{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T03:02:37Z","timestamp":1779850957990,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) is a noninvasive neuromodulation technique aimed at improving voluntary movement, autonomic function, spasticity, and other complications in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n The objective of this scoping review is to evaluate reporting practices relating to safety, stimulation parameters, and outcomes among studies employing tSCS among persons living with SCI.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched for studies published up to December 2024. Eligible studies met these criteria: (1) full-length, English-language article; (2) SCI population aged 18+ years; and (3) tSCS intervention. Data extracted included study year, subject characteristics, design, outcomes, adverse events, and stimulation parameters.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Among 2267 studies retrieved from the search, 65 studies met inclusion criteria and were included for review. Of these, 13 (20%) were case studies, 14 (21.5%) were repeated measures, 18 (27.7%) were pre-post, and 20 (30.8%) were controlled trials. Missing stimulation parameters included total intervention time (20.0%), phase of tSCS (13.8%), and pulse width (12.3%). Less commonly omitted were stimulation frequency, time post SCI, total sessions, and session duration detail (all \u22644.6%). Repeated measures study design had the poorest overall reporting of parameters with intervention time missing in 57.1% (8 of 14) studies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n These findings highlight a pattern of incomplete reporting across studies, particularly regarding intervention dosage parameters, which may limit the interpretability and reproducibility of results. A comprehensive reporting guide could improve study replication and ensure consistency in both research and clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci25-00050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T02:20:17Z","timestamp":1779848417000},"page":"110-131","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Current Reporting Practices for Research Involving Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation for Persons Living with Spinal Cord Injuries: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Garrison","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Emergency Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Lawson Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma A.","family":"Bateman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawson Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Parkwood Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luxshmi","family":"Nageswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawson Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Marrocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawson Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalton","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawson Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair","first-page":"3","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation and motor rehabilitation in spinal cord injury: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Meg\u00eda Garc\u00eda A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meg\u00eda Garc\u00eda A, Serrano-Mu\u00f1oz D, Taylor J, Avenda\u00f1o-Coy J, G\u00f3mez-Soriano J. Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation and motor rehabilitation in spinal cord injury: A systematic review. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2020;34(1):3-12. doi:10.1177\/1545968319893298."},{"issue":"3","key":"b2","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"327","article-title":"Posterior root\u2013muscle reflexes elicited by transcutaneous stimulation of the human lumbosacral cord","volume":"35","author":"Minassian K","year":"2007","unstructured":"Minassian K, Persy I, Rattay F, Dimitrijevic MR, Hofer C, Kern H. Posterior root\u2013muscle reflexes elicited by transcutaneous stimulation of the human lumbosacral cord. Muscle Nerve. 2007;35(3):327-336. doi:10.1002\/mus.20700."},{"issue":"2","key":"b3","series-title":"Human Move Sci","first-page":"275","article-title":"Human lumbar cord circuitries can be activated by extrinsic tonic input to generate locomotor-like activity","volume":"26","author":"Minassian K","year":"2007","unstructured":"Minassian K, Persy I, Rattay F, Pinter MM, Kern H, