolic rate explain lower resting energy expenditure in African American than in white adults","volume":"83","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gallagher\n D,\n \n \n Albu\n J,\n \n \n He\n Q,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tSmall organs with a high metabolic rate explain lower resting energy expenditure in African American than in white adults.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Clin Nutr.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t83(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t1062\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1067."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b141","series-title":"Int J Obesity","first-page":"633","article-title":"Smaller size of high metabolic rate organs explains lower resting energy expenditure in Asian-Indian Than Chinese men","volume":"40","year":"2016","unstructured":"Song\n LLT,\n \n \n Venkataraman\n K,\n \n \n Gluckman\n P,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tSmaller size of high metabolic rate organs explains lower resting energy expenditure in Asian-Indian Than Chinese men.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Obesity.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t40(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t633\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t638."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b142","series-title":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol","first-page":"224","article-title":"Relative Contribution of organs other than brain to resting energy expenditure is consistent among male power athletes","volume":"59","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oshima\n S,\n \n \n Miyauchi\n S,\n \n \n Asaka\n M,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tRelative Contribution of organs other than brain to resting energy expenditure is consistent among male power athletes.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t59(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t224\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t231."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b143","series-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab","first-page":"640","article-title":"Greater daily leisure time physical activity is associated with lower chronic disease risk in adults with spinal cord injury","volume":"34","year":"2009","unstructured":"Buchholz\n AC,\n \n \n Martin Ginis\n KA,\n \n \n Bray\n SR,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tGreater daily leisure time physical activity is associated with lower chronic disease risk in adults with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t34(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t640\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t647."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b144","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"175","article-title":"Exercise and health-related risks of physical deconditioning after spinal cord injury","volume":"23","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maher\n JL,\n \n \n McMillan\n DW,\n \n \n Nash\n MS.\n \n \n Exercise and health-related risks of physical deconditioning after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t23(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t175\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t187."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b145","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"2272","article-title":"Reference fitness values in the untrained spinal cord injury population","volume":"95","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simmons\n OL,\n \n \n Kressler\n J,\n \n \n Nash\n MS.\n \n \n Reference fitness values in the untrained spinal cord injury population.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t95(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t2272\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2278."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b146","series-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev","first-page":"22","article-title":"Effects of disability-associated low energy expenditure deconditioning syndrome","volume":"40","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rimmer\n JH,\n \n \n Schiller\n W,\n \n \n Chen\n MD.\n \n \n Effects of disability-associated low energy expenditure deconditioning syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tExerc Sport Sci Rev.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t40(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t22\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t29."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b147","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"774","article-title":"Waging war on modern chronic diseases: primary prevention through exercise biology","volume":"88","year":"2000","unstructured":"Booth\n FW,\n \n \n Gordon\n SE,\n \n \n Carlson\n CJ,\n \n \n Hamilton\n MT.\n \n \n Waging war on modern chronic diseases: primary prevention through exercise biology.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Appl Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t88(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t774\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t787."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b148","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1563","article-title":"Estimation of physical activity intensity in spinal cord injury using a wrist-worn ActiGraph monitor","volume":"101","year":"2020","unstructured":"Veerubhotla\n A,\n \n \n Hong\n E,\n \n \n Knezevic\n S,\n \n \n Spungen\n A,\n \n \n Ding\n D.\n \n \n Estimation of physical activity intensity in spinal cord injury using a wrist-worn ActiGraph monitor.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t101(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t1563\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1569."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b149","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e55542","article-title":"Minimal intensity physical activity (standing and walking) of longer duration improves insulin action and plasma lipids more than shorter periods of moderate to vigorous exercise (cycling) in sedentary subjects when energy expenditure is comparable","volume":"8","year":"2013","unstructured":"Duvivier\n BM,\n \n \n Schaper\n NC,\n \n \n Bremers\n MA,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tMinimal intensity physical activity (standing and walking) of longer duration improves insulin action and plasma lipids more than shorter periods of moderate to vigorous exercise (cycling) in sedentary subjects when energy expenditure is comparable.\n\t\t\t\t\tPLoS One.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t8(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\te55542."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b150","series-title":"Am J Clin 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Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t172(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t494\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t500."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b152","series-title":"Diabetes Care","first-page":"976","article-title":"Breaking up prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glucose and insulin responses","volume":"35","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dunstan\n DW,\n \n \n Kingwell\n BA,\n \n \n Larsen\n R,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tBreaking up prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glucose and insulin responses.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Care.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t35(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t976\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t983."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b153","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","first-page":"1398","article-title":"Acute effects of breaking up prolonged sedentary time on cardiovascular disease risk markers in adults with paraplegia","volume":"30","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bailey\n DP,\n \n \n Withers\n TM,\n \n \n Goosey-Tolfrey\n VL,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tAcute effects of breaking up prolonged sedentary time on cardiovascular disease risk markers in adults with paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tScand J Med Sci Sports.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t30(\n\t\t\t\t\t8):\n\t\t\t\t\t1398\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1408."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b154","series-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phy","first-page":"14","article-title":"Energy balance components in persons with paraplegia: daily variation and appropriate measurement duration","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nightingale\n TE,\n \n \n Williams\n S,\n \n \n Thompson\n D,\n \n \n Bilzon\n JLJ.\n \n \n Energy balance components in persons with paraplegia: daily variation and appropriate measurement duration.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Behav Nutr Phy.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t14."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b155","series-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis","first-page":"503","article-title":"Energy expenditure and heart rate response to breaking up sedentary time with three different physical activity interventions","volume":"25","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carter\n SE,\n \n \n Jones\n M,\n \n \n Gladwell\n VF.\n \n \n Energy expenditure and heart rate response to breaking up sedentary time with three different physical activity interventions.\n\t\t\t\t\tNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t25(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t503\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t509."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b156","series-title":"Occup Med","first-page":"121","article-title":"Energy expenditure of deskwork when sitting, standing or alternating positions","volume":"67","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gibbs\n BB,\n \n \n Kowalsky\n RJ,\n \n \n Perdomo\n SJ,\n \n \n Grier\n M,\n \n \n Jakicic\n JM.\n \n \n Energy expenditure of deskwork when sitting, standing or alternating positions.\n\t\t\t\t\tOccup Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t67(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t121\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t127."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b157","series-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act","first-page":"69","article-title":"Energy expenditure of interruptions to sedentary behavior","volume":"8","year":"2011","unstructured":"Swartz\n AM,\n \n \n Squires\n L,\n \n \n Strath\n SJ.\n \n \n Energy expenditure of interruptions to sedentary behavior.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Behav Nutr Phys Act.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t8:\n\t\t\t\t\t69."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b158","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"853","article-title":"Secondary health conditions and quality of life in persons living with spinal cord injury for at least ten years","volume":"48","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adriaansen\n JJE,\n \n \n Ruijs\n LEM,\n \n \n van Koppenhagen\n CF,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tSecondary health conditions and quality of life in persons living with spinal cord injury for at least ten years.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Rehabil Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t48(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t853\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t860."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b159","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"443","article-title":"Health conditions: effect on function, health-related quality of life, and life satisfaction after traumatic spinal cord injury. a prospective observational registry cohort study","volume":"99","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rivers\n CS,\n \n \n Fallah\n N,\n \n \n Noonan\n VK,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tHealth conditions: effect on function, health-related quality of life, and life satisfaction after traumatic spinal cord injury. a prospective observational registry cohort study.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t99(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t443\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t451."