{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T08:06:02Z","timestamp":1778745962252,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:bold>\n Neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD) following spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a major source of morbidity, negatively impacting quality of life and overall independence. The long-term changes in bowel care needs are not well-reported, preventing consensus on the natural course and optimal management of NBD following injury.\n Objectives:<\/jats:bold>\n To understand the changes in bowel management needs over time following SCI.\n Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n A retrospective observational study using the National Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems database evaluated the degree of independence with bowel management at discharge from inpatient rehabilitation across time (1988\u20132016). The prevalence and consecutive trajectory of bowel management was also evaluated at discharge and at each 5-year follow-up period, for 25 years.\n Results:<\/jats:bold>\n The majority of individuals discharged from inpatient rehabilitation (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 17,492) required total assistance with bowel management, a trend that significantly increased over time. However, by 5-years post injury, there was a significant shift in bowel management needs from total assistance to modified independence. In those with consecutive 25-year follow-up data (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 11,131), a similar shift in bowel management to a less dependent strategy occurred even at chronic time points post injury, primarily in individuals with paraplegia and classified as motor and sensory complete.\n Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n The findings of this study highlight the need for providing continued multipronged interventions (e.g., rehabilitative, educational, psycho-social) at the different stages of SCI to support individuals not only in the immediate years after discharge but also well into the chronic stages after injury.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci21-00008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T14:28:36Z","timestamp":1637159316000},"page":"53-67","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Longitudinal Trends and Prevalence of Bowel Management in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Dietz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwadwo","family":"Sarpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Ugiliweneza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"},{"name":"Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"},{"name":"Department of Health Management and Systems Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dengzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"},{"name":"Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sevda S.","family":"Aslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"},{"name":"Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camilo","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"},{"name":"Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maxwell","family":"Boakye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"},{"name":"Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"April N.","family":"Herrity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"},{"name":"Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b1","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-9993(99)90251-4","article-title":"Long-term medical complications after traumatic spinal cord injury: A regional model systems analysis","volume":"80","year":"1999","unstructured":"McKinley\n WO,\n \n \n Jackson\n AB,\n \n \n Cardenas\n DD,\n \n \n DeVivo\n MJ.\n \n \n Long-term medical complications after traumatic spinal cord injury: A regional model systems analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t80:\n\t\t\t\t\t1402\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1410,\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/s0003-9993(99)90251-4."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b2","series-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.07.010","article-title":"Spinal cord injury: A comprehensive review","volume":"18","year":"2007","unstructured":"Branco\n F,\n \n \n Cardenas\n DD,\n \n \n Svircev\n JN.\n \n \n Spinal cord injury: A comprehensive review.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhys Med Rehabil Clin N Am.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t18:\n\t\t\t\t\t651\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t679,\n\t\t\t\t\tv.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.07.010."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b3","series-title":"Inj Epidemiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-015-0061-4","article-title":"Epidemiology and contemporary risk profile of traumatic spinal cord injury in Switzerland","volume":"2","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chamberlain\n JD,\n \n \n \n Epidemiology and contemporary risk profile of traumatic spinal cord injury in Switzerland.\n\t\t\t\t\tInj Epidemiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t2:\n\t\t\t\t\t28.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1186\/s40621-015-0061-4."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b4","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2102-149","article-title":"Depression following spinal cord injury: Its relationship to demographic and socioeconomic indicators","volume":"21","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khazaeipour\n Z,\n \n \n Taheri-Otaghsara\n SM,\n \n \n Naghdi\n M.\n \n \n Depression following spinal cord injury: Its relationship to demographic and socioeconomic indicators.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t21:\n\t\t\t\t\t149\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t155.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1310\/sci2102-149."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b5","series-title":"Prog Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)52034-X","article-title":"Autonomic dysfunction in spinal cord injury: Clinical presentation of symptoms and signs","volume":"152","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karlsson\n AK.\n \n \n Autonomic dysfunction in spinal cord injury: Clinical presentation of symptoms and signs.\n\t\t\t\t\tProg Brain Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t152:\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t8.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)52034-X."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b6","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2004.21.1371","article-title":"Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord-injured population","volume":"21","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anderson\n KD.\n \n \n Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord-injured population.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Neurotrauma.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t21:\n\t\t\t\t\t1371\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1383.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1089\/neu.2004.21.1371."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b7","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2015.1123845","article-title":"Problematic secondary health conditions among adults with spinal cord injury and its impact on social participation and daily life","volume":"39","year":"2016","unstructured":"Piatt\n JA,\n \n \n Nagata\n S,\n \n \n Zahl\n M,\n \n \n Li\n J,\n \n \n Rosenbluth\n JP.