{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T22:00:46Z","timestamp":1784757646397,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Urinary symptoms and urinary tract infection (UTI) are frequent and burdensome problems associated with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To determine whether an association exists between urinary symptoms and urine dipstick results among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) or multiple sclerosis (MS).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Prospective 12-month cohort study of 76 participants with SCI or MS who manage their bladders by voiding. Eligibility criteria included adults \u226518 years old, at least three UTIs since diagnosis, and residence in the United States. Participants completed the Urinary Symptoms Questionnaire for Neurogenic Bladder\u2013Voider version (USQNB-V) biweekly (26 assessments) and tested their urine by dipstick at the same time. Symptom burden was estimated based on endorsements of USQNB-V symptoms classified as clinically actionable (9), bladder function (8), and urine quality (4). Urine dipstick results assessed were leukocyte esterase (LE) and nitrite (NIT).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Participants were stratified into four groups based on etiology of neurologic dysfunction and whether they ever experienced any urinary symptoms (USx): SCI+USx (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 14), SCI+NoUSx (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 5), MS+USx (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 32), and MS+NoUSx (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 25). In descending order, symptom burden was greatest for the MS+USx group, followed by both SCI groups; it was lowest for MS+NoUSx. We assessed multiple definitions of \u201cpositive\u201d dipstick and found evidence of independence of USQNB-V symptoms and urinary dipstick results with each definition. In each group, the median (and majority) of strong positive dipsticks did not coincide with any symptoms.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Among people with SCI or MS who void, self-administered urine dipstick results and urinary symptom reporting contribute independent information for clinical decision making.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci21-00006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T12:26:57Z","timestamp":1645792017000},"page":"116-128","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Independence of Urinary Symptoms and Urinary Dipstick Results in Voiders With Neurogenic Bladder"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Groah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Washington, DC"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rochelle E.","family":"Tractenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative for Research on Outcomes and Metrics, Silver Spring, Maryland"},{"name":"Departments of Neurology, Rehabilitation Medicine, and Biostatistics, Bioinformatics & Biomathematics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie K.","family":"Frost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative for Research on Outcomes and Metrics, Silver Spring, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Rounds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Washington, DC"},{"name":"MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inger","family":"Ljungberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Washington, DC"},{"name":"MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-5763-28-2-116-b1","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1086\/427507","article-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Adults","volume":"40","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nicolle\n LE,\n \n \n Bradley\n S,\n \n \n Colgan\n R,\n \n \n Rice\n JC,\n \n \n Schaeffer\n A,\n \n \n Hooton\n TM.\n \n \n Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Adults.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Infect Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t40(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t643\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t654.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1086\/427507"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-5763-28-2-116-b2","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am","first-page":"625","article-title":"Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 International Clinical Practice Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"50","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hooton\n TM,\n \n \n Bradley\n SF,\n \n \n Cardenas\n DD,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tDiagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 International Clinical Practice Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t50(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t625\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t663."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-5763-28-2-116-b3","series-title":"J Transl 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Gynecol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t111(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t785\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t794.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318169f6ef"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-5763-28-2-116-b6","series-title":"Eur J Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2012.03806.x","article-title":"Testing for urinary tract colonization before high-dose corticosteroid treatment in acute multiple sclerosis relapses: Prospective algorithm validation","volume":"20","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rakusa\n M,\n \n \n Murphy\n O,\n \n \n McIntyre\n L,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tTesting for urinary tract colonization before high-dose corticosteroid treatment in acute multiple sclerosis relapses: Prospective algorithm validation.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Neurol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t20(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t448\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t452.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2012.03806.x"},{"issue":"Suppl 1A","key":"i1945-5763-28-2-116-b7","series-title":"Am J 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Urodyn.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t30(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t395\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t401.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1002\/nau.21003"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-5763-28-2-116-b9","series-title":"Transl Androl Urol","first-page":"72","article-title":"Urinary tract infection in the neurogenic bladder","volume":"5","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vigil\n HR,\n \n \n Hickling\n DR.\n \n \n Urinary tract infection in the neurogenic bladder.\n\t\t\t\t\tTransl Androl Urol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t5(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t72\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t87."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-5763-28-2-116-b10","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.123","article-title":"Is the emergency department an appropriate substitute for primary care for persons with traumatic spinal cord injury?","volume":"51","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guilcher\n SJT,\n \n \n Craven\n BC,\n \n \n Calzavara\n A,\n \n \n McColl\n MA,\n \n \n Jaglal\n SB.\n \n \n Is the emergency department an appropriate substitute for primary care for persons with traumatic spinal cord injury?\n \n Spinal Cord\n .\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t51(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t202\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t208.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1038\/sc.2012.123"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-5763-28-2-116-b11","series-title":"Neurourol Urodyn","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22378","article-title":"Factors implicated in pathogenesis of urinary tract infections in neurogenic bladders: Some revered, few forgotten, others ignored: Pathogenesis of UTI in neurogenic bladders","volume":"33","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vasudeva\n P,\n \n \n Madersbacher\n H.