{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:40:13Z","timestamp":1783525213756,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"Supplement","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Functional electrical stimulation (FES) of paralyzed muscles can facilitate walking after spinal cord injury (SCI).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To test the orthotic effects of different FES walking protocols on lower joint kinematics and walking speed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Three adults with incomplete SCI participated in this study. Their lower extremity motor scores and 10-meter walk test results were as follows: subject A: 50, 1.05 m\/s, subject B: 44, 0.29 m\/s, and subject C: 32, 0.27 m\/s. Participants completed four conditions of over-ground walking including no FES and three bilateral FES-walking protocols as follows: multi-muscle stimulation (stimulation of quadriceps and gastrocnemius in the stance phase, and hamstring and tibialis anterior in the swing phase), drop foot (tibialis anterior stimulation), and flexor withdrawal (common peroneal nerve stimulation). The FES system obtained gait phase information from foot switches located under the individuals\u2019 heels. Three-dimensional kinematic analysis was undertaken to measure minimum toe clearance (MTC); ankle, knee, and hip range of motion (ROM); stride length; and stride speed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Compared to no-FES walking, MTC increased during drop foot (all subjects), flexor withdrawal (subjects A and B), and multi-muscle stimulation (subjects B and C) protocols. A significant decrease in ankle ROM was seen with drop foot (all subjects), flexor withdrawal (subjects A), and multi-muscle stimulation (subjects A and C) protocols. Hip ROM increased with drop foot (subjects B and C), flexor withdrawal (subject B), and multi-muscle stimulation (subject C) protocols.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Three FES walking protocols induced positive kinematic changes as indicated by increased MTC, decreased ankle ROM, and increased hip ROM during walking in subjects with incomplete SCI.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci23-00021s","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T05:28:54Z","timestamp":1700026134000},"page":"142-152","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Orthotic Effects of Different Functional Electrical Stimulation Protocols on Walking Performance in Individuals with Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Series"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Shirin","family":"Tajali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute \u2013 University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie N.","family":"Iwasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute \u2013 University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"CRANIA, University Health Network, and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Sin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute \u2013 University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharmini","family":"Atputharaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute \u2013 University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naaz","family":"Desai (Kapadia)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute \u2013 University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"CRANIA, University Health Network, and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin E.","family":"Musselman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute \u2013 University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"CRANIA, University Health Network, and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milos R.","family":"Popovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute \u2013 University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"CRANIA, University Health Network, and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Masani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute \u2013 University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"CRANIA, University Health Network, and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"Biomed Engin [online]","first-page":"1","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation therapy for restoration of motor function after spinal cord injury and stroke: A review","volume":"19","author":"Marquez-Chin\n C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marquez-Chin\n C\n , PopovicMR. Functional electrical stimulation therapy for restoration of motor function after spinal cord injury and stroke: A review. Biomed Engin [online]. 2020;19(1):1-25."},{"issue":"3","key":"b2","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol","first-page":"241","article-title":"End-user and clinician perspectives on the viability of wearable functional electrical stimulation garments after stroke and spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Moineau\n B","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moineau\n B\n , MyersM, AliSS, PopovicMR, HitzigSL. End-user and clinician perspectives on the viability of wearable functional electrical stimulation garments after stroke and spinal cord injury. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2021;16(3):241-250."},{"issue":"9","key":"b3","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"523","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence and epidemiology of spinal cord injury: What learns a worldwide literature survey?","volume":"44","author":"Wyndaele\n M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wyndaele\n M\n , WyndaeleJ-J. Incidence, prevalence and epidemiology of spinal cord injury: What learns a worldwide literature survey?Spinal Cord. 2006;44(9):523-529."