{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:51:49Z","timestamp":1775148709677,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To describe lumbar spine (LS) trabecular bone score (TBS) values after SCI, and to explore the differences in fractures risk assessment between FRAX\u00ae and TBS-adjusted FRAX\u00ae in individuals living with chronic SCI.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Baseline dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans from an established cohort were acquired using a Hologic Discovery QDR 4500. TBS measurements were performed using the TBS iNsight\n TM<\/jats:sup>\n software version 2.1.2.0. A Welch's t-test was performed to explore differences in TBS, FRAX\u00ae, and TBS-adjusted FRAX\u00ae between men and women, between participants \u226449 years and \u226550 years, and between subgroups with and without history of fracture and with complete and incomplete injury.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n We analyzed 37 scans; the mean TBS was 1.336 \u00b1 0.107. The mean 10-year fracture risk was 8.8% \u00b1 11.4% for major osteoporotic fracture and 4.0% \u00b1 10.8% for hip fracture according to FRAX\u00ae, and 6.6% \u00b1 2.8% for major osteoporotic fracture and 2.8% \u00b1 6.7% for hip fractures according to TBS-adjusted FRAX\u00ae. The 10-year fracture risk for major osteoporotic fractures was higher in individuals with a prior fragility fracture compared to those without, according to FRAX\u00ae (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .033) and TBS-adjusted FRAX\u00ae (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Over a half of our sample presented a partially degraded bone microarchitecture based on TBS. TBS was not different between people with motor complete and motor incomplete injury or with and without prior fragility fracture. Future studies are needed to define the clinical relevance of TBS and TBS-adjusted FRAX\u00ae in people with chronic SCI.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci24-00014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T12:25:26Z","timestamp":1732710326000},"page":"14-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Trabecular Bone Score in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Matteo","family":"Ponzano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada"},{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Centre (BSCC), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsie","family":"Blencowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE \u2013 Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lora M.","family":"Giangregorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE \u2013 Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Schlegel-UW Research Institute for Aging, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. Catharine","family":"Craven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE \u2013 Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"issue":"30","key":"b1","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"343","article-title":"Bone mineral and hormone status in paraplegics","author":"Finsen\n V","year":"1992","unstructured":"Finsen\n V\n , IndredavikB, FougnerKJ. Bone mineral and hormone status in paraplegics. 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Spinal Cord. 1998;36:790-796."},{"issue":"14","key":"b54","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detection and treatment of sublesional osteoporosis among patients with chronic spinal cord injury","author":"Craven\n BC","year":"2009","unstructured":"Craven\n BC\n , RobertsonLA, McGillivrayCF, AdachiJD. Detection and treatment of sublesional osteoporosis among patients with chronic spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2009;14:1-22."},{"issue":"76","key":"b55","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"823","article-title":"Limb fractures in patients with spinal cord injury","author":"Freehafer\n AA","year":"1995","unstructured":"Freehafer\n AA\n \n . Limb fractures in patients with spinal cord injury. 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Spinal Cord2000;38:26-32."},{"issue":"37","key":"b4","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"358","article-title":"Bone mineral density differences between paraplegic and quadriplegic patients: A cross-sectional study","author":"Tsuzuku\n S","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tsuzuku\n S\n , IkegamiY, YabeK. Bone mineral density differences between paraplegic and quadriplegic patients: A cross-sectional study. Spinal Cord. 1999;37:358-361."},{"issue":"43","key":"b5","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"96","article-title":"Long-term changes in the tibia and radius bone mineral density following spinal cord injury","author":"de Bruin\n ED","year":"2005","unstructured":"de Bruin\n ED\n , VanwanseeleB, DambacherMA, DietzV, St\u00fcssiE. Long-term changes in the tibia and radius bone mineral density following spinal cord injury. 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Bone densitometry and true BMD accuracy for predicting fractures: What are the alternatives?Int J Clin Rheumatol. 2010;5:371-385."},{"issue":"18","key":"b22","series-title":"J Clin Densitom","first-page":"287","article-title":"Fracture risk prediction by Non-BMD DXA measures: The 2015 ISCD official positions part 1: Hip geometry","author":"Broy\n SB","year":"2015","unstructured":"Broy\n SB\n , et al.\n Fracture risk prediction by Non-BMD DXA measures: The 2015 ISCD official positions part 1: Hip geometry. J Clin Densitom. 2015;18:287-308."},{"issue":"34","key":"b23","series-title":"Bone","first-page":"599","article-title":"Changes in bone mineral density explain little of the reduction in vertebral or nonvertebral fracture risk with anti-resorptive therapy","author":"Delmas\n PD","year":"2004","unstructured":"Delmas\n PD\n , SeemanE. Changes in bone mineral density explain little of the reduction in vertebral or nonvertebral fracture risk with anti-resorptive therapy. 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Rheumatology. 2013;52:968-985."},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders","first-page":"3365","article-title":"Neuromuscular disorders","author":"Resnick\n D","year":"1996","unstructured":"Resnick\n D\n \n . Neuromuscular disorders. In ResnickD, ed. Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1996: 3365-3406."