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b160","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"289","article-title":"Health care utilization in persons with traumatic spinal cord injury: the importance of multimorbidity and the impact on patient outcomes","volume":"20","year":"2014","unstructured":"Noonan\n VK,\n \n \n Fallah\n N,\n \n \n Park\n SE,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tHealth care utilization in persons with traumatic spinal cord injury: the importance of multimorbidity and the impact on patient outcomes.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t20(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t289\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t301."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b1","series-title":"Clin Orthop","first-page":"732","article-title":"Spinal cord injury: a systematic review of current treatment options","volume":"469","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cadotte\n DW,\n \n \n Fehlings\n MG.\n \n \n Spinal cord injury: a systematic review of current treatment options.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t469(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t732\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t741."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b2","series-title":"Facts and Figures at a Glance","year":"2020","unstructured":"National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center.\n \n \n Facts and Figures at a Glance\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tBirmingham, AL:\n\t\t\t\t\tUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham;\n\t\t\t\t\t2020."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b3","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med.","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury: clinical practice guideline for health care providers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nash\n MS,\n \n \n Groah\n SL,\n \n \n Gater\n DR,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tIdentification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury: clinical practice guideline for health care providers.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.2019:\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t35."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b4","series-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin North Am","first-page":"573","article-title":"Reducing cardiometabolic disease in spinal cord injury","volume":"25","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kressler\n J,\n \n \n Cowan\n RE,\n \n \n Bigford\n GE,\n \n \n Nash\n MS.\n \n \n Reducing cardiometabolic disease in spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhys Med Rehabil Clin North Am.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t25(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t573\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t604,\n\t\t\t\t\tviii."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b5","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1696","article-title":"Cardiometabolic syndrome in people with spinal cord injury\/disease: guideline-derived and non-guideline risk components in a pooled sample","volume":"97","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nash\n MS,\n \n \n Tractenberg\n RE,\n \n \n Mendez\n AJ,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tCardiometabolic syndrome in people with spinal cord injury\/disease: guideline-derived and non-guideline risk components in a pooled sample.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t97(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t1696\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1705."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b6","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"237","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk and the need for prevention after paraplegia determined by conventional multifactorial risk models: the Stockholm Spinal Cord Injury Study","volume":"43","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wahman\n K,\n \n \n Nash\n MS,\n \n \n Lewis\n JE,\n \n \n Seiger\n A,\n \n \n Levi\n R.\n \n \n Cardiovascular disease risk and the need for prevention after paraplegia determined by conventional multifactorial risk models: the Stockholm Spinal Cord Injury Study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Rehabil Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t43(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t237\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t242."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b7","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"489","article-title":"Increased cardiovascular disease risk in Swedish persons with paraplegia: the Stockholm Spinal Cord Injury Study","volume":"42","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wahman\n K,\n \n \n Nash\n MS,\n \n \n Lewis\n JE,\n \n \n Seiger\n A,\n \n \n Levi\n R.\n \n \n Increased cardiovascular disease risk in Swedish persons with paraplegia: the Stockholm Spinal Cord Injury Study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Rehabil Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t489\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t492."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b8","series-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin North Am","first-page":"737\u2013+","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in persons with spinal cord dysfunction-an update on select topics","volume":"20","year":"2009","unstructured":"Svircev\n JN.\n \n \n Cardiovascular disease in persons with spinal cord dysfunction-an update on select topics.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhys Med Rehabil Clin North Am.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t20(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t737\u2013+."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b9","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"466","article-title":"Coronary heart disease in individuals with spinal cord injury: assessment of risk factors","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bauman\n WA,\n \n \n Spungen\n AM.\n \n \n Coronary heart disease in individuals with spinal cord injury: assessment of risk factors.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t46(\n\t\t\t\t\t7):\n\t\t\t\t\t466\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t476."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b10","series-title":"Assist Technol","first-page":"88","article-title":"Metabolic and endocrine changes in persons aging with spinal cord injury","volume":"11","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bauman\n WA,\n \n \n Spungen\n AM,\n \n \n Adkins\n RH,\n \n \n Kemp\n BJ.\n \n \n Metabolic and endocrine changes in persons aging with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tAssist Technol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t11(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t88\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t96."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b11","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"142","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in spinal cord injury: an overview of prevalence, risk, evaluation, and management","volume":"86","year":"2007","unstructured":"Myers\n J,\n \n \n Lee\n M,\n \n \n Kiratli\n J.\n \n \n Cardiovascular disease in spinal cord injury: an overview of prevalence, risk, evaluation, and management.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t86(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t142\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t152."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b12","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"408","article-title":"A prospective assessment of mortality in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"43","year":"2005","unstructured":"Garshick\n E,\n \n \n Kelley\n A,\n \n \n Cohen\n SA,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tA prospective assessment of mortality in chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t43(\n\t\t\t\t\t7):\n\t\t\t\t\t408\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t416."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b13","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1669","article-title":"Risk and protective factors for cause-specific mortality after spinal cord injury","volume":"97","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krause\n JS,\n \n \n Cao\n Y,\n \n \n DeVivo\n MJ,\n \n \n DiPiro\n ND.\n \n \n Risk and protective factors for cause-specific mortality after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t97(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t1669\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1678."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b14","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"272","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk factors in persons with paraplegia: the Stockholm Spinal Cord Injury Study","volume":"42","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wahman\n K,\n \n \n Nash\n MS,\n \n \n Westgren\n N,\n \n \n Lewis\n JE,\n \n \n Seiger\n A,\n \n \n Levi\n R.\n \n \n Cardiovascular disease risk factors in persons with paraplegia: the Stockholm Spinal Cord Injury Study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Rehabil Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t272\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t278."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b15","series-title":"Int J Cardiol","first-page":"3","article-title":"Postprandial lipemia: An under-recognized atherogenic factor in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"126","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pastromas\n S,\n \n \n Terzi\n AB,\n \n \n Tousoulis\n D,\n \n \n Koulouris\n S.\n \n \n Postprandial lipemia: An under-recognized atherogenic factor in patients with diabetes mellitus.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Cardiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t126(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t3\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t12."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b16","series-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab","first-page":"1190","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in people with a long-standing spinal cord injury: associations with physical activity and capacity","volume":"41","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Groot\n S,\n \n \n Adriaansen\n JJ,\n \n \n Tepper\n M,\n \n \n Snoek\n GJ,\n \n \n van der Woude\n LH,\n \n \n Post\n MW.\n \n \n Metabolic syndrome in people with a long-standing spinal cord injury: associations with physical activity and capacity.\n\t\t\t\t\tAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t41(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t1190\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1196."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b17","series-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol","first-page":"132","article-title":"Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism, genes and risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"17","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lopez-Miranda\n J,\n \n \n Perez-Martinez\n P,\n \n \n Marin\n C,\n \n \n Moreno\n JA,\n \n \n Gomez\n P,\n \n \n Perez-Jimenez\n F.\n \n \n Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism, genes and risk of cardiovascular disease.\n\t\t\t\t\tCurr Opin Lipidol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t17(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t132\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t138."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b18","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1176","article-title":"Fitness, inflammation, and the metabolic syndrome in men with paraplegia","volume":"86","year":"2005","unstructured":"Manns\n PJ,\n \n \n McCubbin\n JA,\n \n \n Williams\n DP.\n \n \n Fitness, inflammation, and the metabolic syndrome in men with paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t86(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t1176\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1181."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b19","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"278","article-title":"Evidence-based and heuristic approaches for customization of care in cardiometabolic syndrome after spinal cord injury","volume":"35","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nash\n MS,\n \n \n Cowan\n RE,\n \n \n Kressler\n J.\n \n \n Evidence-based and heuristic approaches for customization of care in cardiometabolic syndrome after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t35(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t278\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t292."