\n \n \n Factors implicated in pathogenesis of urinary tract infections in neurogenic bladders: Some revered, few forgotten, others ignored: Pathogenesis of UTI in neurogenic bladders.\n\t\t\t\t\tNeurourol Urodyn.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t33(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t95\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t100.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1002\/nau.22378"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-5763-28-2-116-b12","series-title":"Eur Urol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2009.04.028","article-title":"EAU guidelines on neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction","volume":"56","year":"2009","unstructured":"St\u00f6hrer\n M,\n \n \n Blok\n B,\n \n \n Castro-Diaz\n D,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tEAU guidelines on neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur Urol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t56(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t81\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t88.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.eururo.2009.04.028"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-5763-28-2-116-b13","series-title":"J Am Paraplegia Soc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/01952307.1992.11735873","article-title":"The prevention and management of urinary tract infections among people with spinal cord injuries","volume":"15","year":"1992","unstructured":"Disability NI on, Rehabilitation Research Consensus Statement January 27\u201329, 1992.\n \n The prevention and management of urinary tract infections among people with spinal cord injuries.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Paraplegia Soc.\n\t\t\t\t\t1992;\n\t\t\t\t\t15(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t194\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t207.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1080\/01952307.1992.11735873"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-5763-28-2-116-b14","series-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0557","article-title":"Variation in definitions of urinary tract infections in spina bifida patients: A systematic review","volume":"132","year":"2013","unstructured":"Madden-Fuentes\n RJ,\n \n \n McNamara\n ER,\n \n \n Lloyd\n JC,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tVariation in definitions of urinary tract infections in spina bifida patients: A systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tPediatrics.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t132(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t132\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t139.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1542\/peds.2013-0557"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-5763-28-2-116-b15","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171114","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171114","article-title":"Maintaining primacy of the patient perspective in the development of patient-centered patient reported outcomes","volume":"12","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tractenberg\n RE,\n \n \n Garver\n A,\n \n \n Ljungberg\n IH,\n \n \n Schladen\n MM,\n \n \n Groah\n SL.\n \n \n Maintaining primacy of the patient perspective in the development of patient-centered patient reported outcomes.\n\t\t\t\t\tPLoS One.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t12(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\te0171114.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0171114."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1945-5763-28-2-116-b16","series-title":"PLoS 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A meta-analysis of the accuracy.\n\t\t\t\t\tBMC Urol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t4(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t4.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1186\/1471-2490-4-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-5763-28-2-116-b24","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1179\/107902610X12886261091839","article-title":"Treatment of urinary tract infection in persons with spinal cord injury: Guidelines, evidence, and clinical practice","volume":"34","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pannek\n J.\n \n \n Treatment of urinary tract infection in persons with spinal cord injury: Guidelines, evidence, and clinical practice.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t34(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t11\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t15.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1179\/107902610X12886261091839"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-5763-28-2-116-b25","series-title":"J Fam Med Prim Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.222024","article-title":"The reliability and validity of using the urine dipstick test by patient self-assessment for urinary tract infection screening in spinal cord injury patients","volume":"6","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duanngai\n K,\n \n \n Sirasaporn\n P,\n \n \n Ngaosinchai\n SS.\n \n \n The reliability and validity of using the urine dipstick test by patient self-assessment for urinary tract infection screening in spinal cord injury patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Fam Med Prim Care.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t6(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t578\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t582.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.4103\/2249-4863.222024"},{"issue":"7","key":"i1945-5763-28-2-116-b26","series-title":"Progres En Urol J Assoc Francaise Urol Soc Francaise Urol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.purol.2017.03.009","article-title":"Validity of urine dipstick test to assess eradication of urinary tract infection in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"27","year":"2017","unstructured":"Previnaire\n JG,\n \n \n Soler\n JM,\n \n \n Chouaki\n L,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tValidity of urine dipstick test to assess eradication of urinary tract infection in persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tProgres En Urol J Assoc Francaise Urol Soc Francaise Urol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t27(\n\t\t\t\t\t7):\n\t\t\t\t\t424\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t430.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.purol.2017.03.009"},{"issue":"8","key":"i1945-5763-28-2-116-b27","series-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14907","article-title":"\u201cUrinary tract infection\u201d\u2013requiem for a heavyweight","volume":"65","year":"2017","unstructured":"Finucane\n TE.\n \n \n \u201cUrinary tract infection\u201d\u2013requiem for a heavyweight.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Geriatr Soc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t65(\n\t\t\t\t\t8):\n\t\t\t\t\t1650\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1655.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1111\/jgs.14907"},{"issue":"20","key":"i1945-5763-28-2-116-b28","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2004.11753743","article-title":"Nitrite and leukocyte dipstick testing for urinary tract infection in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"27","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hoffman\n JM,\n \n \n Wadhwani\n R,\n \n \n Kelly\n E,\n \n \n Dixit\n B,\n \n \n Cardenas\n DD.\n \n \n Nitrite and leukocyte dipstick testing for urinary tract infection in individuals with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t27(\n\t\t\t\t\t20):\n\t\t\t\t\t128\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t132.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1080\/10790268.2004.11753743."}],"container-title":["Topics in Spinal Cord Injury 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