{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:04:17Z","timestamp":1792695857214,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"Persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) are at high risk for developing neurogenic obesity due to muscle paralysis and obligatory sarcopenia, sympathetic blunting, anabolic deficiency, and blunted satiety. Persons with SCI are also at high risk for shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand injuries, including neuromusculoskeletal pathologies and nociceptive pain, as human upper extremities are poorly designed to facilitate chronic weight-bearing activities, including manual wheelchair propulsion, transfers, self-care, and day-to-day activities. This article reviews current literature on the relationship between obesity and increased body weight with upper extremity overuse injuries, detailing pathology at the shoulders, elbows, and wrists that elicit pain and functional decline and stressing the importance of weight management to preserve function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci20-00061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T13:49:52Z","timestamp":1616161792000},"page":"68-74","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Upper Extremity Overuse Injuries and Obesity After Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jose R.","family":"Vives Alvarado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth R.","family":"Felix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida"},{"name":"Research Service, Miami Veterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare System, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Gater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida"},{"name":"The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b1","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"120","article-title":"International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury: cases with classification 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injury","volume":"47","year":"2009","unstructured":"Laughton\n GE,\n \n \n Buchholz\n AC,\n \n \n Martin Ginis\n KA,\n \n \n Goy\n RE.\n \n \n Lowering body mass index cutoffs better identifies obese persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t47(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t757\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t762."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b13","series-title":"The Physiology of Exercise in Spinal Cord Injury.","first-page":"175","article-title":"Alterations in body composition after SCI and the mitigating role of exercise","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gater\n DR,\n \n \n Farkas\n GJ.\n \n \n Alterations in body composition after SCI and the mitigating role of exercise.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:TaylorJA,\n\t\t\t\t\ted.The Physiology of Exercise in Spinal Cord Injury.Springer;\n\t\t\t\t\t2016:\n\t\t\t\t\t175\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t198."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b14","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"421","article-title":"Body mass index changes over 3 years and effect of obesity on community mobility for persons with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"39","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hatchett\n PE,\n \n \n Mulroy\n SJ,\n \n \n Eberly\n VJ,\n \n \n Haubert\n LL,\n \n \n Requejo\n PS.\n \n \n Body mass index changes over 3 years and effect of obesity on community mobility for persons with chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t39(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t421\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t432."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b15","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"643","article-title":"Identification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury clinical practice guideline for health care providers","volume":"42","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nash\n MS,\n \n \n Groah\n SL,\n \n \n Gater\n DR,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tIdentification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury clinical practice guideline for health care 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The impingement syndrome in paraplegics","volume":"69","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bayley\n JC,\n \n \n Cochran\n TP,\n \n \n Sledge\n CB.\n \n \n The weight-bearing shoulder. The impingement syndrome in paraplegics.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Bone Joint Surg Am.\n\t\t\t\t\t1987;\n\t\t\t\t\t69(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t676\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t678."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b33","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"2086","article-title":"Shoulder ultrasound abnormalities, physical examination findings, and pain in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury","volume":"89","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brose\n SW,\n \n \n Boninger\n ML,\n \n \n Fullerton\n B,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tShoulder ultrasound abnormalities, physical examination findings, and pain in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t89(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t2086\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2093."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b34","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"504","article-title":"Effects of home exercises on shoulder pain and pathology in chronic spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"99","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cardenas\n DD,\n \n \n Felix\n ER,\n \n \n Cowan\n R,\n \n \n Orell\n MF,\n \n \n Irwin\n R.\n \n \n Effects of home exercises on shoulder pain and pathology in chronic spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t99(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t504\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t513."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b35","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"667","article-title":"Shoulder biomechanics during the push phase of wheelchair propulsion: a multisite study of persons with paraplegia","volume":"89","year":"2008","unstructured":"Collinger\n JL,\n \n \n Boninger\n ML,\n \n \n Koontz\n AM,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tShoulder biomechanics during the push phase of wheelchair propulsion: a multisite study of persons with paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t89(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t667\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t676."