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b20","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"513","article-title":"A review of body mass index and waist circumference as markers of obesity and coronary heart disease risk in persons with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"43","year":"2005","unstructured":"Buchholz\n AC,\n \n \n Bugaresti\n JM.\n \n \n A review of body mass index and waist circumference as markers of obesity and coronary heart disease risk in persons with chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t43(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t513\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t518."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b21","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"82","article-title":"Obesity intervention in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"44","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chen\n Y,\n \n \n Henson\n S,\n \n \n Jackson\n AB,\n \n \n Richards\n JS.\n \n \n Obesity intervention in persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t44(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t82\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t91."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b22","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"25","article-title":"Nutrient intake and body habitus after spinal cord injury: an analysis by sex and level of injury","volume":"32","year":"2009","unstructured":"Groah\n SL,\n \n \n Nash\n MS,\n \n \n Ljungberg\n IH,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tNutrient intake and body habitus after spinal cord injury: an analysis by sex and level of injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t32(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t25\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t33."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b23","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1198","article-title":"Different risk factor patterns for metabolic syndrome in men with spinal cord injury compared with able-bodied men despite similar prevalence rates","volume":"88","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liang\n H,\n \n \n Chen\n D,\n \n \n Wang\n Y,\n \n \n Rimmer\n JH,\n \n \n Braunschweig\n CL.\n \n \n Different risk factor patterns for metabolic syndrome in men with spinal cord injury compared with able-bodied men despite similar prevalence rates.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t88(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t1198\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1204."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b24","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"1310","article-title":"Soft tissue body composition differences in monozygotic twins discordant for spinal cord injury","volume":"88","year":"2000","unstructured":"Spungen\n AM,\n \n \n Wang\n J,\n \n \n Pierson\n RN,\n Jr.\n \n \n Bauman\n WA.\n \n \n Soft tissue body composition differences in monozygotic twins discordant for spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Appl Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t88(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t1310\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1315."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b25","series-title":"J Apply Physiol","first-page":"2398","article-title":"Factors influencing body composition in persons with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study","volume":"95","year":"2003","unstructured":"Spungen\n AM,\n \n \n Adkins\n RH,\n \n \n Stewart\n CA,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tFactors influencing body composition in persons with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Apply Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t95(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t2398\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2407."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b26","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1599","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in obesity in people with spinal cord injury: the effects of disadvantaged neighborhood","volume":"100","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wen\n H,\n \n \n Botticello\n AL,\n \n \n Bae\n S,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tRacial and ethnic differences in obesity in people with spinal cord injury: the effects of disadvantaged neighborhood.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t100(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t1599\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1606."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b27","series-title":"Obesity","first-page":"1811","article-title":"Visceral adiposity in persons with chronic spinal cord injury determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry","volume":"23","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cirnigliaro\n CM,\n \n \n LaFountaine\n MF,\n \n \n Dengel\n DR,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tVisceral adiposity in persons with chronic spinal cord injury determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.\n\t\t\t\t\tObesity.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t23(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t1811\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1817."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b28","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"338","article-title":"Gender dimorphism in central adiposity may explain metabolic dysfunction after spinal cord injury","volume":"10","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Farkas\n GJ,\n \n \n Dolbow\n DR,\n \n \n Khalil\n RE,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n Gender dimorphism in central adiposity may explain metabolic dysfunction after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPM R.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t10(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t338\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t348."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b29","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"430","article-title":"Sex dimorphism in the distribution of adipose tissue and its influence on proinflammatory adipokines and cardiometabolic profiles in motor complete spinal cord injury","volume":"42","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farkas\n GJ,\n \n \n Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Dolbow\n DR,\n \n \n Berg\n AS,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n Sex dimorphism in the distribution of adipose tissue and its influence on proinflammatory adipokines and cardiometabolic profiles in motor complete spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t430\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t436."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b30","series-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab","first-page":"107","article-title":"Regional and relative adiposity patterns in relation to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"36","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n Regional and relative adiposity patterns in relation to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in men with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t36(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t107\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t114."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b31","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"440","article-title":"A preliminary report on the effects of the level of spinal cord injury on the association between central adiposity and metabolic profile","volume":"3","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n A preliminary report on the effects of the level of spinal cord injury on the association between central adiposity and metabolic profile.\n\t\t\t\t\tPM R.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t3(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t440\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t446."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b32","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"99","article-title":"Influence of motor complete spinal cord injury on visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue measured by multi-axial magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"34","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Mather\n KJ,\n \n \n Poarch\n HJ,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n Influence of motor complete spinal cord injury on visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue measured by multi-axial magnetic resonance imaging.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t34(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t99\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t109."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b33","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"304","article-title":"Skeletal muscle atrophy and increased intramuscular fat after incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"45","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Dudley\n GA.\n \n \n Skeletal muscle atrophy and increased intramuscular fat after incomplete spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t45(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t304\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t309."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b34","series-title":"Metabolism","first-page":"52","article-title":"Influence of the sympathetic nervous system on insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue metabolism: a study in spinal cord-injured subjects","volume":"44","year":"1995","unstructured":"Karlsson\n AK,\n \n \n Attvall\n S,\n \n \n Jansson\n PA,\n \n \n Sullivan\n L,\n \n \n Lonnroth\n P.\n \n \n Influence of the sympathetic nervous system on insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue metabolism: a study in spinal cord-injured subjects.\n\t\t\t\t\tMetabolism.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t44(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t52\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t58."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b35","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"1051","article-title":"Establishing a threshold to predict risk of cardiovascular disease from the serum triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein concentrations in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"56","year":"2018","unstructured":"La Fountaine\n MF,\n \n \n Cirnigliaro\n CM,\n \n \n Hobson\n JC,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tEstablishing a threshold to predict risk of cardiovascular disease from the serum triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein concentrations in persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t56(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t1051\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1058."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b36","series-title":"PLoS One","article-title":"Effect of functional sympathetic nervous system impairment of the liver and abdominal visceral adipose tissue on circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins","volume":"12","year":"2017","unstructured":"La Fountaine\n MF,\n \n \n Cirnigliaro\n CM,\n \n \n Kirshblum\n SC,\n \n \n McKenna\n C,\n \n \n Bauman\n WA.\n \n \n Effect of functional sympathetic nervous system impairment of the liver and abdominal visceral adipose tissue on circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.\n\t\t\t\t\tPLoS One.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t12(\n\t\t\t\t\t3)."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b37","series-title":"J Am Coll Nutr","first-page":"476","article-title":"The influence of visceral fat on the postprandial lipemic response in men with paraplegia","volume":"29","year":"2010","unstructured":"Emmons\n RR,\n \n \n Garber\n CE,\n \n \n Cirnigliaro\n CM,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tThe influence of visceral fat on the postprandial lipemic response in men with paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Coll Nutr.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t29(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t476\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t481."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b38","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"468","article-title":"Effects of prandial challenge on triglyceridemia, glycemia, and pro-inflammatory activity in persons with chronic paraplegia","volume":"38","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ellenbroek\n D,\n \n \n Kressler\n J,\n \n \n Cowan\n RE,\n \n \n Burns\n PA,\n \n \n Mendez\n AJ,\n \n \n Nash\n MS.