{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T22:49:39Z","timestamp":1779230979825,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Respiratory complications are a leading cause of mortality post spinal cord injury (SCI). Along with breathing, respiratory muscles have a role in maintaining seated balance. Postinjury breathing influences respiratory muscle function. Preliminary evidence indicates a relation between respiratory muscle function and seated balance in people with chronic SCI dwelling in the community, but the relationship between balance and body habitus has not been explored.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To explore the relationships among inspiratory muscle function, functional seated balance (FSB), and body habitus in people with SCI.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A convenience sample of inpatients with SCI (C5-T12) aged 18 to 60 years who were using a wheelchair was recruited from November 2022 to March 2023. Those with additional neurological disorders or respiratory support were excluded. Respiratory muscle function measures included maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), sustained MIP (SMIP), and Fatigue Index Test (FIT). FSB was scored using the Function in Sitting Test (FIST). Body habitus was assessed using the axillary: umbilical (A:U) ratio. Spearman correlations explored the relationships.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Thirty-eight of 42 screened participants were eligible and participated (male, 32). Levels of injury ranged from C5 to T12. The mean (\n SD<\/jats:italic>\n ) age and duration of injury of the sample was 25.61 (6.68) years and 31.03 (28.69) months, respectively. SMIP and FIT correlated significantly with FSB (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n s<\/jats:sub>\n = .441,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .01, and\n r<\/jats:italic>\n s<\/jats:sub>\n = .434,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .006, respectively). A significant correlation between SMIP and A:U ratio (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n s<\/jats:sub>\n = -.330,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .043) was observed.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n We observed a significant correlation between inspiratory pressure parameters and both functional seated balance and body habitus, adding to evidence on postural role of respiratory muscles.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci23-00052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T23:10:18Z","timestamp":1723072218000},"page":"41-49","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Functional Sitting Balance and Anthropometric Measures Are Related to Inspiratory Muscle Performance in People with Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"30","author":[{"family":"Pallavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Spinal Injury Center, Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shambhovi","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Indian Spinal Injury Center, Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne E.","family":"Palermo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Fellow, Neuroscience Research Australia, Associate Lecturer, University of New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"b1","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1371","article-title":"Targeting recovery: Priorities of the spinal cord-injured population","volume":"21","author":"Anderson\n KD","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anderson\n KD\n \n . Targeting recovery: Priorities of the spinal cord-injured population. J Neurotrauma. 2004;21(10):1371\u20131383."},{"issue":"7","key":"b2","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1303","article-title":"Inspiratory muscle performance is related to seated balance function in people with spinal cord injury: An observational study","volume":"103","author":"Palermo\n AE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Palermo\n AE\n , Kirk-SanchezNJ, GarciaKL, NashMS, CahalinLP. Inspiratory muscle performance is related to seated balance function in people with spinal cord injury: An observational study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2022;103(7):1303\u20131310. doi:10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.11.006"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Biomech","first-page":"1873","article-title":"Intra-abdominal pressure increases stiffness of the lumbar spine","volume":"38","author":"Hodges\n PW","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hodges\n PW\n , ErikssonAEM, ShirleyD, GandeviaSC. Intra-abdominal pressure increases stiffness of the lumbar spine. J Biomech. 2005;38:1873\u20131880. doi:10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.08.016"},{"issue":"10","key":"b4","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1088","article-title":"The effect of inspiratory muscles fatigue on postural control in people with and without recurrent low back pain","volume":"35","author":"Janssens\n L","year":"2010","unstructured":"Janssens\n L\n , BrumagneS, PolspoelK, TroostersT, McconnellA. The effect of inspiratory muscles fatigue on postural control in people with and without recurrent low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35(10):1088\u20131094."},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"12","article-title":"Inspiratory muscle training affects proprioceptive use and low back pain","volume":"47","author":"Janssens\n L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Janssens\n L\n , McconnellAK, PijnenburgM, et al.\n Inspiratory muscle training affects proprioceptive use and low back pain. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47:12\u201319. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000385"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","first-page":"A5788","article-title":"The Fatigue Index Test (FIT): Clinical manifestations of a novel measure of inspiratory muscle fatigue in COPD","volume":"199","author":"Formiga\n MF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Formiga\n MF\n , VitalIA, UrdanetaG, CamposMA, CahalinLP. The Fatigue Index Test (FIT): Clinical manifestations of a novel measure of inspiratory muscle fatigue in COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;199:A5788."},{"issue":"S4","key":"b7","series-title":"Int J Health Sci (Qassim)","first-page":"3261","article-title":"Effect of obesity on balance: A literature review","volume":"6","author":"Alice\n A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alice\n A\n , YadavM, VermaR, KumariM, AroraS. Effect of obesity on balance: A literature review. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2022;6(S4):3261\u20133279."},{"issue":"2","key":"b8","series-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med","first-page":"132","article-title":"Impact of obesity on pulmonary function: Current understanding and knowledge gaps","volume":"27","author":"Hegewald\n MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hegewald\n MJ\n \n . Impact of obesity on pulmonary function: Current understanding and knowledge gaps. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2021;27(2):132\u2013140. doi:10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000754"},{"issue":"1","key":"b9","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pathophysiology of neurogenic obesity after spinal cord injury","volume":"27","author":"Gater\n DR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gater\n DR\n , FarkasGJ, TiozzoE. Pathophysiology of neurogenic obesity after spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2021;27(1):1\u201310. doi:10.46292\/sci20-00067"},{"issue":"3","key":"b10","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"441","article-title":"Inspiratory muscle performance and anthropometric measures\u2014novel assessments related to pulmonary function in people with spinal cord injury: A pilot study","volume":"103","author":"Palermo\n AE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Palermo\n AE\n , JanyszekE, YoungA, et al.\n Inspiratory muscle performance and anthropometric measures\u2014novel assessments related to pulmonary function in people with spinal cord injury: A pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2022;103(3):441\u2013450. doi:10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.09.008"},{"issue":"3","key":"b11","series-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am","first-page":"379","article-title":"Conventional respiratory management of spinal cord injury","volume":"31","author":"Bach\n JR","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bach\n JR\n , BurkeL, ChiouM. 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N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1327\u20131335."},{"issue":"4","key":"b17","series-title":"J Am Paaplegia Soc","first-page":"177","article-title":"Waist and neck enlargement after quadriplegia","volume":"17","author":"Frisbie\n JH","year":"1994","unstructured":"Frisbie\n JH\n , BrownR. Waist and neck enlargement after quadriplegia. J Am Paaplegia Soc. 1994;17(4):177\u2013178. doi:10.1080\/01952307.1994.11735933"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"2","article-title":"Inspiratory muscle performance is related to seated balance function in people with spinal cord injury: An observational study [online publication]","author":"Palermo\n AE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Palermo\n AE\n , Kirk-SanchezNJ, GarciaKL, NashMS, CahalinLP. Inspiratory muscle performance is related to seated balance function in people with spinal cord injury: An observational study [online publication]. 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Spinal Cord. 2022;60(3):210\u2013215. doi:10.1038\/s41393-021-00657-x"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of pneumonia in individuals with acute spinal cord injury: A multi-national, multi-center, prospective cohort study [published online]","author":"Mueller\n G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mueller\n G\n , BerlowitzDJ, RaabAM, et al.\n Incidence and risk factors of pneumonia in individuals with acute spinal cord injury: A multi-national, multi-center, prospective cohort study [published online]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2023:1\u20138. doi:10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.11.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"b28","series-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev","first-page":"84","article-title":"Novel methods of inspiratory muscle training via the Test of Incremental Respiratory Endurance (TIRE)","volume":"43","author":"Cahalin\n LP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cahalin\n LP\n , ArenaR. 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J Neurotrauma. 2004;21(10):1371\u20131383."},{"issue":"7","key":"b2","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1303","article-title":"Inspiratory muscle performance is related to seated balance function in people with spinal cord injury: An observational study","volume":"103","author":"Palermo\n AE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Palermo\n AE\n , Kirk-SanchezNJ, GarciaKL, NashMS, CahalinLP. Inspiratory muscle performance is related to seated balance function in people with spinal cord injury: An observational study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2022;103(7):1303\u20131310. doi:10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.11.006"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Biomech","first-page":"1873","article-title":"Intra-abdominal pressure increases stiffness of the lumbar spine","volume":"38","author":"Hodges\n PW","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hodges\n PW\n , ErikssonAEM, ShirleyD, GandeviaSC. Intra-abdominal pressure increases stiffness of the lumbar spine. 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