{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:52:54Z","timestamp":1775148774547,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Musculoskeletal complications are one of the most common reasons for a patient with a spinal cord injury (SCI) to be rehospitalized. Bone loss due to immobilization and changes in metabolic processes because of the SCI lead to an increased risk of fractures.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the prevalence and demographic characteristics of people living with an SCI who had a secondary fracture.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n We used population health administrative data from Ontario, Canada, in individuals with either traumatic (TSCI) or nontraumatic SCI (NTSCI). Records of duplicate cases, missing unique patient identifier numbers, individuals not eligible for provincial health insurance, and age <18 years were excluded. Only records of fractures treated in the emergency department or acute care hospital were included. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data, using counts and percentages that described the numbers and proportions of fractures by type disaggregated by sex, age groups, and type of SCI.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 14,168 unique records were identified with 4486 as TSCI and 9682 as NTSCI between April 1, 2004 and March 31, 2020 and were followed up to March 31, 2021. Overall, 11% of the cohort had a subsequent fracture with no difference between TSCI and NTSCI. Hip fractures accounted for 21% of the fractures, wrists accounted for 12%, spine 11%, and tibia 11%. The average time to the first subsequent fracture after the SCI was 3.97 (\n SD<\/jats:italic>\n 3.4) years.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Monitoring and management of fracture risk needs attention in the first 2 years, with a focus on NTSCI.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci24-00029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T12:25:38Z","timestamp":1732710338000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence and Impact of Fractures in Persons with Spinal Cord Injuries: A Population-Based Study Comparing Fracture Rates between Individuals with Traumatic and Nontraumatic Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Ziebart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Therapy, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Jaglal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"KITE Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Guilcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES), Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lavina","family":"Matai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES), Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES), Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cathy","family":"Craven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"b1","series-title":"Chronic Dis Inj Canada","article-title":"The economic burden of traumatic spinal cord injury in Canada","volume":"33","author":"Krueger\n H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krueger\n H\n , NoonanV, TrenamanL, JoshiP, RiversC. The economic burden of traumatic spinal cord injury in Canada. Chronic Dis Inj Canada. 2013;33(3)."},{"issue":"2","key":"b2","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"184","article-title":"The lifetime cost of spinal cord injury in Ontario, Canada: A population-based study from the perspective of the public health care payer","volume":"42","author":"Chan\n BC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chan\n BC\n , CadaretteSM, WodchisWP, KrahnMD, MittmannN. The lifetime cost of spinal cord injury in Ontario, Canada: A population-based study from the perspective of the public health care payer. J Spinal Cord Med. 2019;42(2):184-193. doi:10.1080\/10790268.2018.1486622"},{"issue":"7","key":"b3","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"799","article-title":"Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in Canada","volume":"31","author":"Pickett\n GE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pickett\n GE\n , Campos-BenitezM, KellerJL, DuggalN. Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in Canada. Spine. 2006;31(7):799-805."},{"issue":"15","key":"b4","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1740","article-title":"Epidemiology and impact of spinal cord injury in the elderly: Results of a fifteen-year population-based cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Wilson\n JR","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson\n JR\n , CroninS, FehlingsMG, et al.