\n \n \n Effects of prandial challenge on triglyceridemia, glycemia, and pro-inflammatory activity in persons with chronic paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t38(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t468\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t475."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b39","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"320","article-title":"Evidence for an exaggerated postprandial lipemia in chronic paraplegia","volume":"28","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nash\n MS,\n \n \n DeGroot\n J,\n \n \n Martinez-Arizala\n A,\n \n \n Mendez\n AJ.\n \n \n Evidence for an exaggerated postprandial lipemia in chronic paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t28(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t320\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t325."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b40","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"445","article-title":"High density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in physically active and sedentary spinal cord injured patients","volume":"67","year":"1986","unstructured":"Brenes\n G,\n \n \n Dearwater\n S,\n \n \n Shapera\n R,\n \n \n LaPorte\n RE,\n \n \n Collins\n E.\n \n \n High density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in physically active and sedentary spinal cord injured patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t1986;\n\t\t\t\t\t67(\n\t\t\t\t\t7):\n\t\t\t\t\t445\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t450."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b41","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"102","article-title":"Associations between serum lipids and indicators of adiposity in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"33","year":"1995","unstructured":"Maki\n KC,\n \n \n Briones\n ER,\n \n \n Langbein\n WE,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tAssociations between serum lipids and indicators of adiposity in men with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tParaplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t33(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t102\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t109."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b42","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"183","article-title":"Late-life spinal cord injury and aging with a long term injury: characteristics of two emerging populations","volume":"18","year":"1995","unstructured":"McGlinchey-Berroth\n R,\n \n \n Morrow\n L,\n \n \n Ahlquist\n M,\n \n \n Sarkarati\n M,\n \n \n Minaker\n KL.\n \n \n Late-life spinal cord injury and aging with a long term injury: characteristics of two emerging populations.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t18(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t183\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t193."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b43","series-title":"J Am Paraplegia Soc","first-page":"158","article-title":"The serum lipoprotein profile in veterans with paraplegia: the relationship to nutritional factors and body mass index","volume":"15","year":"1992","unstructured":"Zlotolow\n SP,\n \n \n Levy\n E,\n \n \n Bauman\n WA.\n \n \n The serum lipoprotein profile in veterans with paraplegia: the relationship to nutritional factors and body mass index.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Paraplegia Soc.\n\t\t\t\t\t1992;\n\t\t\t\t\t15(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t158\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t162."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b44","series-title":"J Clin Invest","first-page":"522","article-title":"Glucagon response to hypoglycemia in sympathectomized man","volume":"57","year":"1976","unstructured":"Palmer\n JP,\n \n \n Henry\n DP,\n \n \n Benson\n JW,\n \n \n Johnson\n DG,\n \n \n Ensinck\n JW.\n \n \n Glucagon response to hypoglycemia in sympathectomized man.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Invest.\n\t\t\t\t\t1976;\n\t\t\t\t\t57(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t522\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t525."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b45","series-title":"Metabolism","first-page":"52","article-title":"Influence of the sympathetic nervous system on insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue metabolism: a study in spinal cord-injured subjects","volume":"44","year":"1995","unstructured":"Karlsson\n AK,\n \n \n Attvall\n S,\n \n \n Jansson\n PA,\n \n \n Sullivan\n L,\n \n \n Lonnroth\n P.\n \n \n Influence of the sympathetic nervous system on insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue metabolism: a study in spinal cord-injured subjects.\n\t\t\t\t\tMetabolism.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t44(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t52\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t58."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b46","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"110","article-title":"Improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity after electrical stimulation-assisted cycling in people with spinal cord injury","volume":"40","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jeon\n JY,\n \n \n Weiss\n CB,\n \n \n Steadward\n RD,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tImproved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity after electrical stimulation-assisted cycling in people with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002;\n\t\t\t\t\t40(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t110\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t117."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b47","series-title":"Diabetes","first-page":"906","article-title":"Glucose-intolerance due to insulin resistance in patients with spinal cord injuries","volume":"29","year":"1980","unstructured":"Duckworth\n WC,\n \n \n Solomon\n SS,\n \n \n Jallepalli\n P,\n \n \n Heckemeyer\n C,\n \n \n Finnern\n J,\n \n \n Powers\n A.\n \n \n Glucose-intolerance due to insulin resistance in patients with spinal cord injuries.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes.\n\t\t\t\t\t1980;\n\t\t\t\t\t29(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t906\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t910."},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b48","series-title":"Am J Physiol","first-page":"E593","article-title":"Intact glucose transport in morphologically altered denervated skeletal muscle from quadriplegic patients","volume":"271","year":"1996","unstructured":"Aksnes\n AK,\n \n \n Hjeltnes\n N,\n \n \n Wahlstrom\n EO,\n \n \n Katz\n A,\n \n \n Zierath\n JR,\n \n \n Wallberg-Henriksson\n H.\n \n \n Intact glucose transport in morphologically altered denervated skeletal muscle from quadriplegic patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1996;\n\t\t\t\t\t271(\n\t\t\t\t\t3 Pt 1):\n\t\t\t\t\tE593\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t600."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b49","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"765","article-title":"The effect of residual neurological deficit on oral glucose tolerance in persons with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"37","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bauman\n WA,\n \n \n Adkins\n RH,\n \n \n Spungen\n AM,\n \n \n Waters\n RL.\n \n \n The effect of residual neurological deficit on oral glucose tolerance in persons with chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t37(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t765\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t771."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b50","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"440","article-title":"A preliminary report on the effects of the level of spinal cord injury on the association between central adiposity and metabolic profile","volume":"3","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n A preliminary report on the effects of the level of spinal cord injury on the association between central adiposity and metabolic profile.\n\t\t\t\t\tPM R.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t3(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t440\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t446."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b51","series-title":"Atherosclerosis","first-page":"528","article-title":"The relationships among serum glucose, albumin concentrations and carotid atherosclerosis in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"206","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang\n YH,\n \n \n Chen\n SY,\n \n \n Wang\n TD,\n \n \n Hwang\n BS,\n \n \n Huang\n TS,\n \n \n Su\n TC.\n \n \n The relationships among serum glucose, albumin concentrations and carotid atherosclerosis in men with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tAtherosclerosis.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t206(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t528\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t534."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b52","series-title":"Horm Metab Res","first-page":"882","article-title":"Corticosteroid-binding globulin, cortisol, free cortisol, and sex hormone-binding globulin responses following oral glucose challenge in spinal cord-injured and able-bodied men","volume":"42","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lewis\n JG,\n \n \n Jones\n LM,\n \n \n Legge\n M,\n \n \n Elder\n PA.\n \n \n Corticosteroid-binding globulin, cortisol, free cortisol, and sex hormone-binding globulin responses following oral glucose challenge in spinal cord-injured and able-bodied men.\n\t\t\t\t\tHorm Metab Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t882\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t886."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b53","series-title":"Pharmacotherapy","first-page":"789","article-title":"Effects of long-term 4-aminopyridine therapy on glucose tolerance and glucokinetics in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"27","year":"2007","unstructured":"Segal\n JL,\n \n \n Thompson\n JF,\n \n \n Tayek\n JA.\n \n \n Effects of long-term 4-aminopyridine therapy on glucose tolerance and glucokinetics in patients with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPharmacotherapy.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t27(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t789\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t792."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b54","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"374","article-title":"Acute caffeine ingestion does not impair glucose tolerance in persons with tetraplegia","volume":"102","year":"2007","unstructured":"Battram\n DS,\n \n \n Bugaresti\n J,\n \n \n Gusba\n J,\n \n \n Graham\n TE.\n \n \n Acute caffeine ingestion does not impair glucose tolerance in persons with tetraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Appl Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t102(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t374\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t381."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b55","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"756","article-title":"Skeletal muscle signaling associated with impaired glucose tolerance in spinal cord-injured men and the effects of contractile activity","volume":"115","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yarar-Fisher\n C,\n \n \n Bickel\n CS,\n \n \n Windham\n ST,\n \n \n McLain\n AB,\n \n \n Bamman\n MM.\n \n \n Skeletal muscle signaling associated with impaired glucose tolerance in spinal cord-injured men and the effects of contractile activity.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Appl Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t115(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t756\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t764."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b56","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"107","article-title":"Glucose-intolerance in spinal cord injury","volume":"64","year":"1983","unstructured":"Duckworth\n WC,\n \n \n Jallepalli\n P,\n \n \n Solomon\n SS.\n \n \n Glucose-intolerance in spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t1983;\n\t\t\t\t\t64(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t107\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t110."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b57","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"711","article-title":"Intramuscular fat and glucose tolerance after spinal cord injury - a cross-sectional study","volume":"42","year":"2004","unstructured":"Elder\n CP,\n \n \n Apple\n DF,\n \n \n Bickel\n CS,\n \n \n Meyer\n RA,\n \n \n Dudley\n GA.\n \n \n Intramuscular fat and glucose tolerance after spinal cord injury - a cross-sectional study.