{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:50:13Z","timestamp":1775148613798,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Individuals with paraplegia and coexisting trunk and postural control deficits rely on their upper extremities for function, which increases the risk of shoulder pain. A multifactorial etiology of shoulder pain includes \u201cimpingement\u201d of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, long head of the biceps tendons, and\/or subacromial bursa resulting from anatomic abnormalities, intratendinous degeneration, and altered scapulothoracic kinematics and muscle activation. Targeting serratus anterior (SA) and lower trapezius (LT) activation during exercise, as part of a comprehensive plan, minimizes impingement risk by maintaining optimal shoulder alignment and kinematics during functional activities. To prevent excessive scapular upward translation, minimizing upper trapezius (UT) to SA and LT activation is also important.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To determine which exercises (1) maximally activate SA and minimize UT:SA ratio and (2) maximally activate LT and minimize UT:LT ratio.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Kinematic and muscle activation data were captured from 10 individuals with paraplegia during four exercises: \u201cT,\u201d scaption (sitting), dynamic hug, and SA punch (supine). Means and ratios were normalized by percent maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) for each muscle. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance determined significant differences in muscle activation between exercises.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Exercises were rank ordered: (1) maximum SA activation: SA punch, scaption, dynamic hug, \u201cT\u201d; (2) maximum LT activation: \u201cT,\u201d scaption, dynamic hug, SA punch; 3) minimum UT:SA ratio: SA punch, dynamic hug, scaption, \u201cT\u201d; and (4) minimum UT:LT ratio: SA punch, dynamic hug, \u201cT,\u201d scaption. Exercise elicited statistically significant changes in percent MVIC and ratios. Post hoc analyses revealed multiple significant differences between exercises (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < .05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n SA punch produced the greatest SA activation and lowest ratios. Dynamic hug also produced optimal ratios, suggesting supine exercises minimize UT activation more effectively. To isolate SA activation, individuals with impaired trunk control may want to initiate strengthening exercises in supine. Participants maximally activated the LT, but they were not able to minimize UT while upright.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci21-00059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T12:13:48Z","timestamp":1672402428000},"page":"43-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exercises With Optimal Scapulothoracic Muscle Activation for Individuals With Paraplegia"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Linda M.","family":"Riek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Nazareth College, Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Aronson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Nazareth College, Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kacie","family":"Giust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Nazareth College, Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Putnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Nazareth College, Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Froese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Nazareth College, Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Rutherford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Nazareth College, Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary Kathryn","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Nazareth College, Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b1","series-title":"Phys Ther","first-page":"1027","article-title":"Shoulder strength and physical activity predictors of shoulder pain in people with paraplegia from spinal injury: Prospective cohort study","volume":"95","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mulroy\n S,\n \n \n Hatchett\n P,\n \n \n Eberly\n V,\n \n \n Haubert\n L,\n \n \n Conners\n S,\n \n \n Requejo\n P.\n \n \n Shoulder strength and physical activity predictors of shoulder pain in people with paraplegia from spinal injury: Prospective cohort study.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhys Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t95(\n\t\t\t\t\t7):\n\t\t\t\t\t1027\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1038."},{"key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b2","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"695","article-title":"Prevalence of upper extremity pain in a population of people with paraplegia","volume":"56","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kentar\n Y,\n \n \n 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activity during selected rehabilitation exercises.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t27(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t784\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t791."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b33","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"184","article-title":"Superficial and deep scapulothoracic muscle electromyographic activity during elevation exercises in the scapular plane","volume":"46","year":"2016","unstructured":"Castelein\n B,\n \n \n Cagnie\n B,\n \n \n Parlevliet\n T,\n \n \n Cools\n A.\n \n \n Superficial and deep scapulothoracic muscle electromyographic activity during elevation exercises in the scapular plane.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orthop Sports Phys Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t46(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t184\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t193."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b34","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"247","article-title":"Surface electromyographic analysis of exercises for the trapezius and serratus anterior muscles","volume":"33","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ekstrom\n R,\n \n \n Donatelli\n R,\n \n \n Soderberg\n G.\n \n \n Surface electromyographic analysis of exercises for the trapezius and serratus anterior muscles.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orthop Sports Phys Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t33(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t247\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t58."