\n \n \n Problematic secondary health conditions among adults with spinal cord injury and its impact on social participation and daily life.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t39:\n\t\t\t\t\t693\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t698.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1080\/10790268.2015.1123845."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b8","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"291","article-title":"Sexual loss in relation to other functional losses for spinal cord injured males","volume":"57","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hanson\n RW,\n \n \n Franklin\n MR.\n \n \n Sexual loss in relation to other functional losses for spinal cord injured males.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t1976;\n\t\t\t\t\t57:\n\t\t\t\t\t291\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t293."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b9","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1651","article-title":"Bowel dysfunction in spinal-cord-injury patients","volume":"347","year":"1996","unstructured":"Glickman\n S,\n \n \n Kamm\n MA.\n \n \n Bowel dysfunction in spinal-cord-injury patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tLancet.\n\t\t\t\t\t1996;\n\t\t\t\t\t347:\n\t\t\t\t\t1651\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1653."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b10","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-9993(97)90416-0","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury: Clinical evaluation and rehabilitative management","volume":"78","year":"1997","unstructured":"Stiens\n SA,\n \n \n Bergman\n SB,\n \n \n Goetz\n LL.\n \n \n Neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury: Clinical evaluation and rehabilitative management.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t78:\n\t\t\t\t\tS86\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t102.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/s0003-9993(97)90416-0."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b11","series-title":"Br J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5499","article-title":"Sacral nerve stimulation for neurogenic faecal incontinence","volume":"94","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holzer\n B,\n \n \n \n Sacral nerve stimulation for neurogenic faecal incontinence.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t94:\n\t\t\t\t\t749\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t753.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1002\/bjs.5499."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b12","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.45","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia during bowel evacuation procedures and bladder filling in subjects with spinal cord injury","volume":"52","year":"2014","unstructured":"Faaborg\n PM,\n \n \n \n Autonomic dysreflexia during bowel evacuation procedures and bladder filling in subjects with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t52:\n\t\t\t\t\t494\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t498.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1038\/sc.2014.45."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b13","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5343","article-title":"A community perspective on bowel management and quality of life after spinal cord injury: The influence of autonomic dysreflexia","volume":"35","year":"2018","unstructured":"Inskip\n JA,\n \n \n Lucci\n VM,\n \n \n McGrath\n MS,\n \n \n Willms\n R,\n \n \n Claydon\n VE.\n \n \n A community perspective on bowel management and quality of life after spinal cord injury: The influence of autonomic dysreflexia.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Neurotrauma.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t35:\n\t\t\t\t\t1091\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1105.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1089\/neu.2017.5343."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b14","series-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.20.06412-6","article-title":"Treatments in neurogenic bowel dysfunctions: Evidence reviews and clinical recommendations in adults","volume":"56","year":"2020","unstructured":"Musco\n S,\n \n \n \n Treatments in neurogenic bowel dysfunctions: Evidence reviews and clinical recommendations in adults.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Phys Rehabil Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t56(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t741\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t755.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.23736\/S1973-9087.20.06412-6."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b15","series-title":"Neurobiol Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105153","article-title":"LAR inhibitory peptide promotes recovery of diaphragm function and multiple forms of respiratory neural circuit plasticity after cervical spinal cord injury [published online ahead of print October 28, 2020]","unstructured":"Cheng\n L\n \n , .\n\t\t\t\t\tLAR inhibitory peptide promotes recovery of diaphragm function and multiple forms of respiratory neural circuit plasticity after cervical spinal cord injury [published online ahead of print October 28, 2020].\n\t\t\t\t\tNeurobiol Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105153."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b16","series-title":"Clin Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.08.020","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation and bladder function: A systematic review","volume":"130","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nardone\n R,\n \n \n \n Transcranial magnetic stimulation and bladder function: A systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Neurophysiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t130:\n\t\t\t\t\t2032\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2037.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.08.020."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b17","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.14","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel management after spinal cord injury: A systematic review of the evidence","volume":"48","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krassioukov\n A,\n \n \n Eng\n JJ,\n \n \n Claxton\n G,\n \n \n Sakakibara\n BM,\n \n \n Shum\n S.\n \n \n Neurogenic bowel management after spinal cord injury: A systematic review of the evidence.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t48:\n\t\t\t\t\t718\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t733.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1038\/sc.2010.14."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b18","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-9993(99)90246-0","article-title":"History, implementation, and current status of the National Spinal Cord Injury Database","volume":"80","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stover\n SL,\n \n \n DeVivo\n MJ,\n \n \n Go\n BK.\n \n \n History, implementation, and current status of the National Spinal Cord Injury Database.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t80:\n\t\t\t\t\t1365\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1371.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/s0003-9993(99)90246-0."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b19","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1801-85","article-title":"International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury, revised 2011","volume":"18","year":"2012","unstructured":"Burns\n S,\n \n \n \n International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury, revised 2011.