},{"issue":"1","key":"b4","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"100","article-title":"Course of functional improvement after stroke, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury","volume":"83","author":"Bode\n RK","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bode\n RK\n , HeinemannAW. Course of functional improvement after stroke, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(1):100-106."},{"issue":"7","key":"b5","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"1840","article-title":"Persisting consequences of stroke measured by the Stroke Impact Scale","volume":"33","author":"Lai\n S-M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lai\n S-M\n , StudenskiS, DuncanPW, PereraS. Persisting consequences of stroke measured by the Stroke Impact Scale. Stroke. 2002;33(7):1840-1844."},{"issue":"8","key":"b6","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"403","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation for grasping and walking: Indications and limitations","volume":"39","author":"Popovic\n M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Popovic\n M\n , CurtA, KellerT, DietzV. Functional electrical stimulation for grasping and walking: Indications and limitations. Spinal Cord. 2001;39(8):403-412."},{"issue":"5","key":"b7","series-title":"Neurol Res","first-page":"443","article-title":"Neuroprostheses for grasping","volume":"24","author":"Popovic\n MR","year":"2002","unstructured":"Popovic\n MR\n , PopovicDB, KellerT. Neuroprostheses for grasping. Neurol Res. 2002;24(5):443-452."},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Neurorehabil Technol","first-page":"513","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation therapy: Recovery of function following spinal cord injury and stroke","author":"Popovic\n MR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Popovic\n MR\n , MasaniK, MiceraS. Functional electrical stimulation therapy: Recovery of function following spinal cord injury and stroke. Neurorehabil Technol. 2016:513-532."},{"issue":"2","key":"b9","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"84","article-title":"Does early exercise attenuate muscle atrophy or bone loss after spinal cord injury?","volume":"54","author":"Panisset\n M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Panisset\n M\n , GaleaM, El-AnsaryD. Does early exercise attenuate muscle atrophy or bone loss after spinal cord injury?Spinal Cord. 2016;54(2):84-92."},{"issue":"3","key":"b10","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"512","article-title":"Early versus delayed inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation: An Italian study","volume":"86","author":"Scivoletto\n G","year":"2005","unstructured":"Scivoletto\n G\n , MorgantiB, MolinariM. Early versus delayed inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation: An Italian study. 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Spinal Cord. 2008;46(4):255-274."},{"issue":"5","key":"b13","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"351","article-title":"A randomized trial of functional electrical stimulation for walking in incomplete spinal cord injury: Effects on body composition","volume":"35","author":"Giangregorio\n L","year":"2012","unstructured":"Giangregorio\n L\n , RichardsK, KapadiaN, HitzigSL, MasaniK, PopovicMR. A randomized trial of functional electrical stimulation for walking in incomplete spinal cord injury: Effects on body composition. 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Spinal Cord. 2006;44(6):357-361."},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Brain\u2013Computer Interfaces","first-page":"11","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation therapy: A closer look","author":"Marquez-Chin\n C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marquez-Chin\n C\n , Kapadia-DesaiN, Kalsi-RyanS. Functional electrical stimulation therapy: A closer look. Brain\u2013Computer Interfaces. Springer; 2021:11-25."},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Neuroprosthetics and Brain-Computer Interfaces in Spinal Cord Injury: A Guide for Clinicians and End Users","first-page":"69","article-title":"Functional Electrical Stimulation","volume":"37","author":"Rupp\n R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rupp\n R\n \n . Functional Electrical Stimulation. Neuroprosthetics and Brain-Computer Interfaces in Spinal Cord Injury: A Guide for Clinicians and End Users. 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Br J Occup Ther. 2017;80(11):651-659."},{"issue":"1","key":"b23","series-title":"J Orthop Surg Res","first-page":"60","article-title":"The efficacy of gait rehabilitations for the treatment of incomplete spinal cord injury: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Patathong\n T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patathong\n T\n , KlaewkasikumK, WoratanaratP, et al.\n The efficacy of gait rehabilitations for the treatment of incomplete spinal cord injury: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2023;18(1):60."},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"Phys Ther","first-page":"48","article-title":"Influence of a locomotor training approach on walking speed and distance in people with chronic spinal cord injury: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"91","author":"Field-Fote\n EC","year":"2011","unstructured":"Field-Fote\n EC\n , RoachKE. Influence of a locomotor training approach on walking speed and distance in people with chronic spinal cord injury: A randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2011;91(1):48-60."