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t711\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t716."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b58","series-title":"Metabolism","first-page":"1409","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation exercise increases GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 in paralyzed skeletal muscle","volume":"48","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chilibeck\n PD,\n \n \n Bell\n G,\n \n \n Jeon\n J,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tFunctional electrical stimulation exercise increases GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 in paralyzed skeletal muscle.\n\t\t\t\t\tMetabolism.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t48(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t1409\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1413."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b59","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"1088","article-title":"The development of evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury","volume":"49","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martin Ginis\n K,\n \n \n Hicks\n A,\n \n \n Latimer\n A,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tThe development of evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t49(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t1088\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1096."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b60","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"308","article-title":"Evidence-based scientific exercise guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury: an update and a new guideline","volume":"56","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin Ginis\n KA,\n \n \n van der Scheer\n JW,\n \n \n Latimer-Cheung\n AE,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tEvidence-based scientific exercise guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury: an update and a new guideline.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t56(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t308\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t321."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b61","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","first-page":"2195","article-title":"Fatigability, relaxation properties, and electromyographic responses of the human paralyzed soleus muscle","volume":"73","year":"1995","unstructured":"Shields\n RK.\n \n \n Fatigability, relaxation properties, and electromyographic responses of the human paralyzed soleus muscle.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Neurophysiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t73(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t2195\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2206."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b62","series-title":"J Appl Physiol.","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Mechanical properties of rat soleus after long-term spinal cord transection","volume":"93","year":"2002","unstructured":"Talmadge\n RJ,\n \n \n Roy\n RR,\n \n \n Caiozzo\n VJ,\n \n \n Edgerton\n VR.\n \n \n Mechanical properties of rat soleus after long-term spinal cord transection.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Appl Physiol..\n\t\t\t\t\t2002;\n\t\t\t\t\t93(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t1487\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1497."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b63","series-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med","first-page":"37","article-title":"Muscle fiber composition in patients with traumatic cord lesion","volume":"8","year":"1976","unstructured":"Grimby\n G,\n \n \n Broberg\n C,\n \n \n Krotkiewska\n I,\n \n \n Krotkiewski\n M.\n \n \n Muscle fiber composition in patients with traumatic cord lesion.\n\t\t\t\t\tScand J Rehabil Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t1976;\n\t\t\t\t\t8(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t37\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t42."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b64","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","first-page":"316","article-title":"Effects of electrical stimulation-induced leg training on skeletal muscle adaptability in spinal cord injury","volume":"12","year":"2002","unstructured":"Crameri\n RM,\n \n \n Weston\n A,\n \n \n Climstein\n M,\n \n \n Davis\n GM,\n \n \n Sutton\n JR.\n \n \n Effects of electrical stimulation-induced leg training on skeletal muscle adaptability in spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tScand J Med Sci Sports.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002;\n\t\t\t\t\t12(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t316\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t322."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b65","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"1304","article-title":"Long-term intensive electrically stimulated cycling by spinal cord-injured people: effect on muscle properties and their relation to power output","volume":"38","year":"2008","unstructured":"Duffell\n LD,\n \n \n Donaldson\n ND,\n \n \n Perkins\n TA,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tLong-term intensive electrically stimulated cycling by spinal cord-injured people: effect on muscle properties and their relation to power output.\n\t\t\t\t\tMuscle Nerve.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t38(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t1304\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1311."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b66","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"61","article-title":"Treadmill training-induced adaptations in muscle phenotype in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"30","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stewart\n BG,\n \n \n Tarnopolsky\n MA,\n \n \n Hicks\n AL,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tTreadmill training-induced adaptations in muscle phenotype in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tMuscle Nerve.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t30(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t61\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t68."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b67","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"38","article-title":"Na+,K+-ATPase concentration and fiber type distribution after spinal cord injury","volume":"29","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ditor\n DS,\n \n \n Hamilton\n S,\n \n \n Tarnopolsky\n MA,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tNa+,K+-ATPase concentration and fiber type distribution after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tMuscle Nerve.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t29(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t38\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t45."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b68","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"147","article-title":"Phenotypic adaptations in human muscle fibers 6 and 24 wk after spinal cord injury","volume":"92","year":"2002","unstructured":"Talmadge\n RJ,\n \n \n Castro\n MJ,\n \n \n Apple\n DF,\n Jr.,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDudleyGA.\n Phenotypic adaptations in human muscle fibers 6 and 24 wk after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Appl Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002;\n\t\t\t\t\t92(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t147\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t154."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b69","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Sixteen weeks of testosterone with or without evoked resistance training on protein expression, fiber hypertrophy and mitochondrial health after spinal cord injury","volume":"128","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Graham\n ZA,\n \n \n Chen\n Q,\n \n \n 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Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t735\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t759."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b71","series-title":"Calcif Tissue Int","first-page":"338","article-title":"Marrow changes in paraplegic patients","volume":"36","year":"1984","unstructured":"Minaire\n P,\n \n \n Edouard\n C,\n \n \n Arlot\n M,\n \n \n Meunier\n PJ.\n \n \n Marrow changes in paraplegic patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tCalcif Tissue Int.\n\t\t\t\t\t1984;\n\t\t\t\t\t36(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t338\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t340."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b72","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"939","article-title":"Femoral bone marrow adiposity and cortical bone cross-sectional areas in men with motor complete spinal cord injury","volume":"5","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Poarch\n HJ,\n \n \n Adler\n RA,\n \n \n Khalil\n RE,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n Femoral bone marrow adiposity and cortical bone cross-sectional areas in men with motor complete spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPM R.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t5(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t939\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t948."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b73","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"3702","article-title":"Spinal cord injury causes chronic bone marrow failure","volume":"11","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carpenter\n RS,\n \n \n Marbourg\n JM,\n \n \n Brennan\n FH,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal cord injury causes chronic bone marrow failure.\n\t\t\t\t\tNat Commun.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t11(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t3702."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b74","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"36","article-title":"Body composition assessment in spinal cord injury clinical trials","volume":"11","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gater\n D,\n \n \n Clasey\n J.\n \n \n Body composition assessment in spinal cord injury clinical trials.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t11(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t36\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t49."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b75","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"138","article-title":"Weight after SCI: the good, the bad and the ugly","volume":"40","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gater\n DR.\n \n \n Weight after SCI: the good, the bad and the ugly.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t40(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t138\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t140."},{"issue":"19","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b76","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"2020","article-title":"The physical activity guidelines for Americans","volume":"320","year":"2018","unstructured":"Piercy\n KL,\n \n \n Troiano\n RP,\n \n \n Ballard\n RM,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tThe physical activity guidelines for Americans.\n\t\t\t\t\tJAMA.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t320(\n\t\t\t\t\t19):\n\t\t\t\t\t2020\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2028."},{"issue":"24","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b77","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"1451","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"54","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bull\n FC,\n \n \n Al-Ansari\n SS,\n \n \n Biddle\n S,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tWorld Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t54(\n\t\t\t\t\t24):\n\t\t\t\t\t1451\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1462."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b78","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil.","first-page":"1693","article-title":"Exercise guidelines to promote cardiometabolic health in spinal cord injured humans: time to raise the intensity?","volume":"98","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nightingale\n TE,\n \n \n Metcalfe\n RS,\n \n \n Vollaard\n NB,\n \n \n Bilzon\n JL.\n \n \n Exercise guidelines to promote cardiometabolic health in spinal cord injured humans: time to raise the intensity?\n \n Arch Phys Med Rehabil.\n \n 2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t98(\n\t\t\t\t\t8):\n\t\t\t\t\t1693\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1704."