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t18:\n\t\t\t\t\t85\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t99.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1310\/sci1801-85."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b20","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1179\/204577211X13207446293695","article-title":"International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury (revised 2011)","volume":"34","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kirshblum\n SC,\n \n \n \n International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury (revised 2011).\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t34:\n\t\t\t\t\t535\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t546.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1179\/204577211X13207446293695."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b21","series-title":"Spinal cord injury facts and figures at a glance.","year":"2021","unstructured":"National Spinal Cord Injury Center\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal cord injury facts and figures at a glance.Birmingham, AL:\n\t\t\t\t\tUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham;\n\t\t\t\t\t2021."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b22","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"75","article-title":"Management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in adults after spinal cord injury: Clinical practice guideline for health care providers","volume":"27","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johns\n J,\n \n \n Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Rodriguez\n GM,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tManagement of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in adults after spinal cord injury: Clinical practice guideline for health care providers.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;\n\t\t\t\t\t27(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t75\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t151"},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b23","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"261","article-title":"The colon, anorectum, and spinal cord patient. A review of the functional alterations of the denervated hindgut","volume":"32","year":"1989","unstructured":"Longo\n WE,\n \n \n Ballantyne\n GH,\n \n \n Modlin\n IM.\n \n \n The colon, anorectum, and spinal cord patient. A review of the functional alterations of the denervated hindgut.\n\t\t\t\t\tDis Colon Rectum.\n\t\t\t\t\t1989;\n\t\t\t\t\t32:\n\t\t\t\t\t261\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t267."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b24","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.103","article-title":"Impact of health problems secondary to SCI one and five years after first inpatient rehabilitation","volume":"55","year":"2017","unstructured":"van der Meer\n P,\n \n \n \n Impact of health problems secondary to SCI one and five years after first inpatient rehabilitation.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t55:\n\t\t\t\t\t98\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t104.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1038\/sc.2016.103."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b25","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.181","article-title":"Prediction of severe neurogenic bowel dysfunction in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"48","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu\n CW,\n \n \n \n Prediction of severe neurogenic bowel dysfunction in persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t48:\n\t\t\t\t\t554\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t559.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1038\/sc.2009.181."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b26","series-title":"Age Ageing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afh040","article-title":"Effects of ageing on gastrointestinal motor function","volume":"33","year":"2004","unstructured":"Madsen\n JL,\n \n \n Graff\n J.\n \n \n Effects of ageing on gastrointestinal motor function.\n\t\t\t\t\tAge Ageing.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t33:\n\t\t\t\t\t154\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t159.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1093\/ageing\/afh040."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b27","series-title":"Gastroenterology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)90516-7","article-title":"Fall in the number of myenteric neurons in aging guinea pigs","volume":"96","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gabella\n G.\n \n \n Fall in the number of myenteric neurons in aging guinea pigs.\n\t\t\t\t\tGastroenterology.\n\t\t\t\t\t1989;\n\t\t\t\t\t96:\n\t\t\t\t\t1487\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1493.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/0016-5085(89)90516-7."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b28","series-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G489","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00091.2002","article-title":"Age-related changes in the enteric nervous system","volume":"283","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wade\n PRI.\n \n \n Age-related changes in the enteric nervous system.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002;\n\t\t\t\t\t283:\n\t\t\t\t\tG489\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\tG495.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1152\/ajpgi.00091.2002."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b29","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.01.011","article-title":"Outcomes of neurogenic bowel management in individuals living with a spinal cord injury for at least 10 years","volume":"96","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adriaansen\n JJ,\n \n \n van Asbeck\n FW,\n \n \n van Kuppevelt\n D,\n \n \n Snoek\n GJ,\n \n \n Post\n MW.\n \n \n Outcomes of neurogenic bowel management in individuals living with a spinal cord injury for at least 10 years.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t96:\n\t\t\t\t\t905\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t912.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.01.011."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b30","series-title":"Physiol Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14617","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14617","article-title":"Heart rate and blood pressure response improve the prediction of orthostatic cardiovascular dysregulation in persons with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"8","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang\n S,\n \n \n \n Heart rate and blood pressure response improve the prediction of orthostatic cardiovascular dysregulation in persons with chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhysiol Rep.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t8:\n\t\t\t\t\te14617\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\te14617,\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.14814\/phy2.14617."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b31","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.23.1713","article-title":"Orthostatic hypotension and autonomic pathways after spinal cord injury","volume":"23","year":"2006","unstructured":"Claydon\n VE,\n \n \n Krassioukov\n AV.\n \n \n Orthostatic hypotension and autonomic pathways after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Neurotrauma.