},{"issue":"19","key":"b25","series-title":"IntJ Environ Res Public Health","first-page":"10289","article-title":"A scoping review on minimum foot clearance: An exploration of level-ground clearance in individuals with abnormal gait","volume":"18","author":"Al Bochi\n A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al Bochi\n A\n , DelfiG, DuttaT. A scoping review on minimum foot clearance: An exploration of level-ground clearance in individuals with abnormal gait. IntJ Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(19):10289."},{"issue":"1","key":"b26","series-title":"Artificial Organs","first-page":"8","article-title":"Gait impairments in a group of patients with incomplete spinal cord injury and their relevance regarding therapeutic approaches using functional electrical stimulation","volume":"29","author":"Van Der Salm\n A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Van Der Salm\n A\n , NeneAV, MaxwellDJ, VeltinkPH, HermensHJ, IJzermanMJ. Gait impairments in a group of patients with incomplete spinal cord injury and their relevance regarding therapeutic approaches using functional electrical stimulation. Artificial Organs. 2005;29(1):8-14."},{"issue":"2","key":"b27","series-title":"Gait Posture","first-page":"191","article-title":"Minimum foot clearance during walking: Strategies for the minimisation of trip-related falls","volume":"25","author":"Begg\n R","year":"2007","unstructured":"Begg\n R\n , BestR, Dell'OroL, TaylorS. Minimum foot clearance during walking: Strategies for the minimisation of trip-related falls. Gait Posture. 2007;25(2):191-198."},{"issue":"4","key":"b28","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"339","article-title":"Effects of functional electrical stimulation on reducing falls and improving gait parameters in multiple sclerosis and stroke","volume":"9","author":"Gervasoni\n E","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gervasoni\n E\n , ParelliR, UszynskiM, et al.\n Effects of functional electrical stimulation on reducing falls and improving gait parameters in multiple sclerosis and stroke. PM R. 2017;9(4):339-347. e1."},{"issue":"10","key":"b29","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1718","article-title":"Effects of a simple functional electric system and\/or a hinged ankle-foot orthosis on walking in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"85","author":"Kim\n CM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kim\n CM\n , EngJJ, WhittakerMW. Effects of a simple functional electric system and\/or a hinged ankle-foot orthosis on walking in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(10):1718-1723."},{"issue":"3","key":"b30","series-title":"Neuromodulation Technol Neural Interface","first-page":"256","article-title":"The effects of functional electrical stimulation on walking in hereditary and spontaneous spastic paraparesis","volume":"16","author":"Marsden\n J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marsden\n J\n , StevensonV, McFaddenC, SwainI, TaylorP. The effects of functional electrical stimulation on walking in hereditary and spontaneous spastic paraparesis. Neuromodulation Technol Neural Interface. 2013;16(3):256-260."},{"issue":"1","key":"b31","series-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med","first-page":"28","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation-assisted walking for persons with incomplete spinal injuries. Longitudinal changes in maximal overground walking speed","volume":"32","author":"Ladouceur\n M","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ladouceur\n M\n , BarbeauH. Functional electrical stimulation-assisted walking for persons with incomplete spinal injuries. Longitudinal changes in maximal overground walking speed. Scand J Rehabil Med. 2000;32(1):28-36."},{"issue":"5","key":"b32","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"495","article-title":"Multicenter evaluation of electrical stimulation systems for walking","volume":"80","author":"Wieler\n M","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wieler\n M\n , SteinRB, LadouceurM, et al.\n Multicenter evaluation of electrical stimulation systems for walking. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(5):495-500."},{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"Biomed Engin [online]","first-page":"1","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation therapy for restoration of motor function after spinal cord injury and stroke: A review","volume":"19","author":"Marquez-Chin\n C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marquez-Chin\n C\n , PopovicMR. Functional electrical stimulation therapy for restoration of motor function after spinal cord injury and stroke: A review. Biomed Engin [online]. 2020;19(1):1-25."},{"issue":"3","key":"b2","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol","first-page":"241","article-title":"End-user and clinician perspectives on the viability of wearable functional electrical stimulation garments after stroke and spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Moineau\n B","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moineau\n B\n , MyersM, AliSS, PopovicMR, HitzigSL. End-user and clinician perspectives on the viability of wearable functional electrical stimulation garments after stroke and spinal cord injury. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2021;16(3):241-250."