{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T07:13:14Z","timestamp":1783581194206,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:bold>\n Physical deconditioning and inactivity following spinal cord injury (SCI) are associated with multiple cardiometabolic risks. To mitigate cardiometabolic risk, exercise is recommended, but it is poorly established whether arm cycling exercise (ACE) or functional electrical stimulation (FES) leg cycling yields superior benefits.\n Objectives:<\/jats:bold>\n To determine the adaptations of 16 weeks of FES cycling and ACE on exercise energy expenditure (EEE), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and obesity after SCI.\n Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n Thirteen physically untrained individuals were randomly assigned to FES (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 6) or ACE (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 7) exercise 5 days\/week for 16 weeks. Pre- and post-intervention EEE, peak oxygen consumption (absolute and relative VO\n 2Peak<\/jats:sub>\n ), and work were assessed using indirect calorimetry, while body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.\n Results:<\/jats:bold>\n Main effects were found for peak power (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < .001), absolute (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .046) and relative (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .042) VO\n 2Peak<\/jats:sub>\n , and peak work (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .013). Compared to baseline, the ACE group increased in EEE (+85%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .002), peak power (+307%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < .001), VO\n 2Peak<\/jats:sub>\n (absolute +21%, relative +22%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 .024), peak work (19% increase,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .003), and total body fat decreased (-6%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .05). The FES group showed a decrease in percentage body fat mass (\u22125%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .008). The ACE group had higher EEE (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .008), peak power (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < .001), and relative VO\n 2Peak<\/jats:sub>\n (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .025) compared to postintervention values in the FES group.\n Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n In the current study, ACE induced greater increases in EEE and CRF, whereas ACE and FES showed similar results on body fat. Exercise promotional efforts targeting persons with SCI should use both FES and ACE to reduce sedentary behavior and to optimize different health parameters after SCI.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci20-00065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T13:48:47Z","timestamp":1616161727000},"page":"121-134","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Energy Expenditure, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Body Composition Following Arm Cycling or Functional Electrical Stimulation Exercises in Spinal Cord Injury: A 16-Week Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Gary J.","family":"Farkas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraf S.","family":"Gorgey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Dolbow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, William Carey University, Hattiesburg, Mississippi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur S.","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Gater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b1","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"408","article-title":"A 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Regional and relative adiposity patterns in relation to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in men with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t36:\n\t\t\t\t\t107\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t114."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b32","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med.","first-page":"1","article-title":"The influence of level of spinal cord injury on adipose tissue and its relationship to inflammatory adipokines and cardiometabolic profiles","year":"2017","unstructured":"Farkas\n GJ,\n \n \n Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Dolbow\n DR,\n \n \n Berg\n AS,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.,\n \n \n The influence of level of spinal cord injury on adipose tissue and its relationship to inflammatory adipokines and cardiometabolic profiles.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.2017:\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t21."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b33","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"165","article-title":"Effects of resistance training on adiposity and metabolism after spinal cord injury","volume":"44","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Mather\n KJ,\n \n \n Cupp\n HR,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.,\n \n \n Effects of resistance training on adiposity and metabolism after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sports Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t44:\n\t\t\t\t\t165\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t174."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b34","series-title":"J Physiol","first-page":"1","article-title":"New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism","volume":"109","year":"1949","unstructured":"Weir\n JB.,\n \n \n New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1949;\n\t\t\t\t\t109(\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u20132):\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t9."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b35","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"225","article-title":"Acute responses of functional electrical stimulation cycling on the ventilation-to-CO2 production ratio and substrate utilization after spinal cord injury","volume":"8","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Lawrence\n J.,\n \n \n Acute responses of functional electrical stimulation cycling on the ventilation-to-CO2 production ratio and substrate utilization after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPM R.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t8(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t225\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t234."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b36","series-title":"Am J Clin Nutr","first-page":"1330","article-title":"Waist circumference and abdominal adipose tissue distribution: Influence of age and sex","volume":"81","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kuk\n JL,\n \n \n Lee\n S,\n \n \n Heymsfield\n SB,\n \n \n Ross\n R.,\n \n \n Waist circumference and abdominal adipose tissue distribution: Influence of age and sex.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Clin Nutr.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t81(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t1330\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1334."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b37","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"182","article-title":"Report of practicability of a 6-month home-based functional electrical stimulation cycling program in an individual with tetraplegia","volume":"35","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dolbow\n DR,\n \n \n Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Moore\n JR,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.,\n \n \n Report of practicability of a 6-month home-based functional electrical stimulation cycling program in an individual with tetraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t35(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t182\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t186."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b38","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"965","article-title":"The relationship between total body potassium and resting energy expenditure in individuals with paraplegia","volume":"74","year":"1993","unstructured":"Spungen\n AM,\n \n \n Bauman\n WA,\n \n \n Wang\n J,\n \n \n Pierson\n RN,\n Jr.