\n Epidemiology and impact of spinal cord injury in the elderly: Results of a fifteen-year population-based cohort study. J Neurotrauma. 2020;37(15):1740-1751."},{"issue":"4","key":"b5","series-title":"Neuroepidemiology","first-page":"219","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of spinal cord injury in Canada: A national perspective","volume":"38","author":"Noonan\n VK","year":"2012","unstructured":"Noonan\n VK\n , FingasM, FarryA, BaxterD, SinghA, FehlingsMG, DvorakMF. Incidence and prevalence of spinal cord injury in Canada: A national perspective. Neuroepidemiology. 2012;38(4):219-226."},{"issue":"3","key":"b6","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"257","article-title":"Etiology-specific variation in survival following non-traumatic spinal cord injury: A causal inference approach using data from a population-based cohort","volume":"59","author":"Buzzell\n A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Buzzell\n A\n , ChamberlainJD, Eriks-HooglandI, JordanX, SchubertM, ZwahlenM, BrinkhofMWG. Etiology-specific variation in survival following non-traumatic spinal cord injury: A causal inference approach using data from a population-based cohort. Spinal Cord. 2021;59(3):257-265. doi:10.1038\/s41393-020-00554-9"},{"issue":"4","key":"b7","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"208","article-title":"Osteoporosis and risk of fracture in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"39","author":"Lazo\n M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lazo\n M\n , ShiraziP, SamM, Giobbie-HurderA, BlacconiereM, MuppidiM. Osteoporosis and risk of fracture in men with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2001;39(4):208-214."},{"issue":"2","key":"b8","series-title":"Osteopor Int","first-page":"180","article-title":"Osteoporosis after spinal cord injury","volume":"17","author":"Jiang\n S-D","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jiang\n S-D\n , DaiL-Y, JiangL-S. Osteoporosis after spinal cord injury. Osteopor Int. 2006;17(2):180-192."},{"issue":"1","key":"b9","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"28","article-title":"Bone mineral density and indexes of bone metabolism in spinal cord injury","volume":"77","author":"Szollar\n SM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Szollar\n SM\n , MartinE, SartorisDJ, ParthemoreJG, DeftosLJ. Bone mineral density and indexes of bone metabolism in spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;77(1):28-35."},{"issue":"4","key":"b10","series-title":"Clin Rehabil","first-page":"361","article-title":"Incidence of skeletal fractures after traumatic spinal cord injury: A 10-year follow-up study","volume":"28","author":"Gifre\n L","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gifre\n L\n , VidalJ, CarrascoJ, PortellE, PuigJ, MonegalA, et al.\n Incidence of skeletal fractures after traumatic spinal cord injury: A 10-year follow-up study. Clin Rehabil. 2014;28(4):361-369."},{"issue":"12","key":"b11","series-title":"Osteoporos Int","first-page":"2703","article-title":"Bone fragility after spinal cord injury: Reductions in stiffness and bone mineral at the distal femur and proximal tibia as a function of time","volume":"29","author":"Haider\n IT","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haider\n IT\n , LobosSM, SimonianN, SchnitzerTJ, EdwardsWB. Bone fragility after spinal cord injury: Reductions in stiffness and bone mineral at the distal femur and proximal tibia as a function of time. Osteoporos Int. 2018;29(12):2703-2715. doi:10.1007\/s00198-018-4733-0"},{"issue":"6","key":"b12","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"676","article-title":"Lower extremity fractures in patients with spinal cord injury characteristics, outcome and risk factors for non-unions","volume":"41","author":"Grassner\n L","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grassner\n L\n , KleinB, MaierD, B\u00fchrenV, VogelM. Lower extremity fractures in patients with spinal cord injury characteristics, outcome and risk factors for non-unions. J Spinal Cord Med. 2018;41(6):676-683. doi:10.1080\/10790268.2017.1329915"},{"issue":"11","key":"b13","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"790","article-title":"Fracture rates and risk factors for fractures in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Vestergaard\n P","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vestergaard\n P\n , KroghK, RejnmarkL, MosekildeL. Fracture rates and risk factors for fractures in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(11):790-796."},{"issue":"3","key":"b14","series-title":"J Orthop Res","first-page":"371","article-title":"Osteoporosis after spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Garland\n DE","year":"1992","unstructured":"Garland\n DE\n , StewartCA, AdkinsRH, HuSS, RosenC, LiottaFJ, WeinsteinDA. Osteoporosis after spinal cord injury. J Orthop Res. 1992;10(3):371-378."