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b36","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"101","article-title":"Degenerative joint abnormalities in patients with paraplegia of duration greater than 20 years","volume":"26","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wylie\n EJ,\n \n \n Chakera\n TM.\n \n \n Degenerative joint abnormalities in patients with paraplegia of duration greater than 20 years.\n\t\t\t\t\tParaplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\t1988;\n\t\t\t\t\t26(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t101\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t106."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b37","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"407","article-title":"Biomechanics and strength of manual wheelchair users","volume":"28","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ambrosio\n F,\n \n \n Boninger\n ML,\n \n \n Souza\n AL,\n \n \n Fitzgerald\n SG,\n \n \n Koontz\n AM,\n \n \n Cooper\n RA.\n \n \n Biomechanics and strength of manual wheelchair users.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t28(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t407\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t414."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b38","series-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev","first-page":"401","article-title":"Shoulder imaging abnormalities in individuals with paraplegia","volume":"38","year":"2001","unstructured":"Boninger\n ML,\n \n \n Towers\n JD,\n \n \n Cooper\n RA,\n \n \n Dicianno\n BE,\n \n \n Munin\n MC.\n \n \n Shoulder imaging abnormalities in individuals with paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Rehabil Res Dev.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001;\n\t\t\t\t\t38(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t401\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t408."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b39","series-title":"Musculoskelet Surg","first-page":"S53","article-title":"Risk factors for shoulder pain in patients with spinal cord injury: a multicenter study","volume":"99","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ferrero\n G,\n \n \n Mijno\n E,\n \n \n Actis\n MV,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tRisk factors for shoulder pain in patients with spinal cord injury: a multicenter study.\n\t\t\t\t\tMusculoskelet Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t99(\n\t\t\t\t\tsuppl 1):\n\t\t\t\t\tS53\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t56."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b40","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"152","article-title":"Upper extremity musculoskeletal pain during and after rehabilitation in wheelchair-using persons with a spinal cord injury","volume":"44","year":"2006","unstructured":"van Drongelen\n S,\n \n \n de Groot\n S,\n \n \n Veeger\n HEJ,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tUpper extremity musculoskeletal pain during and after rehabilitation in wheelchair-using persons with a spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t44(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t152\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t159."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b41","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"17","article-title":"Compressive mononeuropathies of the upper extremity in chronic paraplegia","volume":"29","year":"1991","unstructured":"Davidoff\n G,\n \n \n Werner\n R,\n \n \n Waring\n W.\n \n \n Compressive mononeuropathies of the upper extremity in chronic paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tParaplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\t1991;\n\t\t\t\t\t29(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t17\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t24."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b42","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"21","article-title":"Reduced motor conduction velocity of the ulnar nerve in spinal cord injured patients","volume":"18","year":"1980","unstructured":"Stefaniwsky\n L,\n \n \n Bilowit\n DS,\n \n \n Prasad\n SS.\n \n \n Reduced motor conduction velocity of the ulnar nerve in spinal cord injured patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t1980;\n\t\t\t\t\t18(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t21\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t4."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b43","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"418","article-title":"Shoulder and elbow motion during two speeds of wheelchair propulsion: a description using a local coordinate system","volume":"36","year":"1998","unstructured":"Boninger\n ML,\n \n \n Cooper\n RA,\n \n \n Shimada\n SD,\n \n \n Rudy\n TE.\n \n \n Shoulder and elbow motion during two speeds of wheelchair propulsion: a description using a local coordinate system.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t1998;\n\t\t\t\t\t36(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t418\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t426."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b44","series-title":"BioMed Res Int","first-page":"984526","article-title":"The relationship between independent transfer skills and upper limb kinetics in wheelchair users","volume":"2014","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tsai\n C-Y,\n \n \n Hogaboom\n NS,\n \n \n Boninger\n ML,\n \n \n Koontz\n AM.\n \n \n The relationship between independent transfer skills and upper limb kinetics in wheelchair users.\n\t\t\t\t\tBioMed Res Int.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t2014:\n\t\t\t\t\t984526."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b45","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"406","article-title":"Elbow problems in paraplegic spinal cord injured patients: frequency and related risk factors\u2014a preliminary controlled study","volume":"51","year":"2013","unstructured":"Erhan\n B,\n \n \n G\u00fcnd\u00fcz\n B,\n \n \n Bardak\n AN,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tElbow problems in paraplegic spinal cord injured patients: frequency and related risk factors\u2014a preliminary controlled study.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t51(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t406\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t408."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b46","series-title":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol","first-page":"132","article-title":"Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome and wrist osteoarthritis in long-term paraplegic patients compared with controls","volume":"39","year":"2014","unstructured":"Akbar\n M,\n \n \n Penzkofer\n S,\n \n \n Weber\n MA,\n \n \n Bruckner\n T,\n \n \n Winterstein\n M,\n \n \n Jung\n M.