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t23:\n\t\t\t\t\t1713\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1725.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1089\/neu.2006.23.1713."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b32","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.5.Spine171242","article-title":"Outcomes in socioeconomically disadvantaged patients with spinal cord injury: A systematic review","volume":"29","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jorge\n A,\n \n \n White\n MD,\n \n \n Agarwal\n N.\n \n \n Outcomes in socioeconomically disadvantaged patients with spinal cord injury: A systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Neurosurg Spine.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t29:\n\t\t\t\t\t680\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t686.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.3171\/2018.5.Spine171242."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b33","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102026","article-title":"Sir Ludwig Guttmann Lecture: Trends in spinal cord injury rehabilitation outcomes from model systems in the United States: 1973\u20132006","volume":"45","year":"2007","unstructured":"DeVivo\n MJ.\n \n \n Sir Ludwig Guttmann Lecture: Trends in spinal cord injury rehabilitation outcomes from model systems in the United States: 1973\u20132006.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t45:\n\t\t\t\t\t713\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t721.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1038\/sj.sc.3102026."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b34","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-9993(99)90258-7","article-title":"Medical rehabilitation length of stay and outcomes for persons with traumatic spinal cord injury--1990\u20131997","volume":"80","year":"1999","unstructured":"Eastwood\n EA,\n \n \n Hagglund\n KJ,\n \n \n Ragnarsson\n KT,\n \n \n Gordon\n WA,\n \n \n Marino\n RJ.\n \n \n Medical rehabilitation length of stay and outcomes for persons with traumatic spinal cord injury--1990\u20131997.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t80:\n\t\t\t\t\t1457\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1463.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/s0003-9993(99)90258-7."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b35","series-title":"West J Med","first-page":"602","article-title":"Spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation adds life to years","volume":"154","year":"1991","unstructured":"De Vivo\n MJ,\n \n \n Richards\n JS,\n \n \n Stover\n SL,\n \n \n Go\n BK.\n \n \n Spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation adds life to years.\n\t\t\t\t\tWest J Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t1991;\n\t\t\t\t\t154:\n\t\t\t\t\t602\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t606."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b36","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1301-11","article-title":"Neurological and functional outcomes associated with SCI rehabilitation","volume":"13","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wolfe\n D,\n \n \n Hsieh\n J,\n \n \n Curt\n A,\n \n \n Teasell\n R.\n \n \n Neurological and functional outcomes associated with SCI rehabilitation.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t13:\n\t\t\t\t\t11\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t31.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1310\/sci1301-11."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b37","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101743","article-title":"Rehabilitation outcomes following traumatic spinal cord injury in a tertiary spinal cord injury centre: A comparison with an international standard","volume":"43","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chan\n SCC,\n \n \n Chan\n APS.\n \n \n Rehabilitation outcomes following traumatic spinal cord injury in a tertiary spinal cord injury centre: A comparison with an international standard.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t43:\n\t\t\t\t\t489\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t498.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1038\/sj.sc.3101743."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b38","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101433","article-title":"Rehabilitation outcomes in traumatic spinal cord injury in Australia: Functional status, length of stay and discharge setting","volume":"41","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tooth\n L,\n \n \n McKenna\n K,\n \n \n Geraghty\n T.\n \n \n Rehabilitation outcomes in traumatic spinal cord injury in Australia: Functional status, length of stay and discharge setting.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t41:\n\t\t\t\t\t220\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t230.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1038\/sj.sc.3101433."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b39","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1179\/204577231 2Y.0000000067","article-title":"Relationship of nursing education and care management inpatient rehabilitation interventions and patient characteristics to outcomes following spinal cord injury: The SCIRehab project","volume":"35","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bailey\n J,\n \n \n \n Relationship of nursing education and care management inpatient rehabilitation interventions and patient characteristics to outcomes following spinal cord injury: The SCIRehab project.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t35:\n\t\t\t\t\t593\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t610.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1179\/204577231 2Y.0000000067."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b40","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.11.002","article-title":"Effect of different forms of activity-based recovery training on bladder, bowel, and sexual function after spinal cord injury [published online ahead of print December 3, 2020]","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hubscher\n CH,\n \n \n \n Effect of different forms of activity-based recovery training on bladder, bowel, and sexual function after spinal cord injury [published online ahead of print December 3, 2020].\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.11.002."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b41","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02055170","article-title":"Colorectal function in patients with spinal cord lesions","volume":"40","year":"1997","unstructured":"Krogh\n K,\n \n \n \n Colorectal function in patients with spinal cord lesions.\n\t\t\t\t\tDis Colon Rectum.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t40:\n\t\t\t\t\t1233\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1239.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1007\/bf02055170."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b42","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102121","article-title":"The pattern of colorectal dysfunction changes with time since spinal cord injury","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Faaborg\n PM,\n \n \n Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Finnerup\n N,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S,\n \n \n Krogh\n K.\n \n \n The pattern of colorectal dysfunction changes with time since spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t46:\n\t\t\t\t\t234\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t238.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1038\/sj.sc.3102121."