{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:33:13Z","timestamp":1790371993349,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) have been refined through the years and continue to evolve with advances in the field. The International Standards Committee of the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) is responsible for maintaining, continually reviewing, and updating the ISNCSCI. Questions from spinal cord injury (SCI) professionals are frequently submitted to ASIA for review by the International Standards Committee.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the questions submitted to the International Standards Committee, 5 were selected for this article, as they relate to common areas of confusion, address challenging classification concepts, and have not previously been described. Representative cases were also created to reinforce classification rules and the committee's recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Cases:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 5 questions\/cases address ISNCSCI classification in the setting of (1) AIS E grade, (2) tendon transfer, (3) spinal cord stimulation, (4) nontraumatic SCI (ntSCI) etiology, and (5) AIS D grade (vs. AIS B) based on the presence of non-key muscle function. Each case includes a detailed review of the correct classification components and thorough discussion of the impact the corresponding question has on the classification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The International Standards Committee provides answers to questions about ISNCSCI classification. The scenarios presented in this article address important classification rules and challenging concepts that have not previously been described. This article can serve as a useful reference when similar cases are encountered in clinical and research settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci25-00013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T17:05:35Z","timestamp":1755882335000},"page":"77-88","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury: Classification Questions and Cases"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Brittany","family":"Snider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, West Orange, New Jersey, USA"},{"name":"Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Newark, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Kirshblum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, West Orange, New Jersey, USA"},{"name":"Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Newark, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruediger","family":"Rupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Schuld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fin","family":"Biering-Sorensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, and Department of Brain and Spinal Cord Injuries, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Guest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Krassioukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discovery (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianna","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Schmidt Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"Magee Rehabilitation Hospital, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Tansey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Neurological Recovery, Methodist Rehabilitation Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA"},{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Medicine and Research Services, Jackson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Walden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Praxis Spinal Cord Institute, Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Standards for Neurological Classifications of Spinal Injured Patients.","author":"American Spinal Injury Association","year":"1982","unstructured":"American Spinal Injury Association. 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