},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders","first-page":"1377","article-title":"Degenerative diseases of the spine","author":"Resnick\n D","year":"1995","unstructured":"Resnick\n D\n , NiwayamaG. Degenerative diseases of the spine. In ResnickD, ed. Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders. 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J Clin Densitom. 2020;23:543-548."},{"issue":"98","key":"b40","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"602","article-title":"TBS (trabecular bone score) and diabetes-related fracture risk","author":"Leslie\n WD","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leslie\n WD\n , Aubry-RozierB, LamyO, HansD, for the Manitoba Bone Density Program. TBS (trabecular bone score) and diabetes-related fracture risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:602-609."},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Medicine","article-title":"Trabecular bone score as a supplementary tool for the discrimination of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"96","author":"Choi\n YJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Choi\n YJ\n , ChungY-S, SuhC-H, JungJ-Y, KimH-A. Trabecular bone score as a supplementary tool for the discrimination of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis. 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J Spinal Cord Med. 2004;27:202-206."},{"issue":"20","key":"b52","series-title":"Osteoporos Int","first-page":"385","article-title":"Osteoporotic fractures and hospitalization risk in chronic spinal cord injury","author":"Morse\n LR","year":"2009","unstructured":"Morse\n LR\n , et al.\n Osteoporotic fractures and hospitalization risk in chronic spinal cord injury. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20:385-392."},{"issue":"36","key":"b53","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"790","article-title":"Fracture rates and risk factors for fractures in patients with spinal cord injury","author":"Vestergaard\n P","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vestergaard\n P\n , KroghK, RejnmarkL, MosekildeL. Fracture rates and risk factors for fractures in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1998;36:790-796."},{"issue":"14","key":"b54","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detection and treatment of sublesional osteoporosis among patients with chronic spinal cord injury","author":"Craven\n BC","year":"2009","unstructured":"Craven\n BC\n , RobertsonLA, McGillivrayCF, AdachiJD. Detection and treatment of sublesional osteoporosis among patients with chronic spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2009;14:1-22."},{"issue":"76","key":"b55","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"823","article-title":"Limb fractures in patients with spinal cord injury","author":"Freehafer\n AA","year":"1995","unstructured":"Freehafer\n AA\n \n . Limb fractures in patients with spinal cord injury. 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J Bone Miner Res. 2016;31:690-697."},{"issue":"28","key":"b57","series-title":"Osteoporos Int","first-page":"3199","article-title":"Clinical performance of an updated trabecular bone score (TBS) algorithm in men and women: The Manitoba BMD cohort","author":"Schacter\n GI","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schacter\n GI\n , et al.\n Clinical performance of an updated trabecular bone score (TBS) algorithm in men and women: The Manitoba BMD cohort. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28:3199-3203."},{"issue":"25","key":"b58","series-title":"Osteoporos Int","first-page":"1759","article-title":"TBS result is not affected by lumbar spine osteoarthritis","author":"Kolta\n S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kolta\n S\n , et al.\n TBS result is not affected by lumbar spine osteoarthritis. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25:1759-1764."},{"issue":"32","key":"b59","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","first-page":"618","article-title":"Change in trabecular bone score (TBS) with antiresorptive therapy does not predict fracture in women: The Manitoba BMD Cohort: TBS change and fracture","author":"Leslie\n WD","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leslie\n WD\n , MajumdarSR, MorinSN, HansD, LixLM. Change in trabecular bone score (TBS) with antiresorptive therapy does not predict fracture in women: The Manitoba BMD Cohort: TBS change and fracture. J Bone Miner Res. 2017;32:618-623."},{"issue":"75","key":"b60","series-title":"Bone","first-page":"138","article-title":"Comparison between different bone treatments on areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and bone microarchitectural texture as assessed by the trabecular bone score (TBS)","author":"GregorioS","year":"2015","unstructured":"Di GregorioS, et al.\n Comparison between different bone treatments on areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and bone microarchitectural texture as assessed by the trabecular bone score (TBS). Bone. 2015;75:138-143."},{"issue":"24","key":"b61","series-title":"Osteoporos Int","first-page":"1073","article-title":"Effects of anti-resorptive agents on trabecular bone score (TBS) in older women","author":"Krieg\n MA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krieg\n MA\n , Aubry-RozierB, HansD, LeslieWD, for the Manitoba Bone Density Program. Effects of anti-resorptive agents on trabecular bone score (TBS) in older women. 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Bisphosphonates for osteoporosis \u2014 Where do we go from here?N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2048-2051."},{"issue":"22","key":"b64","series-title":"J Clin Densitom","first-page":"249","article-title":"Trabecular bone score at the distal femur and proximal tibia in individuals with spinal cord injury","author":"Lobos\n S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lobos\n S\n , et al.\n Trabecular bone score at the distal femur and proximal tibia in individuals with spinal cord injury. J Clin Densitom. 2019;22:249-256."},{"key":"b65","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"S293","article-title":"Rehabilitation in spinal cord disorders. 1. Epidemiology, prevention, and system of care of spinal cord disorders","volume":"72","author":"Parsons\n KC","year":"1991","unstructured":"Parsons\n KC\n , LammertseDP. Rehabilitation in spinal cord disorders. 1. Epidemiology, prevention, and system of care of spinal cord disorders. 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