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b43","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.25","article-title":"Family caregivers of individuals with spinal cord injury: Exploring the stresses and benefits","volume":"54","year":"2016","unstructured":"Charlifue\n SB,\n \n \n Botticello\n A,\n \n \n Kolakowsky-Hayner\n SA,\n \n \n Richards\n JS,\n \n \n Tulsky\n DS.\n \n \n Family caregivers of individuals with spinal cord injury: Exploring the stresses and benefits.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t54:\n\t\t\t\t\t732\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t736.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1038\/sc.2016.25."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b44","series-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319868722","article-title":"Bowel outcome prediction after traumatic spinal cord injury: Longitudinal cohort study","volume":"33","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pavese\n C,\n \n \n \n Bowel outcome prediction after traumatic spinal cord injury: Longitudinal cohort study.\n\t\t\t\t\tNeurorehabil Neural Repair.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t33:\n\t\t\t\t\t902\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t910.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1177\/1545968319868722."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b1","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-9993(99)90251-4","article-title":"Long-term medical complications after traumatic spinal cord injury: A regional model systems analysis","volume":"80","year":"1999","unstructured":"McKinley\n WO,\n \n \n Jackson\n AB,\n \n \n Cardenas\n DD,\n \n \n DeVivo\n MJ.\n \n \n Long-term medical complications after traumatic spinal cord injury: A regional model systems analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t80:\n\t\t\t\t\t1402\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1410,\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/s0003-9993(99)90251-4."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b2","series-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.07.010","article-title":"Spinal cord injury: A comprehensive review","volume":"18","year":"2007","unstructured":"Branco\n F,\n \n \n Cardenas\n DD,\n \n \n Svircev\n JN.\n \n \n Spinal cord injury: A comprehensive review.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhys Med Rehabil Clin N Am.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t18:\n\t\t\t\t\t651\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t679,\n\t\t\t\t\tv.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.07.010."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b3","series-title":"Inj Epidemiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-015-0061-4","article-title":"Epidemiology and contemporary risk profile of traumatic spinal cord injury in Switzerland","volume":"2","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chamberlain\n JD,\n \n \n \n Epidemiology and contemporary risk profile of traumatic spinal cord injury in Switzerland.\n\t\t\t\t\tInj Epidemiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t2:\n\t\t\t\t\t28.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1186\/s40621-015-0061-4."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b4","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2102-149","article-title":"Depression following spinal cord injury: Its relationship to demographic and socioeconomic indicators","volume":"21","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khazaeipour\n Z,\n \n \n Taheri-Otaghsara\n SM,\n \n \n Naghdi\n M.\n \n \n Depression following spinal cord injury: Its relationship to demographic and socioeconomic indicators.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t21:\n\t\t\t\t\t149\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t155.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1310\/sci2102-149."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b5","series-title":"Prog Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)52034-X","article-title":"Autonomic dysfunction in spinal cord injury: Clinical presentation of symptoms and signs","volume":"152","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karlsson\n AK.\n \n \n Autonomic dysfunction in spinal cord injury: Clinical presentation of symptoms and signs.\n\t\t\t\t\tProg Brain Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t152:\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t8.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)52034-X."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b6","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2004.21.1371","article-title":"Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord-injured population","volume":"21","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anderson\n KD.\n \n \n Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord-injured population.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Neurotrauma.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t21:\n\t\t\t\t\t1371\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1383.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1089\/neu.2004.21.1371."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b7","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2015.1123845","article-title":"Problematic secondary health conditions among adults with spinal cord injury and its impact on social participation and daily life","volume":"39","year":"2016","unstructured":"Piatt\n JA,\n \n \n Nagata\n S,\n \n \n Zahl\n M,\n \n \n Li\n J,\n \n \n Rosenbluth\n JP.\n \n \n Problematic secondary health conditions among adults with spinal cord injury and its impact on social participation and daily life.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t39:\n\t\t\t\t\t693\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t698.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1080\/10790268.2015.1123845."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b8","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"291","article-title":"Sexual loss in relation to other functional losses for spinal cord injured males","volume":"57","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hanson\n RW,\n \n \n Franklin\n MR.\n \n \n Sexual loss in relation to other functional losses for spinal cord injured males.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t1976;\n\t\t\t\t\t57:\n\t\t\t\t\t291\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t293."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b9","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1651","article-title":"Bowel dysfunction in spinal-cord-injury patients","volume":"347","year":"1996","unstructured":"Glickman\n S,\n \n \n Kamm\n MA.\n \n \n Bowel dysfunction in spinal-cord-injury patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tLancet.\n\t\t\t\t\t1996;\n\t\t\t\t\t347:\n\t\t\t\t\t1651\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1653."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b10","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-9993(97)90416-0","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury: Clinical evaluation and rehabilitative management","volume":"78","year":"1997","unstructured":"Stiens\n SA,\n \n \n Bergman\n SB,\n \n \n Goetz\n LL.\n \n \n Neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury: Clinical evaluation and rehabilitative management.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t78:\n\t\t\t\t\tS86\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t102.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/s0003-9993(97)90416-0."