\n \n \n Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome and wrist osteoarthritis in long-term paraplegic patients compared with controls.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Hand Surg Eur Vol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t39(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t132\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t138."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b47","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"265","article-title":"The prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome among long-term manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study","volume":"39","year":"2016","unstructured":"Asheghan\n M,\n \n \n Hollisaz\n MT,\n \n \n Taheri\n T,\n \n \n Kazemi\n H,\n \n \n Aghda\n AK.\n \n \n The prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome among long-term manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t39(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t265\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t271."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b48","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional multicenter study","volume":"88","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yang\n J,\n \n \n Boninger\n ML,\n \n \n Leath\n JD,\n \n \n Fitzgerald\n SG,\n \n \n Dyson-Hudson\n TA,\n \n \n Chang\n MW.\n \n \n Carpal tunnel syndrome in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional multicenter study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t88(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t1007\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1016."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b49","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1770","article-title":"Transfer technique is associated with shoulder pain and pathology in people with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional investigation","volume":"97","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hogaboom\n NS,\n \n \n Worobey\n LA,\n \n \n Boninger\n ML.\n \n \n Transfer technique is associated with shoulder pain and pathology in people with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional investigation.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t97(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t1770\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1776."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b50","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"391","article-title":"Weight matters: physical and psychosocial well being of persons with spinal cord injury in relation to body mass index","volume":"92","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen\n Y,\n \n \n Cao\n Y,\n \n \n Allen\n V,\n \n \n Richards\n JS.\n \n \n Weight matters: physical and psychosocial well being of persons with spinal cord injury in relation to body mass index.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t92(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t391\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t398."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b51","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1030","article-title":"Long-term spinal cord injury: functional changes over time","volume":"74","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gerhart\n KA,\n \n \n Bergstrom\n E,\n \n \n Charlifue\n SW,\n \n \n Menter\n RR,\n \n \n Whiteneck\n GG.\n \n \n Long-term spinal cord injury: functional changes over time.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t1993;\n\t\t\t\t\t74(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t1030\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1034."},{"issue":"4 suppl","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b52","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"S125","article-title":"Role of body weight in therapy participation and rehabilitation outcomes among individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"94","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tian\n W,\n \n \n Hsieh\n CH,\n \n \n DeJong\n G,\n \n \n Backus\n D,\n \n \n Groah\n S,\n \n \n Ballard\n PH.\n \n \n Role of body weight in therapy participation and rehabilitation outcomes among individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t94(\n\t\t\t\t\t4 suppl):\n\t\t\t\t\tS125\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t136."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b53","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"384","article-title":"Obesity and inpatient rehabilitation outcomes for patients with a traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"92","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stenson\n KW,\n \n \n Deutsch\n A,\n \n \n Heinemann\n AW,\n \n \n Chen\n D.\n \n \n Obesity and inpatient rehabilitation outcomes for patients with a traumatic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t92(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t384\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t390."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b54","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"433","article-title":"Preservation of upper limb function following spinal cord injury: a clinical practice guideline for health-care professionals (reprinted)","volume":"28","year":"2005","unstructured":"Preservation of upper limb function following spinal cord injury: a clinical practice guideline for health-care professionals (reprinted).\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t28(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t433\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t470."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b55","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"313","article-title":"The need for updated clinical practice guidelines for preservation of upper extremities in manual wheelchair users: A position paper","volume":"94","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sawatzky\n B,\n \n \n DiGiovine\n C,\n \n \n Berner\n T,\n \n \n Roesler\n T,\n \n \n Katte\n L.\n \n \n The need for updated clinical practice guidelines for preservation of upper extremities in manual wheelchair users: A position paper.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t94(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t313\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t324."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b56","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil.","article-title":"Caloric intake relative to total daily energy expenditure using a spinal cord injury-specific correction factor: an analysis by level of injury [published online ahead of print 2019]","unstructured":"Farkas\n GJ,\n \n \n Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Dolbow\n DR,\n \n \n Berg\n AS,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n Caloric intake relative to total daily energy expenditure using a spinal cord injury-specific correction factor: an analysis by level of injury [published online ahead of print 2019].