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b79","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"2469","article-title":"Impact of exercise on cardiometabolic component risks in spinal cord\u2013injured humans","volume":"49","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nightingale\n TE,\n \n \n Walhin\n J-P,\n \n \n Thompson\n D,\n \n \n Bilzon\n JL.\n \n \n Impact of exercise on cardiometabolic component risks in spinal cord\u2013injured humans.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sports Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t49(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t2469."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b80","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"2359","article-title":"Maximal sustained levels of energy expenditure in humans during exercise","volume":"43","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cooper\n JA,\n \n \n Nguyen\n DD,\n \n \n Ruby\n BC,\n \n \n Schoeller\n DA.\n \n \n Maximal sustained levels of energy expenditure in humans during exercise.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sports Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t43(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t2359\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2367."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b81","series-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"E193","article-title":"Leg and arm lactate and substrate kinetics during exercise","volume":"284","year":"2003","unstructured":"Van Hall\n G,\n \n \n Jensen-Urstad\n M,\n \n \n Rosdahl\n H,\n \n \n Holmberg\n HC,\n \n \n Saltin\n B,\n \n \n Calbet\n JA.\n \n \n Leg and arm lactate and substrate kinetics during exercise.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t284(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\tE193\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t205."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b82","series-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol","first-page":"R1448","article-title":"Why do arms extract less oxygen than legs during exercise?","volume":"289","year":"2005","unstructured":"Calbet\n JA,\n \n \n Holmberg\n HC,\n \n \n Rosdahl\n H,\n \n \n van Hall\n G,\n \n \n Jensen-Urstad\n M,\n \n \n Saltin\n B.\n \n \n Why do arms extract less oxygen than legs during exercise?\n \n Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol\n .\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t289(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\tR1448\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1458."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b83","series-title":"Acta Physiol","first-page":"519","article-title":"Arm and leg substrate utilization and muscle adaptation after prolonged low-intensity training","volume":"199","year":"2010","unstructured":"Helge\n JW.\n \n \n Arm and leg substrate utilization and muscle adaptation after prolonged low-intensity training.\n\t\t\t\t\tActa Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t199(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t519\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t528."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b84","series-title":"Front Physiol","first-page":"1031","article-title":"The muscle fiber profiles, mitochondrial content, and enzyme activities of the exceptionally well-trained arm and leg muscles of elite cross-country skiers","volume":"9","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ortenblad\n N,\n \n \n Nielsen\n J,\n \n \n Boushel\n R,\n \n \n Soderlund\n K,\n \n \n Saltin\n B,\n \n \n Holmberg\n HC.\n \n \n The muscle fiber profiles, mitochondrial content, and enzyme activities of the exceptionally well-trained arm and leg muscles of elite cross-country skiers.\n\t\t\t\t\tFront Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t9:\n\t\t\t\t\t1031."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b85","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"427","article-title":"Heavy reliance on carbohydrate across a wide range of exercise intensities during voluntary arm ergometry in persons with paraplegia","volume":"36","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jacobs\n KA,\n \n \n Burns\n P,\n \n \n Kressler\n J,\n \n \n Nash\n MS.\n \n \n Heavy reliance on carbohydrate across a wide range of exercise intensities during voluntary arm ergometry in persons with paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord 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Mahoney\n ET,\n \n \n Nash\n MS,\n \n \n Green\n BA.\n \n \n Circuit resistance training in persons with complete paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Rehabil Res Dev.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002;\n\t\t\t\t\t39(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t21\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t28."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b88","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"26","article-title":"Physiological responses to moderate intensity continuous and high-intensity interval exercise in persons with paraplegia","volume":"59","year":"2021","unstructured":"McMillan\n DW,\n \n \n Maher\n JL,\n \n \n Jacobs\n KA,\n \n \n Nash\n MS,\n \n \n Bilzon\n JLJ.\n \n \n Physiological responses to moderate intensity continuous and high-intensity interval exercise in persons with paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;\n\t\t\t\t\t59(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t26\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t33."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b89","series-title":"Spinal Cord Ser Cases","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory responses to various arm cycling regimens in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"5","year":"2019","unstructured":"Astorino\n TA.\n \n \n Hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory responses to various arm cycling regimens in men with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord Ser Cases.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t5(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t8."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b90","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil","first-page":"444","article-title":"Within-session responses to high-intensity interval training in spinal cord injury","volume":"40","year":"2018","unstructured":"Astorino\n TA,\n \n \n Thum\n JS.\n \n \n Within-session responses to high-intensity interval training in spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tDisabil Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t40(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t444\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t449."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b91","series-title":"Front Physiol","first-page":"9","article-title":"Energy expenditure as a function of activity level after spinal cord injury: the need for tetraplegia-specific energy balance guidelines","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shea\n JR,\n \n \n Shay\n BL,\n \n \n Leiter\n J,\n \n \n Cowley\n KC.\n \n \n Energy expenditure as a function of activity level after spinal cord injury: the need for tetraplegia-specific energy balance guidelines.\n\t\t\t\t\tFront Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t9."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b92","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"691","article-title":"Energy cost of physical activities in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"42","year":"2010","unstructured":"Collins\n EG,\n \n \n Gater\n D,\n \n \n Kiratli\n J,\n \n \n Butler\n J,\n \n \n Hanson\n K,\n \n \n Langbein\n WE.\n \n \n Energy cost of physical activities in persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sports Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t691\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t700."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b93","series-title":"Adapt Phys Activ Q","first-page":"310","article-title":"A compendium of energy costs of physical activities for individuals who use manual wheelchairs","volume":"28","year":"2011","unstructured":"Conger\n SA,\n \n \n Bassett\n DR.\n \n \n A compendium of energy costs of physical activities for individuals who use manual wheelchairs.\n\t\t\t\t\tAdapt Phys Activ Q.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t28(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t310\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t325."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b94","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"225","article-title":"Acute responses of functional electrical stimulation cycling on the ventilation-to-CO2 production ratio and substrate utilization after spinal cord injury","volume":"8","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Lawrence\n J.\n \n \n Acute responses of functional electrical stimulation cycling on the ventilation-to-CO2 production ratio and substrate utilization after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPM R.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t8(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t225\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t234."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b95","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"825","article-title":"Oxygen consumption during functional electrical stimulation-assisted exercise in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"38","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hettinga\n DM,\n \n \n Andrews\n BJ.\n \n \n Oxygen consumption during functional electrical stimulation-assisted exercise in persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t38(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t825\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t838."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b96","series-title":"Med Sci Sport Exerc","first-page":"1131","article-title":"Exercise responses during functional electrical stimulation cycling in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"45","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hasnan\n N,\n \n \n Ektas\n N,\n \n \n Tanhoffer\n AIP,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tExercise responses during functional electrical stimulation cycling in individuals with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sport Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t45(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t1131\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1138."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b97","series-title":"Biomed Tech (Berl)","first-page":"58","article-title":"High-intensity virtual-reality arm plus FES-leg interval training in individuals with spinal cord injury","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hasnan\n N,\n \n \n Engkasan\n JP,\n \n \n Husain\n R,\n \n \n Davis\n GM.\n \n \n High-intensity virtual-reality arm plus FES-leg interval training in individuals with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tBiomed Tech (Berl).\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t58."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b98","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"635","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory responses during functional electrical stimulation cycling and electrical stimulation isometric exercise","volume":"52","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fornusek\n C,\n \n \n Gwinn\n TH,\n \n \n Heard\n R.\n \n \n Cardiorespiratory responses during functional electrical stimulation cycling and electrical stimulation isometric exercise.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t52(\n\t\t\t\t\t8):\n\t\t\t\t\t635\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t639."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b99","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"873","article-title":"Feasibility of functional electrical stimulated cycling in subjects with spinal cord injury an energetics assessment","volume":"42","year":"2010","unstructured":"Perret\n C,\n \n \n Berry\n H,\n \n \n Hunt\n KJ,\n \n \n Donaldson\n N,\n \n \n Kakebeeke\n TH.\n \n \n Feasibility of functional electrical stimulated cycling in subjects with spinal cord injury an energetics assessment.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Rehabil Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t873\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t875."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b100","series-title":"Technol Health Care","first-page":"73","article-title":"Energetics of paraplegic cycling: adaptations to 12 months of high volume training","volume":"20","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berry\n HR,\n \n \n Kakebeeke\n TH,\n \n \n Donaldson\n N,\n \n \n Perret\n C,\n \n \n Hunt\n KJ.