},{"key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b35","series-title":"International Standards for Neurological Classification of SCI (ISNCSCI) worksheet.","year":"2021","unstructured":"International Standards for Neurological Classification of SCI (ISNCSCI) worksheet.\n \n Richmond, VA:\n\t\t\t\t\tThe American Spinal Injury Association,\n\t\t\t\t\t2021.\n\t\t\t\t\tRetrieved from https:\/\/asia-spinalinjury.org\/international-standards-neurological-classification-sci-isncsci-worksheet\/. Accessed January 21, 2020."},{"key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b36","series-title":"Clin Orthop Rel Res","first-page":"70","article-title":"Impingement lesions","volume":"173","year":"1983","unstructured":"Neer\n CS.\n \n \n Impingement lesions.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Orthop Rel Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t1983;\n\t\t\t\t\t173:\n\t\t\t\t\t70\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t77."},{"key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b37","series-title":"Ann Rheum Dis","first-page":"44","article-title":"Diagnostic values of clinical diagnostic tests in subacromial impingement syndrome","volume":"59","year":"2000","unstructured":"Calis\n M,\n \n \n Akgun\n K,\n \n \n Birtane\n M,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tDiagnostic values of clinical diagnostic tests in subacromial impingement syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnn Rheum Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t59:\n\t\t\t\t\t44\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t47."},{"key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b38","series-title":"Clin Sports Med","first-page":"391","article-title":"Impingement syndrome in the athletic shoulder","volume":"2","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hawkins\n RJ,\n \n \n Hobeika\n PE.\n \n \n Impingement syndrome in the athletic shoulder.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t1983;\n\t\t\t\t\t2:\n\t\t\t\t\t391\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t405."},{"key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b39","series-title":"Revue du Rhumatisme (English ed)","first-page":"423","article-title":"Diagnostic value of clinical tests for shoulder impingement syndrome","volume":"62","year":"1995","unstructured":"Leroux\n JL,\n \n \n Thomas\n E,\n \n \n Bonnel\n F,\n \n \n Blotman\n F.\n \n \n Diagnostic value of clinical tests for shoulder impingement syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tRevue du Rhumatisme (English ed).\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t62:\n\t\t\t\t\t423\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t428."},{"key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b40","series-title":"Muscles Testing and Function with Posture and Pain.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kendall\n FP,\n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\t\n \n Muscles Testing and Function with Posture and Pain.\n \n Baltimore, MD:\n\t\t\t\t\tWilliams & Wilkins,\n\t\t\t\t\t1993."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b41","series-title":"Phys Ther","first-page":"1006","article-title":"Improving shoulder kinematics in individuals with paraplegia: Comparison across circuit resistance training exercises and modifications in hand position","volume":"96","year":"2016","unstructured":"Riek\n LM,\n \n \n Tome\n J,\n \n \n Ludewig\n PM,\n \n \n Nawoczenski\n DA.\n \n \n Improving shoulder kinematics in individuals with paraplegia: Comparison across circuit resistance training exercises and modifications in hand position.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhys Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t96(\n\t\t\t\t\t7):\n\t\t\t\t\t1006\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1017."},{"key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b42","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"201","article-title":"A comparison of 2 circuit exercise training techniques for eliciting matched metabolic responses in persons with paraplegia","volume":"83","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nash\n MS,\n \n \n Jacobs\n PL,\n \n \n Woods\n JM,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tA comparison of 2 circuit exercise training techniques for eliciting matched metabolic responses in persons with paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002;\n\t\t\t\t\t83:\n\t\t\t\t\t201\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t209."},{"key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b43","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"70","article-title":"Effects of circuit resistance training on fitness attributes and upper extremity pain in middle aged men with paraplegia","volume":"88","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nash\n MS,\n \n \n Van de Ven\n I,\n \n \n Van Elk\n N,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tEffects of circuit resistance training on fitness attributes and upper extremity pain in middle aged men with paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t88:\n\t\t\t\t\t70\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t75."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b44","series-title":"J Appl Sport Sci Res","first-page":"200","article-title":"Relative muscular endurance performance as a predictor of bench press strength in college men and women","volume":"6","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mayhew\n JL,\n \n \n Ball\n TE,\n \n \n Arnold\n MD,\n \n \n Bowen\n JC.\n \n \n Relative muscular endurance performance as a predictor of bench press strength in college men and women.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Appl Sport Sci Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t1992;\n\t\t\t\t\t6(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t200\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t206."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b45","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"931","article-title":"A systematic review of electromyography studies in normal shoulders to inform postoperative rehabilitation following rotator cuff repair","volume":"47","year":"2017","unstructured":"Edwards\n PK,\n \n \n Ebert\n JR,\n \n \n Littlewood\n C,\n \n \n Ackland\n T,\n \n \n Wang\n A.\n \n \n A systematic review of electromyography studies in normal shoulders to inform postoperative rehabilitation following rotator cuff repair.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orthop Sports Phys Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t47(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t931\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t944."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b46","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"186","article-title":"A primary care provider\u2019s guide to shoulder pain after spinal cord injury","volume":"26","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mulroy\n SJ,\n \n \n Hafdahl\n L,\n \n \n Dyson-Hudson\n T.