\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Phys Med Rehabil."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b57","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"197","article-title":"A primary care provider\u2019s guide to diet and nutrition after spinal cord injury","volume":"26","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gater\n DR,\n \n \n Bauman\n C,\n \n \n Cowan\n R.\n \n \n A primary care provider\u2019s guide to diet and nutrition after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t26(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t197\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t202."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b1","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"120","article-title":"International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury: cases with classification challenges","volume":"37","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kirshblum\n SC,\n \n \n Biering-Sorensen\n F,\n \n \n Betz\n R,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tInternational Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury: cases with classification challenges.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t37(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t120\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t127."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b2","series-title":"Spinal Cord.","first-page":"815","article-title":"The 2019 revision of the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI)\u2014What\u2019s new?","volume":"57","year":"2019","unstructured":"Betz\n R,\n \n \n Biering-S\u00f8rensen\n F,\n \n \n Burns\n SP,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tThe 2019 revision of the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI)\u2014What\u2019s new?Spinal Cord.2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t57(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t815\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t817."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b3","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"233","article-title":"Spinal cord injury surveillance in the United States: an overview","volume":"29","year":"1991","unstructured":"Harrison\n CL,\n \n \n Dijkers\n M.\n \n \n Spinal cord injury surveillance in the United States: an overview.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t1991;\n\t\t\t\t\t29(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t233\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t246."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b4","series-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am","first-page":"333","article-title":"Obesity after spinal cord injury","volume":"18","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gater\n DR\n Jr.\n \n \n Obesity after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhys Med Rehabil Clin N Am.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t18(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t333\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t351,\n\t\t\t\t\tvii."},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b5","series-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)","first-page":"S4","article-title":"Body composition phenotypes in pathways to obesity and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"34","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dulloo\n AG,\n \n \n Jacquet\n J,\n \n \n Solinas\n G,\n \n \n Montani\n JP,\n \n \n Schutz\n Y.\n \n \n Body composition phenotypes in pathways to obesity and the metabolic syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Obes (Lond).\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t34(\n\t\t\t\t\tsuppl 2):\n\t\t\t\t\tS4\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t17."},{"issue":"14","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b6","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1723","article-title":"Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999\u20132000","volume":"288","year":"2002","unstructured":"Flegal\n KM,\n \n \n Carroll\n MD,\n \n \n Ogden\n CL,\n \n \n Johnson\n CL.\n \n \n Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999\u20132000.\n\t\t\t\t\tJAMA.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002;\n\t\t\t\t\t288(\n\t\t\t\t\t14):\n\t\t\t\t\t1723\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1727."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b7","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"86","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in veterans with spinal cord injury","volume":"42","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gater\n DR,\n \n \n Farkas\n GJ,\n \n \n Berg\n AS,\n \n \n Castillo\n C.\n \n \n Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in veterans with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t86\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t93."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b8","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"237","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk and the need for prevention after paraplegia determined by conventional multifactorial risk models: the Stockholm Spinal Cord Injury Study","volume":"43","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wahman\n K,\n \n \n Nash\n MS,\n \n \n Lewis\n JE,\n \n \n Seiger\n A,\n \n \n Levi\n R.\n \n \n Cardiovascular disease risk and the need for prevention after paraplegia determined by conventional multifactorial risk models: the Stockholm Spinal Cord Injury Study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Rehabil Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t43(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t237\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t242."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b9","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"227","article-title":"Weight gain following spinal cord injury: a pilot study","volume":"34","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crane\n DA,\n \n \n Little\n JW,\n \n \n Burns\n SP.\n \n \n Weight gain following spinal cord injury: a pilot study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t34(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t227\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t232."