{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:51:25Z","timestamp":1775148685853,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"\n Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n Alterations to bone metabolism deteriorations in bone density and architecture after spinal cord injury (SCI) are complex and multifactorial: mechanical unloading, impaired osteoblast activity, altered hormone levels, and regional blood flow combine to increase lower extremity fracture incidence and mortality. Bone biomarkers are vital to detect disease, identify candidate therapies, monitor therapy effectiveness, and quantify fracture risk.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to synthesize available literature on serum and plasma bone biomarkers in both animal and human SCI models and to generate consensus regarding their appropriateness for use across the translational continuum.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A systematic search was conducted; 4731 studies were excluded, yielding 125 studies for data extraction. Data were reviewed by an interdisciplinary panel of experts. Through a modified e-Delphi process, consensus statements were iteratively developed regarding the appropriateness of 14 serum bone biomarkers in human and animal models and across the translational continuum.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n The consensus process highlighted challenges in interpreting animal and human models, emphasizing the need for methodological rigor and standardized biomarker reporting. Consideration of diurnal variations in biomarkers and model selection (transection vs. clip) underscored the complexity of SCI research. Limitations included defining \u201cadult\u201d rodents and lack of data on sex-related differences in biomarkers and their interpretation, given most human data were obtained from males and animal data from females.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The consensus statements provide guidance, address gaps in reporting and interpretation of biomarkers, promote use of standardized protocols and assay kits, and emphasize interdisciplinary approaches to advancing scientific discovery and facilitating knowledge translation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci24-00042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T11:40:20Z","timestamp":1750765220000},"page":"13-28","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systematic Search and Modified e-Delphi Consensus for Serum Bone Biomarkers in Humans and Animal Models with SCI: Methodology"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Philemon","family":"Tsang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Cleland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matheus","family":"Wiest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristine C.","family":"Cowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Patsakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Ponzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada"},{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Centre (BSCC), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lora","family":"Giangregorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences and Schlegel-UW Research Institute for Aging, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saina","family":"Aliabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Fouad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Magnuson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Neurological Surgery, Friends for Michael Chair in Spinal Cord Injury Research, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. Catharine","family":"Craven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"b1","series-title":"Spinal Cord.","first-page":"714","article-title":"Animal models of spinal cord injury: A systematic review","volume":"55","author":"Sharif-Alhoseini\n M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharif-Alhoseini\n M\n , KhormaliM, RezaeiM, et al. Animal models of spinal cord injury: A systematic review. 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