\n \n \n The relationship between total body potassium and resting energy 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Med","first-page":"263","article-title":"Effects of functional electric stimulation cycle ergometry training on lower limb musculature in acute SCI individuals","volume":"4","year":"2005","unstructured":"Demchak\n TJ,\n \n \n Linderman\n JK,\n \n \n Mysiw\n WJ,\n \n \n Jackson\n R,\n \n \n Suun\n J,\n \n \n Devor\n ST.,\n \n \n Effects of functional electric stimulation cycle ergometry training on lower limb musculature in acute SCI individuals.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Sports Sci Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t4(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t263\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t271."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b1","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"408","article-title":"A prospective assessment of mortality in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"43","year":"2005","unstructured":"Garshick\n E,\n \n \n Kelley\n A,\n \n \n Cohen\n SA,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tA prospective assessment of mortality in chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t43(\n\t\t\t\t\t7):\n\t\t\t\t\t408\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t416."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b2","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"378","article-title":"Neurogenic obesity and systemic inflammation following spinal cord injury: a review","volume":"41","year":"2018","unstructured":"Farkas\n GJ,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.,\n \n \n Neurogenic obesity and systemic inflammation following spinal cord injury: a review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t41(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t378\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t387."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b3","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"643","article-title":"Identification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury","volume":"42","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nash\n MS,\n \n \n Groah\n SL,\n \n \n Gater\n DR,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tIdentification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t643\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t677."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b4","series-title":"BioMed Res Int","first-page":"1364818","article-title":"Liver adiposity and metabolic profile in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"2017","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rankin\n KC,\n \n \n O\u2019Brien\n LC,\n \n \n Segal\n L,\n \n \n Khan\n MR,\n \n \n Gorgey\n AS.,\n \n \n Liver adiposity and metabolic profile in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tBioMed Res Int.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t2017:\n\t\t\t\t\t1364818."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b5","series-title":"Metab Clin Exp","first-page":"843","article-title":"Central adiposity associations to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in individuals with complete motor spinal cord injury","volume":"60","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Mather\n KJ,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.,\n \n \n Central adiposity associations to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in individuals with complete motor spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tMetab Clin Exp.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t60:\n\t\t\t\t\t843\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t851."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b6","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"142","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in spinal cord injury: an overview of prevalence, risk, evaluation, and management","volume":"86","year":"2007","unstructured":"Myers\n J,\n \n \n Lee\n M,\n \n \n Kiratli\n J.,\n \n \n Cardiovascular disease in spinal cord injury: an overview of prevalence, risk, evaluation, and management.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t86(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t142\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t152."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b7","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"193","article-title":"The physical activity scale for individuals with physical disabilities: development and evaluation","volume":"83","year":"2002","unstructured":"Washburn\n RA,\n \n \n Zhu\n W,\n \n \n McAuley\n E,\n \n \n Frogley\n M,\n \n \n Figoni\n SF.,\n \n \n The physical activity scale for individuals with physical disabilities: development and evaluation.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002;\n\t\t\t\t\t83(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t193\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t200."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b8","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"23","article-title":"The effects of electrical stimulation on body composition and metabolic profile after spinal cord injury - Part II","volume":"38","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Dolbow\n DR,\n \n \n Dolbow\n JD,\n \n \n Khalil\n RK,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.,\n \n \n The effects of electrical stimulation on body composition and metabolic profile after spinal cord injury - Part II.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t38:\n\t\t\t\t\t23\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t37."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b9","series-title":"Med Sci Sports 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injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t49(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t1088\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1096."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b11","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1749","article-title":"Exercise recommendations and considerations for persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"96","year":"2015","unstructured":"Evans\n N,\n \n \n Wingo\n B,\n \n \n Sasso\n E,\n \n \n Hicks\n A,\n \n \n Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Harness\n E.,\n \n \n Exercise recommendations and considerations for persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t96(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t1749\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1750."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b12","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"1334","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine position stand. 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Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sports Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t43:\n\t\t\t\t\t1334\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1359."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b13","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"186","article-title":"Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science and the American College of Sports Medicine","volume":"45","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meeusen\n R,\n \n \n Duclos\n M,\n \n \n Foster\n C,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tPrevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science and the American College of Sports Medicine.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sports Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t45(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t186\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t205."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b14","series-title":"World J Orthop","first-page":"158","article-title":"Exercise awareness and barriers after spinal cord injury","volume":"5","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS.,\n \n \n Exercise awareness and barriers after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tWorld J Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t5(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t158\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t162."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b15","series-title":"ACSM\u2019s Resources for Clinical Exercise Physiology: Musculoskeletal, Neuromuscular, Neoplastic, Immunologic, and Hematologic Conditions","first-page":"58","article-title":"Spinal cord dysfunction","year":"2010","unstructured":"Figoni\n SF,\n \n \n Kiratli\n BJ,\n \n \n Sasaki\n R.,\n \n \n Spinal cord dysfunction.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:MyersJ,NiemanD,,\n\t\t\t\t\teds.ACSM\u2019s Resources for Clinical Exercise Physiology: Musculoskeletal, Neuromuscular, Neoplastic, Immunologic, and Hematologic Conditions.