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b10","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"378","article-title":"Neurogenic obesity and systemic inflammation following spinal cord injury: a review","volume":"41","year":"2018","unstructured":"Farkas\n GJ,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n Neurogenic obesity and systemic inflammation following spinal cord injury: a review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t41(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t378\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t387."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b11","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"812","article-title":"Methods for classifying obesity in spinal cord injury: a review","volume":"55","year":"2017","unstructured":"Silveira\n SL,\n \n \n Ledoux\n TA,\n \n \n Robinson-Whelen\n S,\n \n \n Stough\n R,\n \n \n Nosek\n MA.\n \n \n Methods for classifying obesity in spinal cord injury: a review.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t55(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t812\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t817."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b12","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"757","article-title":"Lowering body mass index cutoffs better identifies obese persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"47","year":"2009","unstructured":"Laughton\n GE,\n \n \n Buchholz\n AC,\n \n \n Martin Ginis\n KA,\n \n \n Goy\n RE.\n \n \n Lowering body mass index cutoffs better identifies obese persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t47(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t757\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t762."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b13","series-title":"The Physiology of Exercise in Spinal Cord Injury.","first-page":"175","article-title":"Alterations in body composition after SCI and the mitigating role of exercise","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gater\n DR,\n \n \n Farkas\n GJ.\n \n \n Alterations in body composition after SCI and the mitigating role of exercise.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:TaylorJA,\n\t\t\t\t\ted.The Physiology of Exercise in Spinal Cord Injury.Springer;\n\t\t\t\t\t2016:\n\t\t\t\t\t175\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t198."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b14","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"421","article-title":"Body mass index changes over 3 years and effect of obesity on community mobility for persons with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"39","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hatchett\n PE,\n \n \n Mulroy\n SJ,\n \n \n Eberly\n VJ,\n \n \n Haubert\n LL,\n \n \n Requejo\n PS.\n \n \n Body mass index changes over 3 years and effect of obesity on community mobility for persons with chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t39(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t421\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t432."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b15","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"643","article-title":"Identification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury clinical practice guideline for health care providers","volume":"42","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nash\n MS,\n \n \n Groah\n SL,\n \n \n Gater\n DR,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tIdentification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury clinical practice guideline for health care providers.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t643\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t677."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b16","series-title":"World J Orthop","first-page":"8","article-title":"Rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries","volume":"6","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nas\n K,\n \n \n Yazmalar\n L,\n \n \n \u015eah\n V,\n \n \n Ayd\u0131n\n A,\n \n \n \u00d6ne\u015f\n K.\n \n \n Rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries.\n\t\t\t\t\tWorld J Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t6(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t8\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t16."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b17","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"434","article-title":"Preservation of upper limb function following spinal cord injury: a clinical practice guideline for health-care professionals","volume":"28","year":"2005","unstructured":"Preservation of upper limb function following spinal cord injury: a clinical practice guideline for health-care professionals.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t28(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t434\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t470."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b18","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"803","article-title":"Life expectancy after spinal cord injury: a 50-year study","volume":"50","year":"2012","unstructured":"Middleton\n JW,\n \n \n Dayton\n A,\n \n \n Walsh\n J,\n \n \n Rutkowski\n SB,\n \n \n Leong\n G,\n \n \n Duong\n S.\n \n \n Life expectancy after spinal cord injury: a 50-year study.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t50(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t803\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t811."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b19","series-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg","first-page":"1","article-title":"The weight-bearing shoulder","volume":"26","year":"2017","unstructured":"Patel\n R,\n \n \n Gelber\n J,\n \n \n Schickendantz\n M.\n \n \n The weight-bearing shoulder.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Acad Orthop Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t26:\n\t\t\t\t\t1."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b20","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"186","article-title":"A primary care provider\u2019s guide to shoulder pain after spinal cord injury","volume":"26","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mulroy\n SJ,\n \n \n Hafdahl\n L,\n \n \n Dyson-Hudson\n T.\n \n \n A primary care provider\u2019s guide to shoulder pain after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t26(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t186\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t196."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b21","series-title":"Arch Neurosci","article-title":"Prevalence of shoulder pain in spinal cord injury patients referring to the brain and spinal cord injury research center of tehran university of medical sciences","volume":"7","year":"2020","unstructured":"Azadvari\n M,\n \n \n Razavi\n SZE,\n \n \n Tavasol\n T,\n \n \n Rakhshan\n A.