{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:51:59Z","timestamp":1775148719751,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n The inclusion of people living with spinal cord injury (SCI) in research has allowed for an informed understanding of priorities of recovery of which bowel dysfunction and bladder dysfunction have been continuously identified. Research has also demonstrated the global disparities in SCI outcomes particularly when comparing high- and low-income countries. Currently, there is a lack of direct comparison between countries when assessing SCI outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n This is an exploratory study to better understand bowel and bladder dysfunction amongst individuals with SCI in India and Canada.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Data from 33 participants were analyzed. Participants completed an online questionnaire assessing demographic information and the Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction (NBD) score, Wexner score, Neurogenic Bladder Symptom Score (NBSS), and the Incontinence Quality of Life Instrument (I-QOL). Continuous data were compared using\n t<\/jats:italic>\n tests. For not normally distributed data, the independent Mann-Whitney\n U<\/jats:italic>\n test was used. Categorical variables were evaluated for association using Fisher\u2019s exact or chi-square test, depending on the sample size.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Independent Mann-Whitney\n U<\/jats:italic>\n test demonstrated that the Canadian participants had poorer bowel function with higher total NBD scores (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .007) and less frequent bowel movements (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .036), and they were more likely to experience uneasiness, headaches, and perspiration during bowel movements (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < .001). NBSS results indicated a small but significantly higher proportion of the Indian participants were unsatisfied or unhappy with their bladder function (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .049). The distribution of Wexner and I-QOL scores were the same across countries.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Potential explanations for differences include lifestyle, management, financial resources, patient and caregiver education, and societal pressures, which are all heavily influenced by cultural, geographical, and economic circumstances.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci23-00058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:41Z","timestamp":1706054441000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bowel and Bladder Dysfunction after SCI: A Comparison between India and Canada"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Aliza","family":"Hirsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"MD Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nishu","family":"Tyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine & Rehabilitation Center, Sri Balaji Action Medical Institute, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shakti","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine & Rehabilitation Center, Sri Balaji Action Medical Institute, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harvinder Singh","family":"Chhabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine & Rehabilitation Center, Sri Balaji Action Medical Institute, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nader","family":"Fallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Praxis Spinal Cord Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa K.","family":"Noonan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Praxis Spinal Cord Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shikha","family":"Sehrawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISIC Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aditya","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine & Rehabilitation Center, Sri Balaji Action Medical Institute, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aniket","family":"Barnwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrei V.","family":"Krassioukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"G.F. Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"World J Orthop","first-page":"24","article-title":"Chronic implications of spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"Sezer\n N","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sezer\n N\n , Akku\u015fS, U\u011furlu,FG. Chronic implications of spinal cord injury. World J Orthop. 2015;6(1):24-33."},{"issue":"2","key":"b2","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"141","article-title":"Recommendations for evaluation of neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury and\/or disease","volume":"43","author":"Tate\n DG","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tate\n DG\n , WheelerT, LaneGI, et al.\n Recommendations for evaluation of neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury and\/or disease. 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J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2020;11(5):896-899."},{"issue":"10","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1371","article-title":"Targeting recovery: Priorities of the spinal cord-injured population","volume":"21","author":"Anderson\n KD","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anderson\n KD\n \n . Targeting recovery: Priorities of the spinal cord-injured population. J Neurotrauma. 2004;21(10):1371-1383."},{"issue":"10","key":"b6","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1355","article-title":"Invited review a global perspective on spinal cord injury epidemiology","volume":"21","author":"Ackery\n A","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ackery\n A\n , TatorC, KrassioukovA. Invited review a global perspective on spinal cord injury epidemiology. J Neurotrauma. 2004;21(10):1355-1370."},{"issue":"14","key":"b7","series-title":"SSM Popul Health.","first-page":"100854","article-title":"Health inequalities and income for people with spinal cord injury. 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J Neurosurg Spine. 2018;29(6):680-686."},{"issue":"3","key":"b9","series-title":"Brain Sci","first-page":"29","article-title":"Standardization of data for clinical use and research in spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"Biering-S\u00f8rensen\n F","year":"2016","unstructured":"Biering-S\u00f8rensen\n F\n , Noonan, VK. Standardization of data for clinical use and research in spinal cord injury. Brain Sci. 2016;6(3):29."},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"Spinal Cord.","first-page":"625","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel dysfunction score","volume":"44","author":"Krogh\n K","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krogh\n K\n , ChristensenP, SabroeS, LaurbergS. Neurogenic bowel dysfunction score. Spinal Cord.2006;44(1):625-631."},{"issue":"1","key":"b11","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"77","article-title":"Etiology and management of fecal incontinence","volume":"36","author":"Jorge\n JM","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jorge\n JM\n , WexnerSD. 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Spinal Cord. 2015;53(5):349-352."},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"Dig Dis Sci","first-page":"7","article-title":"Overactive bladder drugs and constipation: A meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials","volume":"56","author":"Meek\n PD","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meek\n PD\n , EvangSD, TadrousM, Roux-LirangeD, TrillerDM, GumustopB. Overactive bladder drugs and constipation: A meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Dig Dis Sci. 2011;56(1):7-18."},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"319","article-title":"The relationship between bladder management and health-related quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury in the UK","volume":"48","author":"Liu\n CW","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu\n CW\n , AttarK, GallA, et al.\n The relationship between bladder management and health-related quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury in the UK. 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