\n\t\t\t\t\t2nd ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia, PA:\n\t\t\t\t\tLippincott Williams & Wilkins;\n\t\t\t\t\t2010:\n\t\t\t\t\t58\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t78."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b16","series-title":"Four types of exercise can improve your health and physical ability","unstructured":"National Institute on Aging.\n \n \n Four types of exercise can improve your health and physical ability\n .\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/www.nia.nih.gov\/health\/four-types-exercise-can-improve-your-health-and-physical-ability. Published 2020. Updated April 2, 2020. Accessed November 17, 2020."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b17","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"1103","article-title":"The effects of exercise training on physical capacity, strength, body composition and functional performance among adults with spinal cord injury: A systematic review","volume":"49","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hicks\n AL,\n \n \n Martin Ginis\n KA,\n \n \n Pelletier\n CA,\n \n \n Ditor\n DS,\n \n \n Foulon\n B,\n \n \n Wolfe\n DL.,\n \n \n The effects of exercise training on physical capacity, strength, body composition and functional performance among adults with spinal cord injury: A systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t49:\n\t\t\t\t\t1103\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1127."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b18","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"272","article-title":"Arm crank ergometry improves cardiovascular disease risk factors and community mobility independent of body composition in high motor complete 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Rehabil Res","first-page":"273","article-title":"The combined effects of controlled breathing techniques and ventilatory and upper extremity muscle exercise on cardiopulmonary responses in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"28","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sutbeyaz\n ST,\n \n \n Koseoglu\n BF,\n \n \n Gokkaya\n NK.,\n \n \n The combined effects of controlled breathing techniques and ventilatory and upper extremity muscle exercise on cardiopulmonary responses in patients with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Rehabil Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t28(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t273\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t276."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b21","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"299","article-title":"Lipid profiles are influenced by arm cranking exercise and training in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"43","year":"2005","unstructured":"El-Sayed\n MS,\n \n \n Younesian\n A.,\n \n \n Lipid profiles are influenced by arm cranking exercise and training in individuals with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t43(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t299\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t305."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b22","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"673","article-title":"Effect of training intensity on physical capacity, lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in early rehabilitation of spinal cord injured individuals","volume":"41","year":"2003","unstructured":"de Groot\n PC,\n \n \n Hjeltnes\n N,\n \n \n Heijboer\n AC,\n \n \n Stal\n W,\n \n \n Birkeland\n K.,\n \n \n Effect of training intensity on physical capacity, lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in early rehabilitation of spinal cord injured individuals.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t41(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t673\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t679."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b23","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"107","article-title":"A report of anticipated benefits of functional electrical 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metabolic profile between exercise clinical trials in men with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"39","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Martin\n H,\n \n \n Metz\n A,\n \n \n Khalil\n RE,\n \n \n Dolbow\n DR,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.,\n \n \n Longitudinal changes in body composition and metabolic profile between exercise clinical trials in men with chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t39(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t699\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t712."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b26","series-title":"J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, Md: 1985)","first-page":"756","article-title":"Skeletal muscle signaling associated with impaired glucose tolerance in spinal cord-injured men and the effects of contractile activity","volume":"115","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yarar-Fisher\n C,\n \n \n Bickel\n CS,\n \n \n Windham\n ST,\n \n \n McLain\n AB,\n \n \n Bamman\n MM.,\n \n \n Skeletal muscle signaling associated with impaired glucose 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spinal cord injury","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Graham\n ZA,\n \n \n Bauman\n WA,\n \n \n Cardozo\n C,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.,\n \n \n Abundance in proteins expressed after functional electrical stimulation cycling or arm cycling ergometry training in persons with chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.2016:\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t10."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b29","series-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol","first-page":"614","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation cycling improves body composition, metabolic and neural factors in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"19","year":"2009","unstructured":"Griffin\n L,\n \n \n Decker\n MJ,\n \n \n Hwang\n JY,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tFunctional electrical stimulation cycling improves body composition, metabolic and neural factors in persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Electromyogr 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Regional and relative adiposity patterns in relation to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in men with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t36:\n\t\t\t\t\t107\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t114."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b32","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med.","first-page":"1","article-title":"The influence of level of spinal cord injury on adipose tissue and its relationship to inflammatory adipokines and cardiometabolic profiles","year":"2017","unstructured":"Farkas\n GJ,\n \n \n Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Dolbow\n DR,\n \n \n Berg\n AS,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.,\n \n \n The influence of level of spinal cord injury on adipose tissue and its relationship to inflammatory adipokines and cardiometabolic profiles.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.2017:\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t21."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b33","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"165","article-title":"Effects of resistance training on adiposity and metabolism after spinal cord injury","volume":"44","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gorgey\n AS,\n \n \n Mather\n KJ,\n \n \n Cupp\n HR,\n \n \n Gater\n DR.,\n \n \n Effects of resistance training on adiposity and metabolism after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sports Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t44:\n\t\t\t\t\t165\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t174."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b34","series-title":"J Physiol","first-page":"1","article-title":"New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism","volume":"109","year":"1949","unstructured":"Weir\n JB.,\n \n \n New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1949;\n\t\t\t\t\t109(\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u20132):\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t9."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-1-121-b35","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"225","article-title":"Acute responses of functional electrical stimulation cycling on the ventilation-to-CO2 production 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