\n \n \n Energetics of paraplegic cycling: adaptations to 12 months of high volume training.\n\t\t\t\t\tTechnol Health Care.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t20(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t73\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t84."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b101","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol","first-page":"127","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory responses during arm ergometry, functional electrical stimulation cycling, and two hybrid exercise conditions in spinal cord injured","volume":"2","year":"2007","unstructured":"Verellen\n J,\n \n \n Vanlandewijck\n Y,\n \n \n Andrews\n B,\n \n \n Wheeler\n GD.\n \n \n Cardiorespiratory responses during arm ergometry, functional electrical stimulation cycling, and two hybrid exercise conditions in spinal cord injured.\n\t\t\t\t\tDisabil Rehabil Assist Technol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t2(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t127\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t132."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b102","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"488","article-title":"Relationship of spinal cord injury level and duration to peak aerobic capacity with arms-only and hybrid functional electrical stimulation rowing","volume":"97","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shaffer\n RF,\n \n \n Picard\n G,\n \n \n Taylor\n JA.\n \n \n Relationship of spinal cord injury level and duration to peak aerobic capacity with arms-only and hybrid functional electrical stimulation rowing.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t97(\n\t\t\t\t\t7):\n\t\t\t\t\t488\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t491."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b103","series-title":"Artif Organs","first-page":"E203","article-title":"Development of functional electrical stimulation rowing: the Rowstim series","volume":"41","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andrews\n B,\n \n \n Gibbons\n R,\n \n \n Wheeler\n G.\n \n \n Development of functional electrical stimulation rowing: the Rowstim series.\n\t\t\t\t\tArtif Organs.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t41(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\tE203\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\tE212."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b104","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"817","article-title":"Aerobic capacity with hybrid FES rowing in spinal cord injury: comparison with arms-only exercise and preliminary findings with regular training","volume":"3","year":"2011","unstructured":"Taylor\n JA,\n \n \n Picard\n G,\n \n \n Widrick\n JJ.\n \n \n Aerobic capacity with hybrid FES rowing in spinal cord injury: comparison with arms-only exercise and preliminary findings with regular training.\n\t\t\t\t\tPM R.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t3(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t817\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t824."},{"issue":"18","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b105","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"2631","article-title":"Low-dose testosterone and evoked resistance exercise after spinal cord injury on cardio-metabolic risk factors: an open-label randomized clinical trial","volume":"36","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Khalil\n RE,\n \n \n Gill\n R,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tLow-dose testosterone and evoked resistance exercise after spinal cord injury on cardio-metabolic risk factors: an open-label randomized clinical trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Neurotrauma.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t36(\n\t\t\t\t\t18):\n\t\t\t\t\t2631\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2645."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b106","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"669","article-title":"Endurance neuromuscular electrical stimulation training improves skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in individuals with motor-complete spinal cord injury","volume":"55","year":"2017","unstructured":"Erickson\n ML,\n \n \n Ryan\n TE,\n \n \n Backus\n D,\n \n \n McCully\n KK.\n \n \n Endurance neuromuscular electrical stimulation training improves skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in individuals with motor-complete spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tMuscle Nerve.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t55(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t669\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t675."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b107","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","first-page":"2399","article-title":"Motor unit recruitment during neuromuscular electrical stimulation: a critical appraisal","volume":"111","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bickel\n CS,\n \n \n Gregory\n CM,\n \n \n Dean\n JC.\n \n \n Motor unit recruitment during neuromuscular electrical stimulation: a critical appraisal.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Appl Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t111(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t2399\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2407."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b108","series-title":"PLoS One","article-title":"Strategies for rapid muscle fatigue reduction during fes exercise in individuals with spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"11","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ibitoye\n MO,\n \n \n Hamzaid\n NA,\n \n \n Hasnan\n N,\n \n \n Wahab\n AKA,\n \n \n Davis\n GM.\n \n \n Strategies for rapid muscle fatigue reduction during fes exercise in individuals with spinal cord injury: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tPLoS One.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t11(\n\t\t\t\t\t2)."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b109","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"254","article-title":"Effect of lower extremity functional electrical stimulation pulsed isometric contractions on arm cycling peak oxygen uptake in spinal cord injured individuals","volume":"45","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brurok\n B,\n \n \n Torhaug\n T,\n \n \n Karlsen\n T,\n \n \n Leivseth\n G,\n \n \n Helgerud\n J,\n \n \n Hoff\n J.\n \n \n Effect of lower extremity functional electrical stimulation pulsed isometric contractions on arm cycling peak oxygen uptake in spinal cord injured individuals.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Rehabil Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t45(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t254\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t259."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b110","series-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"E107","article-title":"Contributions of working muscle to whole body lipid metabolism are altered by exercise intensity and training","volume":"292","year":"2007","unstructured":"Friedlander\n AL,\n \n \n Jacobs\n KA,\n \n \n Fattor\n JA,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tContributions of working muscle to whole body lipid metabolism are altered by exercise intensity and training.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Physiol Endocrinol 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Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise","volume":"43","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garber\n CE,\n \n \n Blissmer\n B,\n \n \n Deschenes\n MR,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sport Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t43(\n\t\t\t\t\t7):\n\t\t\t\t\t1334\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1359."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b113","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"459","article-title":"Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults","volume":"41","year":"2009","unstructured":"Donnelly\n JE,\n \n \n Blair\n SN,\n \n \n Jakicic\n JM,\n \n \n Manore\n MM,\n \n \n Rankin\n JW,\n \n \n Smith\n BK.\n \n \n Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sports Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t41(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t459\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t471."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b114","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"643","article-title":"Identification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury","volume":"42","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nash\n MS,\n \n \n Groah\n SL,\n \n \n Gater\n DR,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tIdentification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t643\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t677."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b115","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"118","article-title":"Nutritional health considerations for persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"23","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bigford\n G,\n \n \n Nash\n MS.\n \n \n Nutritional health considerations for persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t23(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t118 \u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t206."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b116","series-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol","first-page":"R1492","article-title":"Fatty acid kinetics and carbohydrate metabolism during electrical exercise in spinal cord-injured humans","volume":"281","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kjaer\n M,\n \n \n Dela\n F,\n \n \n Sorensen\n FB,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tFatty acid kinetics and carbohydrate metabolism during electrical exercise in spinal cord-injured humans.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001;\n\t\t\t\t\t281(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\tR1492\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1498."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b117","series-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging","first-page":"60","article-title":"Alterations in VOmax and the VO plateau with manipulation of sampling interval","volume":"29","year":"2009","unstructured":"Astorino\n TA.\n \n \n Alterations in VOmax and the VO plateau with manipulation of sampling interval.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Physiol Funct Imaging.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t29(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t60\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t67."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b118","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"24","article-title":"Fat oxidation at different intensities in wheelchair racing","volume":"42","year":"2004","unstructured":"Knechtle\n B,\n \n \n Muller\n G,\n \n \n Willmann\n F,\n \n \n Eser\n P,\n \n \n Knecht\n H.\n \n \n Fat oxidation at different intensities in wheelchair racing.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t24\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t28."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b119","series-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"E332","article-title":"Utilization of skeletal muscle triacylglycerol during postexercise recovery in humans","volume":"275","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kiens\n B,\n \n \n Richter\n EA.\n \n \n Utilization of skeletal 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activity in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"42","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nightingale\n TE,\n \n \n Walhin\n J-P,\n \n \n Thompson\n D,\n \n \n Bilzon\n JL.\n \n \n Biomarkers of cardiometabolic health are associated with body composition characteristics but not physical activity in persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t328\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t337."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b129","series-title":"J Appl Physiol.","first-page":"349","article-title":"Lipid oxidation in fit young adults during postexercise recovery","volume":"99","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kuo\n CC,\n \n \n Fattor\n JA,\n \n \n Henderson\n GC,\n \n \n Brooks\n GA.\n \n \n Lipid oxidation in fit young adults during postexercise recovery.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Appl Physiol..\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t99(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t349\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t356."