},{"issue":"6","key":"b15","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"765","article-title":"Developing quality of care indicators for patients with traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI): A feasibility study using administrative health data","volume":"38","author":"Guilcher\n SJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guilcher\n SJ\n , ParsonsD, CravenBC, JaglalSB, VerrierM. Developing quality of care indicators for patients with traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI): A feasibility study using administrative health data. J Spinal Cord Med. 2015;38(6):765-776."},{"key":"b16","series-title":"The Cost of Smoking: A Manitoba Study","author":"Martens\n P","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martens\n P\n , NickelN, ForgetEL, et al.\n The Cost of Smoking: A Manitoba Study. Winnipeg: Manitoba Centre for Health Policy; 2015."},{"issue":"10132","key":"b17","series-title":"The Lancet","first-page":"1775","article-title":"Development and validation of a Hospital Frailty Risk Score focusing on older people in acute care settings using electronic hospital records: An observational study","volume":"391","author":"Gilbert\n T","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gilbert\n T\n , NeuburgerJ, KraindlerJ, et al.\n Development and validation of a Hospital Frailty Risk Score focusing on older people in acute care settings using electronic hospital records: An observational study. The Lancet. 2018;391(10132):1775-1782."},{"issue":"1","key":"b18","series-title":"Res Integrity Peer Rev","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sex and gender equity in research: Rationale for the SAGER guidelines and recommended use","volume":"1","author":"Heidari\n S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heidari\n S\n , BaborTF, De CastroP, TortS, CurnoM. Sex and gender equity in research: Rationale for the SAGER guidelines and recommended use. Res Integrity Peer Rev. 2016;1(1):1-9."},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"Eur J Clin Invest","first-page":"330","article-title":"Longitudinal study of bone mineral content in the lumbar spine, the forearm and the lower extremities after spinal cord injury","volume":"20","author":"Biering\u2010S\u2298rensen\n F","year":"1990","unstructured":"Biering\u2010S\u2298rensen\n F\n , BohrH, SchaadtO. Longitudinal study of bone mineral content in the lumbar spine, the forearm and the lower extremities after spinal cord injury. Eur J Clin Invest. 1990;20(3):330-335."},{"issue":"5","key":"b20","series-title":"Bone","first-page":"869","article-title":"Relationship between the duration of paralysis and bone structure: A pQCT study of spinal cord injured individuals","volume":"34","author":"Eser\n P","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eser\n P\n , FrotzlerA, ZehnderY, WickL, KnechtH, DenothJ, SchiesslH. Relationship between the duration of paralysis and bone structure: A pQCT study of spinal cord injured individuals. Bone. 2004;34(5):869-880."},{"issue":"8","key":"b21","series-title":"J Bone Mineral Res","first-page":"1422","article-title":"Reduction in torsional stiffness and strength at the proximal tibia as a function of time since spinal cord injury","volume":"30","author":"Edwards\n WB","year":"2015","unstructured":"Edwards\n WB\n , SimonianN, TroyKL, SchnitzerTJ. Reduction in torsional stiffness and strength at the proximal tibia as a function of time since spinal cord injury. J Bone Mineral Res. 2015;30(8):1422-1430."},{"issue":"2","key":"b22","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil","first-page":"108","article-title":"Minimal trauma causing fractures in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"14","author":"Keating\n J","year":"1992","unstructured":"Keating\n J\n , KerrM, DelargyM. Minimal trauma causing fractures in patients with spinal cord injury. Disabil Rehabil. 1992;14(2):108-109."},{"issue":"1","key":"b23","series-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact","first-page":"26","article-title":"Osteoporosis after spinal cord injury: Aetiology, effects and therapeutic approaches","volume":"21","author":"Abdelrahman\n S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdelrahman\n S\n , IrelandA, WinterEM, PurcellM, CoupaudS. Osteoporosis after spinal cord injury: Aetiology, effects and therapeutic approaches. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2021;21(1):26-50."