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b11","series-title":"Br J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5499","article-title":"Sacral nerve stimulation for neurogenic faecal incontinence","volume":"94","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holzer\n B,\n \n \n \n Sacral nerve stimulation for neurogenic faecal incontinence.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t94:\n\t\t\t\t\t749\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t753.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1002\/bjs.5499."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b12","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.45","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia during bowel evacuation procedures and bladder filling in subjects with spinal cord injury","volume":"52","year":"2014","unstructured":"Faaborg\n PM,\n \n \n \n Autonomic dysreflexia during bowel evacuation procedures and bladder filling in subjects with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t52:\n\t\t\t\t\t494\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t498.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1038\/sc.2014.45."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b13","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5343","article-title":"A community perspective on bowel management and quality of life after spinal cord injury: The influence of autonomic dysreflexia","volume":"35","year":"2018","unstructured":"Inskip\n JA,\n \n \n Lucci\n VM,\n \n \n McGrath\n MS,\n \n \n Willms\n R,\n \n \n Claydon\n VE.\n \n \n A community perspective on bowel management and quality of life after spinal cord injury: The influence of autonomic dysreflexia.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Neurotrauma.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t35:\n\t\t\t\t\t1091\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1105.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1089\/neu.2017.5343."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b14","series-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.20.06412-6","article-title":"Treatments in neurogenic bowel dysfunctions: Evidence reviews and clinical recommendations in adults","volume":"56","year":"2020","unstructured":"Musco\n S,\n \n \n \n Treatments in neurogenic bowel dysfunctions: Evidence reviews and clinical recommendations in adults.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Phys Rehabil Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t56(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t741\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t755.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.23736\/S1973-9087.20.06412-6."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b15","series-title":"Neurobiol Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105153","article-title":"LAR inhibitory peptide promotes recovery of diaphragm function and multiple forms of respiratory neural circuit plasticity after cervical spinal cord injury [published online ahead of print October 28, 2020]","unstructured":"Cheng\n L\n \n , .\n\t\t\t\t\tLAR inhibitory peptide promotes recovery of diaphragm function and multiple forms of respiratory neural circuit plasticity after cervical spinal cord injury [published online ahead of print October 28, 2020].\n\t\t\t\t\tNeurobiol Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105153."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b16","series-title":"Clin Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.08.020","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation and bladder function: A systematic review","volume":"130","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nardone\n R,\n \n \n \n Transcranial magnetic stimulation and bladder function: A systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Neurophysiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t130:\n\t\t\t\t\t2032\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2037.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.08.020."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b17","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.14","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel management after spinal cord injury: A systematic review of the evidence","volume":"48","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krassioukov\n A,\n \n \n Eng\n JJ,\n \n \n Claxton\n G,\n \n \n Sakakibara\n BM,\n \n \n Shum\n S.\n \n \n Neurogenic bowel management after spinal cord injury: A systematic review of the evidence.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t48:\n\t\t\t\t\t718\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t733.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1038\/sc.2010.14."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b18","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-9993(99)90246-0","article-title":"History, implementation, and current status of the National Spinal Cord Injury Database","volume":"80","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stover\n SL,\n \n \n DeVivo\n MJ,\n \n \n Go\n BK.\n \n \n History, implementation, and current status of the National Spinal Cord Injury Database.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t80:\n\t\t\t\t\t1365\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1371.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/s0003-9993(99)90246-0."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b19","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1801-85","article-title":"International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury, revised 2011","volume":"18","year":"2012","unstructured":"Burns\n S,\n \n \n \n International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury, revised 2011.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t18:\n\t\t\t\t\t85\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t99.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1310\/sci1801-85."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b20","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1179\/204577211X13207446293695","article-title":"International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury (revised 2011)","volume":"34","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kirshblum\n SC,\n \n \n \n International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury (revised 2011).\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t34:\n\t\t\t\t\t535\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t546.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1179\/204577211X13207446293695."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b21","series-title":"Spinal cord injury facts and figures at a glance.","year":"2021","unstructured":"National Spinal Cord Injury Center\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal cord injury facts and figures at a glance.Birmingham, AL:\n\t\t\t\t\tUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham;\n\t\t\t\t\t2021."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b22","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"75","article-title":"Management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in adults after spinal cord injury: Clinical practice guideline for health care providers","volume":"27","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johns\n J,\n \n \n Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Rodriguez\n GM,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tManagement of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in adults after spinal cord injury: Clinical practice guideline for health care providers.