{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:31:25Z","timestamp":1781109085218,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite considerable progress in spinal cord injury (SCI) research, there remains a pressing need for interventions that effectively restore neurological function after injury beyond that which occurs spontaneously. A major steppingstone towards the development of effective therapies for SCI is the ability to accurately predict recovery and identify individuals who are most likely to respond to intervention. Currently, the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) remains the primary tool for assessing neurological impairment after injury. However, based on the inherent limitations of the ISNCSCI exam, accurate and sensitive biomarkers are required. Understanding the role of biomarkers in SCI is crucial for improving diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment strategies. In 2024, the Spinal Cord Outcome Partnership Endeavour (SCOPE) sponsored a precourse at the American Spinal Injuries Association (ASIA) meeting. The international panel discussed the scope, utility, and application of biomarkers in SCI clinical trials and clinical practice. This article summarizes key insights from this discussion, highlighting the value of various types of biomarkers, ranging from molecular and cellular markers to those reflecting neural circuits, systems, and movement. We also summarize the context of using different types of biomarkers and their application in research versus clinical practice. While there are currently no FDAqualified SCI biomarkers, the development of reliable biomarkers holds the potential to accelerate the pace of discovery and enable more precise approaches to treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci24-00076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T11:40:16Z","timestamp":1750765216000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exploring the Landscape of Biomarkers in Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Paulina S.","family":"Scheuren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethany R.","family":"Kondiles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela R.","family":"Filous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury Division, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"},{"name":"Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ona E.","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell, Manhasset, New York"},{"name":"The Feinstein Institutes of Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana S.-L.","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edelle C.","family":"Field-Fote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crawford Research Institute, Shepherd Center, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Division of Physical Therapy, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Program in Applied Physiology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Freund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James D.","family":"Guest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, The University of Miami, Miami, Florida"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, The University of Miami, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian K.","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikos","family":"Kyritsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Leptak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greenleaf Health, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica A.","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois"},{"name":"Edward Hines Jr., VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Szapacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, Southern Medical Program, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Tansey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Veterans Affairs, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane T.C.","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wings for Life, Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"BEST (Biomarkers, EndpointS, and other Tools) resource [Internet]","author":"FDA-NIH Biomarker Working Group, Food and Drug Administration","year":"2016","unstructured":"FDA-NIH Biomarker Working Group, Food and Drug Administration\n          . BEST (Biomarkers, EndpointS, and other Tools) resource [Internet]. Published 2016. 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Diabetes Care. 2020;43(Suppl 1): S14-S31. doi:10.2337\/dc20-S002."},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"J Pediatr","first-page":"S4","article-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in newborns through older adults: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation consensus report","volume":"153","author":"Farrell\n              PM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Farrell\n              PM\n            , RosensteinBJ, WhiteTB, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in newborns through older adults: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation consensus report. J Pediatr. 2008;153(2):S4-S14. doi:10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.05.005."},{"key":"b5","series-title":"FDA authorizes marketing of first blood test to aid in the evaluation of concussion in adults","author":"US Food and Drug Administration","year":"2018","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration\n          . FDA authorizes marketing of first blood test to aid in the evaluation of concussion in adults. Published February13, 2018. 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Exploring the potential of routine serological markers in predicting neurological outcomes in spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol. 2024;380. doi:10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.114918."},{"issue":"1","key":"b26","series-title":"J Transl Med","article-title":"Untargeted blood serum proteomics identifies novel proteins related to neurological recovery after human spinal cord injury","volume":"22","author":"Garcia-Ovejero\n              D","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garcia-Ovejero\n              D\n            , BeyererE, MachO, et al. Untargeted blood serum proteomics identifies novel proteins related to neurological recovery after human spinal cord injury. 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J Neurotrauma. 2023;40(17-18):1889-1906. doi:10.1089\/neu.2022.0499."},{"issue":"8","key":"b29","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"672","article-title":"Soluble Nogo-Receptor-Fc decoy (AXER-204) in patients with chronic cervical spinal cord injury in the USA: A first-in-human and randomised clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"Maynard\n              G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maynard\n              G\n            , KannanR, LiuJ, et al. Soluble Nogo-Receptor-Fc decoy (AXER-204) in patients with chronic cervical spinal cord injury in the USA: A first-in-human and randomised clinical trial. 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Diagnostic blood RNA profiles for human acute spinal cord injury. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2021;218(3). doi:10.1084\/JEM.20201795."},{"issue":"15","key":"b43","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1819","article-title":"Persons with chronic spinal cord injury have decreased natural killer cell and increased toll-like receptor\/inflammatory gene expression","volume":"35","author":"Herman\n              P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Herman\n              P\n            , SteinA, GibbsK, KorsunskyI, GregersenP, BloomO. Persons with chronic spinal cord injury have decreased natural killer cell and increased toll-like receptor\/inflammatory gene expression. 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