},{"issue":"5","key":"b24","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol","first-page":"555","article-title":"Mechanisms of osteoporosis in spinal cord injury","volume":"65","author":"Jiang\n SD","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jiang\n SD\n , JiangLS, DaiLY. Mechanisms of osteoporosis in spinal cord injury. Clin Endocrinol. 2006;65(5):555-565."},{"issue":"32","key":"b25","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"459","article-title":"Skeletal adaptations to alterations in weight-bearing activity: A comparison of models of disuse osteoporosis","author":"Giangregorio\n L","year":"2002","unstructured":"Giangregorio\n L\n , BlimkieCJ. Skeletal adaptations to alterations in weight-bearing activity: A comparison of models of disuse osteoporosis. Sports Med. 2002;32:459-476."},{"issue":"11","key":"b26","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"669","article-title":"Bone metabolism in spinal cord injured individuals and in others who have prolonged immobilisation. A review","volume":"33","author":"Uebelhart\n D","year":"1995","unstructured":"Uebelhart\n D\n , Demiaux-DomenechB, RothM, ChantraineA. Bone metabolism in spinal cord injured individuals and in others who have prolonged immobilisation. A review. Spinal Cord. 1995;33(11):669-673."},{"issue":"12","key":"b27","series-title":"Metabolism","first-page":"1655","article-title":"Bone remodeling and calcium homeostasis in patients with spinal cord injury: A review","volume":"60","author":"Ma\u00efmoun\n L","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ma\u00efmoun\n L\n , FattalC, SultanC. Bone remodeling and calcium homeostasis in patients with spinal cord injury: A review. Metabolism. 2011;60(12):1655-1663."},{"issue":"3","key":"b28","series-title":"NeuroRehabilitation","first-page":"261","article-title":"The effects of spinal cord injury and exercise on bone mass: A literature review","volume":"29","author":"Dolbow\n D","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dolbow\n D\n , GorgeyA, DanielsJ, AdlerR, MooreJ, GaterDJr. The effects of spinal cord injury and exercise on bone mass: A literature review. NeuroRehabilitation. 2011;29(3):261-269."},{"issue":"14","key":"b29","series-title":"Int J Gen Med","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Bone mineral density at the distal femur and proximal tibia and related factors during the first year of spinal cord injury","author":"Zheng\n X","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zheng\n X\n , QiY, ZhouH, KangH, TongY, BiL. Bone mineral density at the distal femur and proximal tibia and related factors during the first year of spinal cord injury. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:1121-1129."},{"issue":"3","key":"b1","series-title":"Chronic Dis Inj Canada","article-title":"The economic burden of traumatic spinal cord injury in Canada","volume":"33","author":"Krueger\n H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krueger\n H\n , NoonanV, TrenamanL, JoshiP, RiversC. The economic burden of traumatic spinal cord injury in Canada. Chronic Dis Inj Canada. 2013;33(3)."},{"issue":"2","key":"b2","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"184","article-title":"The lifetime cost of spinal cord injury in Ontario, Canada: A population-based study from the perspective of the public health care payer","volume":"42","author":"Chan\n BC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chan\n BC\n , CadaretteSM, WodchisWP, KrahnMD, MittmannN. The lifetime cost of spinal cord injury in Ontario, Canada: A population-based study from the perspective of the public health care payer. J Spinal Cord Med. 2019;42(2):184-193. doi:10.1080\/10790268.2018.1486622"},{"issue":"7","key":"b3","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"799","article-title":"Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in Canada","volume":"31","author":"Pickett\n GE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pickett\n GE\n , Campos-BenitezM, KellerJL, DuggalN. Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in Canada. Spine. 2006;31(7):799-805."},{"issue":"15","key":"b4","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1740","article-title":"Epidemiology and impact of spinal cord injury in the elderly: Results of a fifteen-year population-based cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Wilson\n JR","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson\n JR\n , CroninS, FehlingsMG, et al.\n Epidemiology and impact of spinal cord injury in the elderly: Results of a fifteen-year population-based cohort study. J Neurotrauma. 2020;37(15):1740-1751."