\n \n \n Prevalence of shoulder pain in spinal cord injury patients referring to the brain and spinal cord injury research center of tehran university of medical sciences.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Neurosci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t7(\n\t\t\t\t\t1)."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b22","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"695","article-title":"Prevalence of upper extremity pain in a population of people with paraplegia","volume":"56","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kentar\n Y,\n \n \n Zastrow\n R,\n \n \n Bradley\n H,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tPrevalence of upper extremity pain in a population of people with paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t56(\n\t\t\t\t\t7):\n\t\t\t\t\t695\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t703."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b23","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"44","article-title":"Upper extremity pain in the post-rehabilitation spinal cord injured patient","volume":"73","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sie\n IH,\n \n \n Waters\n RL,\n \n \n Adkins\n RH,\n \n \n Gellman\n H.\n \n \n Upper extremity pain in the post-rehabilitation spinal cord injured patient.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t1992;\n\t\t\t\t\t73(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t44\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t48."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b24","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"191","article-title":"Upper extremity pain after spinal cord injury","volume":"37","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dalyan\n M,\n \n \n Cardenas\n DD,\n \n \n Gerard\n B.\n \n \n Upper extremity pain after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t37(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t191\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t195."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b25","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"4","article-title":"Shoulder pain in chronic spinal cord injury, Part I: Epidemiology, etiology, and pathomechanics","volume":"27","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dyson-Hudson\n TA,\n \n \n Kirshblum\n SC.\n \n \n Shoulder pain in chronic spinal cord injury, Part I: Epidemiology, etiology, and pathomechanics.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t27(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t4\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t17."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b26","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"910","article-title":"Wheelchair pushrim kinetics: body weight and median nerve function","volume":"80","year":"1999","unstructured":"Boninger\n ML,\n \n \n Cooper\n RA,\n \n \n Baldwin\n MA,\n \n \n Shimada\n SD,\n \n \n Koontz\n A.\n \n \n Wheelchair pushrim kinetics: body weight and median nerve function.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t80(\n\t\t\t\t\t8):\n\t\t\t\t\t910\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t915."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b27","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"152","article-title":"Upper extremity musculoskeletal pain during and after rehabilitation in wheelchair-using persons with a spinal cord injury","volume":"44","year":"2006","unstructured":"van Drongelen\n S,\n \n \n de Groot\n S,\n \n \n Veeger\n HE,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tUpper extremity musculoskeletal pain during and after rehabilitation in wheelchair-using persons with a spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t44(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t152\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t159."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b28","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"277","article-title":"Shoulder pain in persons with thoracic spinal cord injury: prevalence and characteristics","volume":"40","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alm\n M,\n \n \n Saraste\n H,\n \n \n Norrbrink\n C.\n \n \n Shoulder pain in persons with thoracic spinal cord injury: prevalence and characteristics.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Rehabil Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t40(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t277\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t283."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b29","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"676","article-title":"The weight-bearing shoulder \u2013 The impingement syndrome in paraplegics","volume":"69A","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bayley\n JC,\n \n \n Cochran\n TP,\n \n \n Sledge\n CB.\n \n \n The weight-bearing shoulder \u2013 The impingement syndrome in paraplegics.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Bone Joint Surg Am.\n\t\t\t\t\t1987;\n\t\t\t\t\t69A(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t676\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t678."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b30","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"120","article-title":"Upper limb pain in a national sample of veterans with paraplegia","volume":"27","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gironda\n RJ,\n \n \n Clark\n ME,\n \n \n Neugaard\n B,\n \n \n Nelson\n A.\n \n \n Upper limb pain in a national sample of veterans with paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t27(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t120\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t127."},{"issue":"233","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b31","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res.","first-page":"132","article-title":"Late complications of the weight-bearing upper extremity in the paraplegic patient","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gellman\n H,\n \n \n Sie\n I,\n \n \n Waters\n RL.\n \n \n Late complications of the weight-bearing upper extremity in the paraplegic patient.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Orthop Relat Res.1988(\n\t\t\t\t\t233):\n\t\t\t\t\t132\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t135."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b32","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"676","article-title":"The weight-bearing shoulder. The impingement syndrome in paraplegics","volume":"69","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bayley\n JC,\n \n \n Cochran\n TP,\n \n \n Sledge\n CB.\n \n \n The weight-bearing shoulder. The impingement syndrome in paraplegics.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Bone Joint Surg Am.\n\t\t\t\t\t1987;\n\t\t\t\t\t69(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t676\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t678."