{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T19:58:05Z","timestamp":1792267085549,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n In the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI), motor levels are inferred from sensory levels for high cervical, thoracic, and low sacral injuries, as key muscles are only assessed in upper and lower extremities. This is known as the \u201cmotor follows sensory level\u201d rule.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To develop regression models for estimating motor scores from sensory scores in segments without clinically testable key muscles and to validate the consensus-based \u201cmotor follows sensory level\u201d approach.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A total of 6940 ISNCSCI examinations from the European Multicenter Study about Spinal Cord Injury were reviewed. Multiple linear and random forest regression models were trained on scores in clinically testable segments to predict motor from sensory scores of the same spinal segment and side. Models based on ipsilateral light touch or pinprick scores alone, as well as all bilateral sensory scores, were also evaluated. Predicted motor scores were used to recalculate motor levels for the segments without clinically testable key muscles and compared to the true motor levels.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The ipsilateral regression models showed minimal differences (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n 0.64-0.65; RMSE 1.34). Normal motor scores were predicted only for normal sensory function; in the linear model, this was captured by the equation: motor score = 0.18 + 1.22 * light touch score + 0.96 * pinprick score. Model-based motor levels were shifted caudally 0.18 segments (linear regression) and 0.32 segments (random forest regression).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n As models predict normal motor function only for normal sensory scores, predicted motor levels deviate only marginally, supporting the \u201cmotor follows sensory level\u201d rule.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci25-00012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T17:05:16Z","timestamp":1755882316000},"page":"129-139","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Model-Based Prediction of Motor Scores From Sensory Scores in the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI): Implications on Motor Levels in Segments Without Clinically Testable Key Muscles"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Schuld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktoria","family":"Gavrilova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Heutehaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Paraplegia, Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH, Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Abel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injuries, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Weidner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"_","family":"_","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruediger","family":"Rupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Franz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Department for Spinal Cord Injury, Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt - Austrian Workers\u2019 Compensation Board, Rehabilitation Center Weisser Hof, Klosterneuburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"b1","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"1","article-title":"International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury: Revised 2019","volume":"27","author":"Rupp R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rupp R, Biering-S\u00f8rensen F, Burns SP, et al. 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