},{"issue":"9","key":"b3","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"523","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence and epidemiology of spinal cord injury: What learns a worldwide literature survey?","volume":"44","author":"Wyndaele\n M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wyndaele\n M\n , WyndaeleJ-J. Incidence, prevalence and epidemiology of spinal cord injury: What learns a worldwide literature survey?Spinal Cord. 2006;44(9):523-529."},{"issue":"1","key":"b4","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"100","article-title":"Course of functional improvement after stroke, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury","volume":"83","author":"Bode\n RK","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bode\n RK\n , HeinemannAW. Course of functional improvement after stroke, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(1):100-106."},{"issue":"7","key":"b5","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"1840","article-title":"Persisting consequences of stroke measured by the Stroke Impact Scale","volume":"33","author":"Lai\n S-M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lai\n S-M\n , StudenskiS, DuncanPW, PereraS. Persisting consequences of stroke measured by the Stroke Impact Scale. Stroke. 2002;33(7):1840-1844."},{"issue":"8","key":"b6","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"403","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation for grasping and walking: Indications and limitations","volume":"39","author":"Popovic\n M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Popovic\n M\n , CurtA, KellerT, DietzV. Functional electrical stimulation for grasping and walking: Indications and limitations. Spinal Cord. 2001;39(8):403-412."},{"issue":"5","key":"b7","series-title":"Neurol Res","first-page":"443","article-title":"Neuroprostheses for grasping","volume":"24","author":"Popovic\n MR","year":"2002","unstructured":"Popovic\n MR\n , PopovicDB, KellerT. Neuroprostheses for grasping. Neurol Res. 2002;24(5):443-452."},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Neurorehabil Technol","first-page":"513","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation therapy: Recovery of function following spinal cord injury and stroke","author":"Popovic\n MR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Popovic\n MR\n , MasaniK, MiceraS. Functional electrical stimulation therapy: Recovery of function following spinal cord injury and stroke. 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Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(3):512-516."},{"issue":"1","key":"b11","series-title":"Curr Opin Neurol","first-page":"48","article-title":"Early rehabilitation after stroke","volume":"30","author":"Bernhardt\n J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bernhardt\n J\n , GodeckeE, JohnsonL, LanghorneP. Early rehabilitation after stroke. Curr Opin Neurol. 2017;30(1):48-54."},{"issue":"4","key":"b12","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"255","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury: Current use, therapeutic effects and future directions","volume":"46","author":"Ragnarsson\n K","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ragnarsson\n K\n \n . Functional electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury: Current use, therapeutic effects and future directions. Spinal Cord. 2008;46(4):255-274."},{"issue":"5","key":"b13","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"351","article-title":"A randomized trial of functional electrical stimulation for walking in incomplete spinal cord injury: Effects on body composition","volume":"35","author":"Giangregorio\n L","year":"2012","unstructured":"Giangregorio\n L\n , RichardsK, KapadiaN, HitzigSL, MasaniK, PopovicMR. A randomized trial of functional electrical stimulation for walking in incomplete spinal cord injury: Effects on body composition. J Spinal Cord Med. 2012;35(5):351-360."},{"issue":"5","key":"b14","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"511","article-title":"A randomized trial of functional electrical stimulation for walking in incomplete spinal cord injury: Effects on walking competency","volume":"37","author":"Kapadia\n N","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kapadia\n N\n , MasaniK, Catharine CravenB, et al.\n A randomized trial of functional electrical stimulation for walking in incomplete spinal cord injury: Effects on walking competency. J Spinal Cord Med. 2014;37(5):511-524."},{"issue":"6","key":"b15","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"357","article-title":"Gait training regimen for incomplete spinal cord injury using functional electrical stimulation","volume":"44","author":"Thrasher\n T","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thrasher\n T\n , FlettH, PopovicM. Gait training regimen for incomplete spinal cord injury using functional electrical stimulation. Spinal Cord. 2006;44(6):357-361."},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Brain\u2013Computer Interfaces","first-page":"11","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation therapy: A closer look","author":"Marquez-Chin\n C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marquez-Chin\n C\n , Kapadia-DesaiN, Kalsi-RyanS. Functional electrical stimulation therapy: A closer look. Brain\u2013Computer Interfaces. Springer; 2021:11-25."},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Neuroprosthetics and Brain-Computer Interfaces in Spinal Cord Injury: A Guide for Clinicians and End Users","first-page":"69","article-title":"Functional Electrical Stimulation","volume":"37","author":"Rupp\n R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rupp\n R\n \n . Functional Electrical Stimulation. Neuroprosthetics and Brain-Computer Interfaces in Spinal Cord Injury: A Guide for Clinicians and End Users. 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