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;\n\t\t\t\t\t27(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t75\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t151"},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b23","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"261","article-title":"The colon, anorectum, and spinal cord patient. A review of the functional alterations of the denervated hindgut","volume":"32","year":"1989","unstructured":"Longo\n WE,\n \n \n Ballantyne\n GH,\n \n \n Modlin\n IM.\n \n \n The colon, anorectum, and spinal cord patient. A review of the functional alterations of the denervated hindgut.\n\t\t\t\t\tDis Colon Rectum.\n\t\t\t\t\t1989;\n\t\t\t\t\t32:\n\t\t\t\t\t261\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t267."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b24","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.103","article-title":"Impact of health problems secondary to SCI one and five years after first inpatient rehabilitation","volume":"55","year":"2017","unstructured":"van der Meer\n P,\n \n \n \n Impact of health problems secondary to SCI one and five years after first inpatient rehabilitation.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t55:\n\t\t\t\t\t98\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t104.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1038\/sc.2016.103."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b25","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.181","article-title":"Prediction of severe neurogenic bowel dysfunction in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"48","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu\n CW,\n \n \n \n Prediction of severe neurogenic bowel dysfunction in persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t48:\n\t\t\t\t\t554\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t559.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1038\/sc.2009.181."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b26","series-title":"Age Ageing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afh040","article-title":"Effects of ageing on gastrointestinal motor function","volume":"33","year":"2004","unstructured":"Madsen\n JL,\n \n \n Graff\n J.\n \n \n Effects of ageing on gastrointestinal motor function.\n\t\t\t\t\tAge Ageing.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t33:\n\t\t\t\t\t154\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t159.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1093\/ageing\/afh040."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b27","series-title":"Gastroenterology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)90516-7","article-title":"Fall in the number of myenteric neurons in aging guinea pigs","volume":"96","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gabella\n G.\n \n \n Fall in the number of myenteric neurons in aging guinea pigs.\n\t\t\t\t\tGastroenterology.\n\t\t\t\t\t1989;\n\t\t\t\t\t96:\n\t\t\t\t\t1487\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1493.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/0016-5085(89)90516-7."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b28","series-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G489","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00091.2002","article-title":"Age-related changes in the enteric nervous system","volume":"283","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wade\n PRI.\n \n \n Age-related changes in the enteric nervous system.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002;\n\t\t\t\t\t283:\n\t\t\t\t\tG489\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\tG495.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1152\/ajpgi.00091.2002."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b29","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.01.011","article-title":"Outcomes of neurogenic bowel management in individuals living with a spinal cord injury for at least 10 years","volume":"96","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adriaansen\n JJ,\n \n \n van Asbeck\n FW,\n \n \n van Kuppevelt\n D,\n \n \n Snoek\n GJ,\n \n \n Post\n MW.\n \n \n Outcomes of neurogenic bowel management in individuals living with a spinal cord injury for at least 10 years.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t96:\n\t\t\t\t\t905\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t912.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.01.011."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b30","series-title":"Physiol Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14617","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14617","article-title":"Heart rate and blood pressure response improve the prediction of orthostatic cardiovascular dysregulation in persons with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"8","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang\n S,\n \n \n \n Heart rate and blood pressure response improve the prediction of orthostatic cardiovascular dysregulation in persons with chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhysiol Rep.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t8:\n\t\t\t\t\te14617\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\te14617,\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.14814\/phy2.14617."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b31","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.23.1713","article-title":"Orthostatic hypotension and autonomic pathways after spinal cord injury","volume":"23","year":"2006","unstructured":"Claydon\n VE,\n \n \n Krassioukov\n AV.\n \n \n Orthostatic hypotension and autonomic pathways after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Neurotrauma.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t23:\n\t\t\t\t\t1713\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1725.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1089\/neu.2006.23.1713."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b32","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.5.Spine171242","article-title":"Outcomes in socioeconomically disadvantaged patients with spinal cord injury: A systematic review","volume":"29","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jorge\n A,\n \n \n White\n MD,\n \n \n Agarwal\n N.\n \n \n Outcomes in socioeconomically disadvantaged patients with spinal cord injury: A systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Neurosurg Spine.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t29:\n\t\t\t\t\t680\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t686.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.3171\/2018.5.Spine171242."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b33","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102026","article-title":"Sir Ludwig Guttmann Lecture: Trends in spinal cord injury rehabilitation outcomes from model systems in the United States: 1973\u20132006","volume":"45","year":"2007","unstructured":"DeVivo\n MJ.\n \n \n Sir Ludwig Guttmann Lecture: Trends in spinal cord injury rehabilitation outcomes from model systems in the United States: 1973\u20132006.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t45:\n\t\t\t\t\t713\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t721.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1038\/sj.sc.3102026."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b34","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-9993(99)90258-7","article-title":"Medical rehabilitation length of stay and outcomes for persons with traumatic spinal cord injury--1990\u20131997","volume":"80","year":"1999","unstructured":"Eastwood\n EA,\n \n \n Hagglund\n KJ,\n \n \n Ragnarsson\n KT,\n \n \n Gordon\n WA,\n \n \n Marino\n RJ.\n \n \n Medical rehabilitation length of stay and outcomes for persons with traumatic spinal cord injury--1990\u20131997.