},{"issue":"4","key":"b5","series-title":"Neuroepidemiology","first-page":"219","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of spinal cord injury in Canada: A national perspective","volume":"38","author":"Noonan\n VK","year":"2012","unstructured":"Noonan\n VK\n , FingasM, FarryA, BaxterD, SinghA, FehlingsMG, DvorakMF. Incidence and prevalence of spinal cord injury in Canada: A national perspective. Neuroepidemiology. 2012;38(4):219-226."},{"issue":"3","key":"b6","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"257","article-title":"Etiology-specific variation in survival following non-traumatic spinal cord injury: A causal inference approach using data from a population-based cohort","volume":"59","author":"Buzzell\n A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Buzzell\n A\n , ChamberlainJD, Eriks-HooglandI, JordanX, SchubertM, ZwahlenM, BrinkhofMWG. Etiology-specific variation in survival following non-traumatic spinal cord injury: A causal inference approach using data from a population-based cohort. Spinal Cord. 2021;59(3):257-265. doi:10.1038\/s41393-020-00554-9"},{"issue":"4","key":"b7","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"208","article-title":"Osteoporosis and risk of fracture in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"39","author":"Lazo\n M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lazo\n M\n , ShiraziP, SamM, Giobbie-HurderA, BlacconiereM, MuppidiM. Osteoporosis and risk of fracture in men with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2001;39(4):208-214."},{"issue":"2","key":"b8","series-title":"Osteopor Int","first-page":"180","article-title":"Osteoporosis after spinal cord injury","volume":"17","author":"Jiang\n S-D","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jiang\n S-D\n , DaiL-Y, JiangL-S. Osteoporosis after spinal cord injury. Osteopor Int. 2006;17(2):180-192."},{"issue":"1","key":"b9","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"28","article-title":"Bone mineral density and indexes of bone metabolism in spinal cord injury","volume":"77","author":"Szollar\n SM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Szollar\n SM\n , MartinE, SartorisDJ, ParthemoreJG, DeftosLJ. Bone mineral density and indexes of bone metabolism in spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;77(1):28-35."},{"issue":"4","key":"b10","series-title":"Clin Rehabil","first-page":"361","article-title":"Incidence of skeletal fractures after traumatic spinal cord injury: A 10-year follow-up study","volume":"28","author":"Gifre\n L","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gifre\n L\n , VidalJ, CarrascoJ, PortellE, PuigJ, MonegalA, et al.\n Incidence of skeletal fractures after traumatic spinal cord injury: A 10-year follow-up study. Clin Rehabil. 2014;28(4):361-369."},{"issue":"12","key":"b11","series-title":"Osteoporos Int","first-page":"2703","article-title":"Bone fragility after spinal cord injury: Reductions in stiffness and bone mineral at the distal femur and proximal tibia as a function of time","volume":"29","author":"Haider\n IT","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haider\n IT\n , LobosSM, SimonianN, SchnitzerTJ, EdwardsWB. Bone fragility after spinal cord injury: Reductions in stiffness and bone mineral at the distal femur and proximal tibia as a function of time. Osteoporos Int. 2018;29(12):2703-2715. doi:10.1007\/s00198-018-4733-0"},{"issue":"6","key":"b12","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"676","article-title":"Lower extremity fractures in patients with spinal cord injury characteristics, outcome and risk factors for non-unions","volume":"41","author":"Grassner\n L","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grassner\n L\n , KleinB, MaierD, B\u00fchrenV, VogelM. Lower extremity fractures in patients with spinal cord injury characteristics, outcome and risk factors for non-unions. J Spinal Cord Med. 2018;41(6):676-683. doi:10.1080\/10790268.2017.1329915"},{"issue":"11","key":"b13","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"790","article-title":"Fracture rates and risk factors for fractures in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Vestergaard\n P","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vestergaard\n P\n , KroghK, RejnmarkL, MosekildeL. Fracture rates and risk factors for fractures in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(11):790-796."},{"issue":"3","key":"b14","series-title":"J Orthop Res","first-page":"371","article-title":"Osteoporosis after spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Garland\n DE","year":"1992","unstructured":"Garland\n DE\n , StewartCA, AdkinsRH, HuSS, RosenC, LiottaFJ, WeinsteinDA. Osteoporosis after spinal cord injury. J Orthop Res. 1992;10(3):371-378."