\n \n \n A primary care provider\u2019s guide to shoulder pain after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t26(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t186\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t196."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b47","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"132","article-title":"Electromyographical assessment of passive, active assistive, and active shoulder rehabilitation exercises","volume":"2","year":"2010","unstructured":"Uhl\n T,\n \n \n Muir\n T,\n \n \n Lawson\n L.\n \n \n Electromyographical assessment of passive, active assistive, and active shoulder rehabilitation exercises.\n\t\t\t\t\tPM R.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t2(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t132\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t141."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b48","series-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol","first-page":"267","article-title":"EMG biofeedback effectiveness to alter muscle activity pattern and scapular kinematics in subjects with and without shoulder impingement","volume":"23","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang\n H,\n \n \n Lin\n J,\n \n \n Guo\n YL,\n \n \n Wang\n W,\n \n \n Chen\n Y.\n \n \n EMG biofeedback effectiveness to alter muscle activity pattern and scapular kinematics in subjects with and without shoulder impingement.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Electromyogr Kinesiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t23(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t267\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t274."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b49","series-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg","first-page":"364","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis and its relation to shoulder injury","volume":"20","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kibler\n WB,\n \n \n Sciascia\n A,\n \n \n Wilkes\n T.\n \n \n Scapular dyskinesis and its relation to shoulder injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Acad Orthop Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t20(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t364\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t372."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b50","series-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol","first-page":"469","article-title":"Study of the scapular muscle latency and deactivation time in people with and without shoulder impingement","volume":"23","year":"2013","unstructured":"Phadke\n V,\n \n \n Ludewig\n PM.\n \n \n Study of the scapular muscle latency and deactivation time in people with and without shoulder impingement.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Electromyogr Kinesiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t23(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t469\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t475."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b51","series-title":"J Athletic Train","first-page":"283","article-title":"Therapeutic interventions for scapular kinematics and disability in patients with subacromial impingement: A systematic review","volume":"54","year":"2019","unstructured":"Takeno\n K,\n \n \n Glaviano\n NR,\n \n \n Norte\n GE,\n \n \n Ingersoll\n CD.\n \n \n Therapeutic interventions for scapular kinematics and disability in patients with subacromial impingement: A systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Athletic Train.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t54(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t283\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t295."},{"key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b52","series-title":"Assessing Your Weight.","unstructured":"Assessing Your Weight.\n \n Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Reviewed April 6, 2022. Accessed April 18, 2022. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyweight\/assessing\/bmi\/index.html"},{"issue":"7","key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b1","series-title":"Phys Ther","first-page":"1027","article-title":"Shoulder strength and physical activity predictors of shoulder pain in people with paraplegia from spinal injury: Prospective cohort study","volume":"95","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mulroy\n S,\n \n \n Hatchett\n P,\n \n \n Eberly\n V,\n \n \n Haubert\n L,\n \n \n Conners\n S,\n \n \n Requejo\n P.\n \n \n Shoulder strength and physical activity predictors of shoulder pain in people with paraplegia from spinal injury: Prospective cohort study.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhys Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t95(\n\t\t\t\t\t7):\n\t\t\t\t\t1027\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1038."},{"key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b2","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"695","article-title":"Prevalence of upper extremity pain in a population of people with paraplegia","volume":"56","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kentar\n Y,\n \n \n Zastrow\n R,\n \n \n Bradley\n H.\n \n \n Prevalence of upper extremity pain in a population of people with paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t56:\n\t\t\t\t\t695\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t703."},{"key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b3","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"41","article-title":"Shoulder pain and its consequences in paraplegic spinal cord-injured, wheelchair users","volume":"42","year":"2004","unstructured":"Samuelsson\n KAM,\n \n \n Tropp\n H,\n \n \n Gerdle\n B.\n \n \n Shoulder pain and its consequences in paraplegic spinal cord-injured, wheelchair users.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t42:\n\t\t\t\t\t41\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t46."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b4","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"277","article-title":"Shoulder pain in persons with thoracic spinal cord injury: Prevalence and characteristics","volume":"40","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alm\n M,\n \n \n Saraste\n H,\n \n \n Norrbrink\n C.\n \n \n Shoulder pain in persons with thoracic spinal cord injury: Prevalence and characteristics.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Rehabil Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t40(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t277\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t283."