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b130","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"95","article-title":"Determinants of resting lipid oxidation in response to a prior bout of endurance exercise","volume":"116","year":"2014","unstructured":"Henderson\n GC,\n \n \n Alderman\n BL.\n \n \n Determinants of resting lipid oxidation in response to a prior bout of endurance exercise.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Appl Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t116(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t95\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t103."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b131","series-title":"J Physiol","first-page":"1069","article-title":"Regulation of glucose and glycogen metabolism during and after exercise","volume":"590","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jensen\n TE,\n \n \n Richter\n EA.\n \n \n Regulation of glucose and glycogen metabolism during and after exercise.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t590(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t1069\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1076."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b132","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"1743","article-title":"Postprandial triglyceride and free fatty acid metabolism in obese women after either endurance or resistance exercise","volume":"114","year":"2013","unstructured":"Davitt\n PM,\n \n \n Arent\n SM,\n \n \n Tuazon\n MA,\n \n \n Golem\n DL,\n \n \n Henderson\n GC.\n \n \n Postprandial triglyceride and free fatty acid metabolism in obese women after either endurance or resistance exercise.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Appl Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t114(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t1743\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1754."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b133","series-title":"Diabetologia","first-page":"1273","article-title":"Both resistance- and endurance-type exercise reduce the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and in insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"55","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Dijk\n JW,\n \n \n Manders\n RJ,\n \n \n Tummers\n K,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tBoth resistance- and endurance-type exercise reduce the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and in insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetologia.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t55(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t1273\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1282."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b134","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"67","article-title":"Effect of prior exercise on postprandial lipemia: an updated quantitative review","volume":"116","year":"2014","unstructured":"Freese\n EC,\n \n \n Gist\n NH,\n \n \n Cureton\n KJ.\n \n \n Effect of prior exercise on postprandial lipemia: an updated quantitative review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Appl Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t116(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t67\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t75."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b135","series-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol","first-page":"R1072","article-title":"Improved body composition after 8 wk of 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rate.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:KinneyJM,TuckerHN,\n\t\t\t\t\teds.Energy Metabolism: Tissue Determinants and Cellular Corollaries.\n\t\t\t\t\tNew York, NY:\n\t\t\t\t\tRaven Press;\n\t\t\t\t\t1992:\n\t\t\t\t\t61 \u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t80."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b139","series-title":"Am J Clin Nutr","first-page":"907","article-title":"Brain and high metabolic rate organ mass: contributions to resting energy expenditure beyond fat-free mass","volume":"91","year":"2010","unstructured":"Javed\n F,\n \n \n He\n Q,\n \n \n Davidson\n LE,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tBrain and high metabolic rate organ mass: contributions to resting energy expenditure beyond fat-free mass.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Clin Nutr.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t91(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t907\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t912."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b140","series-title":"Am J Clin Nutr","first-page":"1062","article-title":"Small organs with a high metabolic rate explain lower resting energy expenditure in African American than in white adults","volume":"83","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gallagher\n D,\n \n \n Albu\n J,\n \n \n He\n Q,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tSmall organs with a high metabolic rate explain lower resting energy expenditure in African American than in white adults.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Clin Nutr.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t83(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t1062\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1067."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b141","series-title":"Int J Obesity","first-page":"633","article-title":"Smaller size of high metabolic rate organs explains lower resting energy expenditure in Asian-Indian Than Chinese men","volume":"40","year":"2016","unstructured":"Song\n LLT,\n \n \n Venkataraman\n K,\n \n \n Gluckman\n P,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tSmaller size of high metabolic rate organs explains lower resting energy expenditure in Asian-Indian Than Chinese men.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J 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AC,\n \n \n Martin Ginis\n KA,\n \n \n Bray\n SR,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tGreater daily leisure time physical activity is associated with lower chronic disease risk in adults with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t34(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t640\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t647."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b144","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"175","article-title":"Exercise and health-related risks of physical deconditioning after spinal cord injury","volume":"23","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maher\n JL,\n \n \n McMillan\n DW,\n \n \n Nash\n MS.\n \n \n Exercise and health-related risks of physical deconditioning after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t23(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t175\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t187."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b145","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"2272","article-title":"Reference fitness values 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diseases: primary prevention through exercise biology","volume":"88","year":"2000","unstructured":"Booth\n FW,\n \n \n Gordon\n SE,\n \n \n Carlson\n CJ,\n \n \n Hamilton\n MT.\n \n \n Waging war on modern chronic diseases: primary prevention through exercise biology.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Appl Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t88(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t774\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t787."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b148","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1563","article-title":"Estimation of physical activity intensity in spinal cord injury using a wrist-worn ActiGraph monitor","volume":"101","year":"2020","unstructured":"Veerubhotla\n A,\n \n \n Hong\n E,\n \n \n Knezevic\n S,\n \n \n Spungen\n A,\n \n \n Ding\n D.\n \n \n Estimation of physical activity intensity in spinal cord injury using a wrist-worn ActiGraph monitor.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med 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Nutr","first-page":"358","article-title":"Breaking prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glycemia in healthy, normal-weight adults: a randomized crossover trial","volume":"98","year":"2013","unstructured":"Peddie\n MC,\n \n \n Bone\n JL,\n \n \n Rehrer\n NJ,\n \n \n Skeaff\n CM,\n \n \n Gray\n AR,\n \n \n Perry\n TL.\n \n \n Breaking prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glycemia in healthy, normal-weight adults: a randomized crossover trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Clin Nutr.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t98(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t358\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t366."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b151","series-title":"Arch Intern Med","first-page":"494","article-title":"Sitting time and all-cause mortality risk in 222 497 Australian adults","volume":"172","year":"2012","unstructured":"van der Ploeg\n HP,\n \n \n Chey\n T,\n \n \n Korda\n RJ,\n \n \n Banks\n E,\n \n \n Bauman\n A.\n \n \n Sitting time and all-cause mortality risk in 222 497 Australian adults.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Intern 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interventions","volume":"25","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carter\n SE,\n \n \n Jones\n M,\n \n \n Gladwell\n VF.\n \n \n Energy expenditure and heart rate response to breaking up sedentary time with three different physical activity interventions.\n\t\t\t\t\tNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t25(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t503\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t509."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b156","series-title":"Occup Med","first-page":"121","article-title":"Energy expenditure of deskwork when sitting, standing or alternating positions","volume":"67","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gibbs\n BB,\n \n \n Kowalsky\n RJ,\n \n \n Perdomo\n SJ,\n \n \n Grier\n M,\n \n \n Jakicic\n JM.\n \n \n Energy expenditure of deskwork when sitting, standing or alternating positions.\n\t\t\t\t\tOccup Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t67(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t121\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t127."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b157","series-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act","first-page":"69","article-title":"Energy expenditure of interruptions to sedentary behavior","volume":"8","year":"2011","unstructured":"Swartz\n AM,\n \n \n Squires\n L,\n \n \n Strath\n SJ.\n \n \n Energy expenditure of interruptions to sedentary behavior.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Behav Nutr Phys Act.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t8:\n\t\t\t\t\t69."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b158","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"853","article-title":"Secondary health conditions and quality of life in persons living with spinal cord injury for at least ten years","volume":"48","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adriaansen\n JJE,\n \n \n Ruijs\n LEM,\n \n \n van Koppenhagen\n CF,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tSecondary health conditions and quality of life in persons living with spinal cord injury for at least ten years.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Rehabil Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t48(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t853\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t860."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b159","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"443","article-title":"Health conditions: effect on function, health-related quality of life, and life satisfaction after traumatic spinal cord injury. a prospective observational registry cohort study","volume":"99","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rivers\n CS,\n \n \n Fallah\n N,\n \n \n Noonan\n VK,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tHealth conditions: effect on function, health-related quality of life, and life satisfaction after traumatic spinal cord injury. a prospective observational registry cohort study.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t99(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t443\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t451."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-109-b160","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"289","article-title":"Health care utilization in persons with traumatic spinal cord 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