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b33","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"2086","article-title":"Shoulder ultrasound abnormalities, physical examination findings, and pain in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury","volume":"89","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brose\n SW,\n \n \n Boninger\n ML,\n \n \n Fullerton\n B,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tShoulder ultrasound abnormalities, physical examination findings, and pain in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t89(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t2086\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2093."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b34","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"504","article-title":"Effects of home exercises on shoulder pain and pathology in chronic spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"99","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cardenas\n DD,\n \n \n Felix\n ER,\n \n \n Cowan\n R,\n \n \n Orell\n MF,\n \n \n Irwin\n R.\n \n \n Effects of home exercises on shoulder pain and pathology in chronic spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t99(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t504\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t513."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b35","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"667","article-title":"Shoulder biomechanics during the push phase of wheelchair propulsion: a multisite study of persons with paraplegia","volume":"89","year":"2008","unstructured":"Collinger\n JL,\n \n \n Boninger\n ML,\n \n \n Koontz\n AM,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tShoulder biomechanics during the push phase of wheelchair propulsion: a multisite study of persons with paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t89(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t667\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t676."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b36","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"101","article-title":"Degenerative joint abnormalities in patients with paraplegia of duration greater than 20 years","volume":"26","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wylie\n EJ,\n \n \n Chakera\n TM.\n \n \n Degenerative joint abnormalities in patients with paraplegia of duration greater than 20 years.\n\t\t\t\t\tParaplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\t1988;\n\t\t\t\t\t26(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t101\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t106."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b37","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"407","article-title":"Biomechanics and strength of manual wheelchair users","volume":"28","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ambrosio\n F,\n \n \n Boninger\n ML,\n \n \n Souza\n AL,\n \n \n Fitzgerald\n SG,\n \n \n Koontz\n AM,\n \n \n Cooper\n RA.\n \n \n Biomechanics and strength of manual wheelchair users.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t28(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t407\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t414."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b38","series-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev","first-page":"401","article-title":"Shoulder imaging abnormalities in individuals with paraplegia","volume":"38","year":"2001","unstructured":"Boninger\n ML,\n \n \n Towers\n JD,\n \n \n Cooper\n RA,\n \n \n Dicianno\n BE,\n \n \n Munin\n MC.\n \n \n Shoulder imaging abnormalities in individuals with paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Rehabil Res Dev.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001;\n\t\t\t\t\t38(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t401\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t408."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b39","series-title":"Musculoskelet Surg","first-page":"S53","article-title":"Risk factors for shoulder pain in patients with spinal cord injury: a multicenter study","volume":"99","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ferrero\n G,\n \n \n Mijno\n E,\n \n \n Actis\n MV,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tRisk factors for shoulder pain in patients with spinal cord injury: a multicenter study.\n\t\t\t\t\tMusculoskelet Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t99(\n\t\t\t\t\tsuppl 1):\n\t\t\t\t\tS53\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t56."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b40","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"152","article-title":"Upper extremity musculoskeletal pain during and after rehabilitation in wheelchair-using persons with a spinal cord injury","volume":"44","year":"2006","unstructured":"van Drongelen\n S,\n \n \n de Groot\n S,\n \n \n Veeger\n HEJ,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tUpper extremity musculoskeletal pain during and after rehabilitation in wheelchair-using persons with a spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t44(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t152\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t159."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b41","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"17","article-title":"Compressive mononeuropathies of the upper extremity in chronic paraplegia","volume":"29","year":"1991","unstructured":"Davidoff\n G,\n \n \n Werner\n R,\n \n \n Waring\n W.\n \n \n Compressive mononeuropathies of the upper extremity in chronic paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tParaplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\t1991;\n\t\t\t\t\t29(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t17\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t24."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b42","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"21","article-title":"Reduced motor conduction velocity of the ulnar nerve in spinal cord injured patients","volume":"18","year":"1980","unstructured":"Stefaniwsky\n L,\n \n \n Bilowit\n DS,\n \n \n Prasad\n SS.\n \n \n Reduced motor conduction velocity of the ulnar nerve in spinal cord injured patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t1980;\n\t\t\t\t\t18(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t21\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t4."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b43","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"418","article-title":"Shoulder and elbow motion during two speeds of wheelchair propulsion: a description using a local coordinate system","volume":"36","year":"1998","unstructured":"Boninger\n ML,\n \n \n Cooper\n RA,\n \n \n Shimada\n SD,\n \n \n Rudy\n TE.