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b5","series-title":"Arch Neurosci","first-page":"e96150","article-title":"Prevalence of shoulder pain in spinal cord injury patients referring to the Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences","volume":"7","year":"2020","unstructured":"Azadvari\n M,\n \n \n Razavi\n S,\n \n \n Tavasol\n T,\n \n \n Rakhshan\n A.\n \n \n Prevalence of shoulder pain in spinal cord injury patients referring to the Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Neurosci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t7(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\te96150."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b6","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil","first-page":"798","article-title":"Shoulder pain in the Swiss spinal cord injury community: Prevalence and associated factors","volume":"40","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bossuyt\n F,\n \n \n Arnet\n U,\n \n \n Brinkhof\n M,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tShoulder pain in the Swiss spinal cord injury community: Prevalence and associated factors.\n\t\t\t\t\tDisabil Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t40(\n\t\t\t\t\t7):\n\t\t\t\t\t798\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t805."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b7","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"23","article-title":"Prevalence of rotator cuff tear in paraplegic patients compared with controls","volume":"92","year":"2010","unstructured":"Akbar\n M,\n \n \n Balean\n G,\n \n \n Brunner\n M,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tPrevalence of rotator cuff tear in paraplegic patients compared with controls.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Bone Joint Surg Am.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t92(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t23\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t30."},{"key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b8","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"346","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of pain in the Swiss spinal cord injury population","volume":"55","year":"2017","unstructured":"Muller\n R,\n \n \n Brinkhof\n MWG,\n \n \n Arnet\n U,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tPrevalence and associated factors of pain in the Swiss spinal cord injury population.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t55:\n\t\t\t\t\t346\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t354."},{"key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b9","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"145","article-title":"Predictors of musculoskeletal pain in the upper extremities of individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"54","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barbetta\n DC,\n \n \n Lopes\n ACG,\n \n \n Chagas\n FNMR,\n \n \n .\n\t\t\t\t\tPredictors of musculoskeletal pain in the upper extremities of individuals with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t54:\n\t\t\t\t\t145\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t149."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b10","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"378","article-title":"Motion of the shoulder complex during multiplanar humeral elevation","volume":"91-A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ludewig\n PM,\n \n \n Phadke\n V,\n \n \n Braman\n J,\n \n \n Hassett\n D,\n \n \n Cieminski\n C,\n \n \n Laprade\n R.\n \n \n Motion of the shoulder complex during multiplanar humeral elevation.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Bone Joint Surg Am.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t91-A(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t378\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t389."},{"key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b11","series-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg","first-page":"269","article-title":"Direct 3 dimensional measurement of scapular kinematics during dynamic movements in vivo","volume":"10","year":"2001","unstructured":"McClure\n PW,\n \n \n Michener\n LA,\n \n \n Sennett\n BJ,\n \n \n Karduna\n AR.\n \n \n Direct 3 dimensional measurement of scapular kinematics during dynamic movements in vivo.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Shoulder Elbow Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001;\n\t\t\t\t\t10:\n\t\t\t\t\t269\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t277."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b12","series-title":"Phys Ther","first-page":"276","article-title":"Alterations in shoulder kinematics and associated muscle activity in people with symptoms of shoulder impingement","volume":"80","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ludewig\n PM,\n \n \n Cook\n TM.\n \n \n Alterations in shoulder kinematics and associated muscle activity in people with symptoms of shoulder impingement.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhys Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t80(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t276\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t291."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b13","series-title":"J Orthop Res","first-page":"653","article-title":"Adaptive patterns of movement during arm elevation test in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome","volume":"29","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin\n J,\n \n \n Hsieh\n S-C,\n \n \n Cheng\n W-C,\n \n \n Chen\n WC,\n \n \n Lai\n Y.\n \n \n Adaptive patterns of movement during arm elevation test in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orthop Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t29(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t653\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t657."},{"key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b14","series-title":"J Orthop Sci","first-page":"3","article-title":"Radiographic assessment of scapular rotational tilt in chronic shoulder impingement syndrome","volume":"6","year":"2001","unstructured":"Endo\n K,\n \n \n Ikata\n T,\n \n \n Katoh\n S,\n \n \n Takeda\n Y.\n \n \n Radiographic assessment of scapular rotational tilt in chronic shoulder impingement syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orthop Sci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001;\n\t\t\t\t\t6:\n\t\t\t\t\t3\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t10."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-5763-29-2-43-b15","series-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol","first-page":"576","article-title":"Functional activity characteristics of individuals with shoulder 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