},{"issue":"6","key":"b15","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"765","article-title":"Developing quality of care indicators for patients with traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI): A feasibility study using administrative health data","volume":"38","author":"Guilcher\n SJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guilcher\n SJ\n , ParsonsD, CravenBC, JaglalSB, VerrierM. Developing quality of care indicators for patients with traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI): A feasibility study using administrative health data. J Spinal Cord Med. 2015;38(6):765-776."},{"key":"b16","series-title":"The Cost of Smoking: A Manitoba Study","author":"Martens\n P","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martens\n P\n , NickelN, ForgetEL, et al.\n The Cost of Smoking: A Manitoba Study. Winnipeg: Manitoba Centre for Health Policy; 2015."},{"issue":"10132","key":"b17","series-title":"The Lancet","first-page":"1775","article-title":"Development and validation of a Hospital Frailty Risk Score focusing on older people in acute care settings using electronic hospital records: An observational study","volume":"391","author":"Gilbert\n T","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gilbert\n T\n , NeuburgerJ, KraindlerJ, et al.\n Development and validation of a Hospital Frailty Risk Score focusing on older people in acute care settings using electronic hospital records: An observational study. The Lancet. 2018;391(10132):1775-1782."},{"issue":"1","key":"b18","series-title":"Res Integrity Peer Rev","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sex and gender equity in research: Rationale for the SAGER guidelines and recommended use","volume":"1","author":"Heidari\n S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heidari\n S\n , BaborTF, De CastroP, TortS, CurnoM. Sex and gender equity in research: Rationale for the SAGER guidelines and recommended use. Res Integrity Peer Rev. 2016;1(1):1-9."},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"Eur J Clin Invest","first-page":"330","article-title":"Longitudinal study of bone mineral content in the lumbar spine, the forearm and the lower extremities after spinal cord injury","volume":"20","author":"Biering\u2010S\u2298rensen\n F","year":"1990","unstructured":"Biering\u2010S\u2298rensen\n F\n , BohrH, SchaadtO. Longitudinal study of bone mineral content in the lumbar spine, the forearm and the lower extremities after spinal cord injury. Eur J Clin Invest. 1990;20(3):330-335."},{"issue":"5","key":"b20","series-title":"Bone","first-page":"869","article-title":"Relationship between the duration of paralysis and bone structure: A pQCT study of spinal cord injured individuals","volume":"34","author":"Eser\n P","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eser\n P\n , FrotzlerA, ZehnderY, WickL, KnechtH, DenothJ, SchiesslH. Relationship between the duration of paralysis and bone structure: A pQCT study of spinal cord injured individuals. Bone. 2004;34(5):869-880."},{"issue":"8","key":"b21","series-title":"J Bone Mineral Res","first-page":"1422","article-title":"Reduction in torsional stiffness and strength at the proximal tibia as a function of time since spinal cord injury","volume":"30","author":"Edwards\n WB","year":"2015","unstructured":"Edwards\n WB\n , SimonianN, TroyKL, SchnitzerTJ. Reduction in torsional stiffness and strength at the proximal tibia as a function of time since spinal cord injury. J Bone Mineral Res. 2015;30(8):1422-1430."},{"issue":"2","key":"b22","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil","first-page":"108","article-title":"Minimal trauma causing fractures in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"14","author":"Keating\n J","year":"1992","unstructured":"Keating\n J\n , KerrM, DelargyM. Minimal trauma causing fractures in patients with spinal cord injury. Disabil Rehabil. 1992;14(2):108-109."},{"issue":"1","key":"b23","series-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact","first-page":"26","article-title":"Osteoporosis after spinal cord injury: Aetiology, effects and therapeutic approaches","volume":"21","author":"Abdelrahman\n S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdelrahman\n S\n , IrelandA, WinterEM, PurcellM, CoupaudS. Osteoporosis after spinal cord injury: Aetiology, effects and therapeutic approaches. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2021;21(1):26-50."},{"issue":"5","key":"b24","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol","first-page":"555","article-title":"Mechanisms of osteoporosis in spinal cord injury","volume":"65","author":"Jiang\n SD","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jiang\n SD\n , JiangLS, DaiLY. Mechanisms of osteoporosis in spinal cord injury. 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