\n \n \n Shoulder and elbow motion during two speeds of wheelchair propulsion: a description using a local coordinate system.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t1998;\n\t\t\t\t\t36(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t418\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t426."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b44","series-title":"BioMed Res Int","first-page":"984526","article-title":"The relationship between independent transfer skills and upper limb kinetics in wheelchair users","volume":"2014","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tsai\n C-Y,\n \n \n Hogaboom\n NS,\n \n \n Boninger\n ML,\n \n \n Koontz\n AM.\n \n \n The relationship between independent transfer skills and upper limb kinetics in wheelchair users.\n\t\t\t\t\tBioMed Res Int.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t2014:\n\t\t\t\t\t984526."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b45","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"406","article-title":"Elbow problems in paraplegic spinal cord injured patients: frequency and related risk factors\u2014a preliminary controlled study","volume":"51","year":"2013","unstructured":"Erhan\n B,\n \n \n G\u00fcnd\u00fcz\n B,\n \n \n Bardak\n AN,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tElbow problems in paraplegic spinal cord injured patients: frequency and related risk factors\u2014a preliminary controlled study.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t51(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t406\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t408."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b46","series-title":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol","first-page":"132","article-title":"Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome and wrist osteoarthritis in long-term paraplegic patients compared with controls","volume":"39","year":"2014","unstructured":"Akbar\n M,\n \n \n Penzkofer\n S,\n \n \n Weber\n MA,\n \n \n Bruckner\n T,\n \n \n Winterstein\n M,\n \n \n Jung\n M.\n \n \n Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome and wrist 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users with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional multicenter study","volume":"88","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yang\n J,\n \n \n Boninger\n ML,\n \n \n Leath\n JD,\n \n \n Fitzgerald\n SG,\n \n \n Dyson-Hudson\n TA,\n \n \n Chang\n MW.\n \n \n Carpal tunnel syndrome in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional multicenter study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t88(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t1007\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1016."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b49","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1770","article-title":"Transfer technique is associated with shoulder pain and pathology in people with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional investigation","volume":"97","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hogaboom\n NS,\n \n \n Worobey\n LA,\n \n \n Boninger\n ML.\n \n \n Transfer technique is associated with shoulder pain and pathology in people with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional investigation.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch 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Menter\n RR,\n \n \n Whiteneck\n GG.\n \n \n Long-term spinal cord injury: functional changes over time.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t1993;\n\t\t\t\t\t74(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t1030\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1034."},{"issue":"4 suppl","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b52","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"S125","article-title":"Role of body weight in therapy participation and rehabilitation outcomes among individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"94","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tian\n W,\n \n \n Hsieh\n CH,\n \n \n DeJong\n G,\n \n \n Backus\n D,\n \n \n Groah\n S,\n \n \n Ballard\n PH.\n \n \n Role of body weight in therapy participation and rehabilitation outcomes among individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t94(\n\t\t\t\t\t4 suppl):\n\t\t\t\t\tS125\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t136."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b53","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"384","article-title":"Obesity and inpatient rehabilitation outcomes for patients with a traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"92","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stenson\n KW,\n \n \n Deutsch\n A,\n \n \n Heinemann\n AW,\n \n \n Chen\n D.\n \n \n Obesity and inpatient rehabilitation outcomes for patients with a traumatic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t92(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t384\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t390."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b54","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"433","article-title":"Preservation of upper limb function following spinal cord injury: a clinical practice guideline for health-care professionals (reprinted)","volume":"28","year":"2005","unstructured":"Preservation of upper limb function following spinal cord injury: a clinical practice guideline for health-care professionals (reprinted).\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord 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ahead of print 2019]","unstructured":"Farkas\n GJ,\n \n \n Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Dolbow\n DR,\n \n \n Berg\n AS,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.\n \n \n Caloric intake relative to total daily energy expenditure using a spinal cord injury-specific correction factor: an analysis by level of injury [published online ahead of print 2019].\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Phys Med Rehabil."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-68-b57","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"197","article-title":"A primary care provider\u2019s guide to diet and nutrition after spinal cord injury","volume":"26","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gater\n DR,\n \n \n Bauman\n C,\n \n \n Cowan\n R.\n \n \n A primary care provider\u2019s guide to diet and nutrition after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t26(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t197\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t202."}],"container-title":["Topics in Spinal Cord Injury 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