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t80:\n\t\t\t\t\t1457\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1463.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/s0003-9993(99)90258-7."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b35","series-title":"West J Med","first-page":"602","article-title":"Spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation adds life to years","volume":"154","year":"1991","unstructured":"De Vivo\n MJ,\n \n \n Richards\n JS,\n \n \n Stover\n SL,\n \n \n Go\n BK.\n \n \n Spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation adds life to years.\n\t\t\t\t\tWest J Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t1991;\n\t\t\t\t\t154:\n\t\t\t\t\t602\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t606."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b36","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1301-11","article-title":"Neurological and functional outcomes associated with SCI rehabilitation","volume":"13","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wolfe\n D,\n \n \n Hsieh\n J,\n \n \n Curt\n A,\n \n \n Teasell\n R.\n \n \n Neurological and functional outcomes associated with SCI rehabilitation.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t13:\n\t\t\t\t\t11\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t31.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1310\/sci1301-11."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b37","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101743","article-title":"Rehabilitation outcomes following traumatic spinal cord injury in a tertiary spinal cord injury centre: A comparison with an international standard","volume":"43","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chan\n SCC,\n \n \n Chan\n APS.\n \n \n Rehabilitation outcomes following traumatic spinal cord injury in a tertiary spinal cord injury centre: A comparison with an international standard.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t43:\n\t\t\t\t\t489\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t498.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1038\/sj.sc.3101743."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b38","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101433","article-title":"Rehabilitation outcomes in traumatic spinal cord injury in Australia: Functional status, length of stay and discharge setting","volume":"41","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tooth\n L,\n \n \n McKenna\n K,\n \n \n Geraghty\n T.\n \n \n Rehabilitation outcomes in traumatic spinal cord injury in Australia: Functional status, length of stay and discharge setting.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t41:\n\t\t\t\t\t220\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t230.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1038\/sj.sc.3101433."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b39","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1179\/204577231 2Y.0000000067","article-title":"Relationship of nursing education and care management inpatient rehabilitation interventions and patient characteristics to outcomes following spinal cord injury: The SCIRehab project","volume":"35","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bailey\n J,\n \n \n \n Relationship of nursing education and care management inpatient rehabilitation interventions and patient characteristics to outcomes following spinal cord injury: The SCIRehab project.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t35:\n\t\t\t\t\t593\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t610.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1179\/204577231 2Y.0000000067."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b40","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.11.002","article-title":"Effect of different forms of activity-based recovery training on bladder, bowel, and sexual function after spinal cord injury [published online ahead of print December 3, 2020]","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hubscher\n CH,\n \n \n \n Effect of different forms of activity-based recovery training on bladder, bowel, and sexual function after spinal cord injury [published online ahead of print December 3, 2020].\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.11.002."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b41","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02055170","article-title":"Colorectal function in patients with spinal cord lesions","volume":"40","year":"1997","unstructured":"Krogh\n K,\n \n \n \n Colorectal function in patients with spinal cord lesions.\n\t\t\t\t\tDis Colon Rectum.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t40:\n\t\t\t\t\t1233\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1239.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1007\/bf02055170."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b42","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102121","article-title":"The pattern of colorectal dysfunction changes with time since spinal cord injury","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Faaborg\n PM,\n \n \n Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Finnerup\n N,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S,\n \n \n Krogh\n K.\n \n \n The pattern of colorectal dysfunction changes with time since spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t46:\n\t\t\t\t\t234\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t238.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1038\/sj.sc.3102121."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b43","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.25","article-title":"Family caregivers of individuals with spinal cord injury: Exploring the stresses and benefits","volume":"54","year":"2016","unstructured":"Charlifue\n SB,\n \n \n Botticello\n A,\n \n \n Kolakowsky-Hayner\n SA,\n \n \n Richards\n JS,\n \n \n Tulsky\n DS.\n \n \n Family caregivers of individuals with spinal cord injury: Exploring the stresses and benefits.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t54:\n\t\t\t\t\t732\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t736.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1038\/sc.2016.25."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-4-53-b44","series-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319868722","article-title":"Bowel outcome prediction after traumatic spinal cord injury: Longitudinal cohort study","volume":"33","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pavese\n C,\n \n \n \n Bowel outcome prediction after traumatic spinal cord injury: Longitudinal cohort study.\n\t\t\t\t\tNeurorehabil Neural Repair.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t33:\n\t\t\t\t\t902\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t910.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1177\/1545968319868722."}],"container-title":["Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/tscr\/27\/4\/article-p53.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/tscir\/article-pdf\/27\/4\/53\/3069037\/i1082-0744-27-4-53.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tscr\/27\/4\/article-p53.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tscr\/27\/4\/article-p53.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T15:50:26Z","timestamp":1775145026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/tscr\/27\/4\/article-p53.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46292\/sci21-00008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1082-0744"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1082-0744","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}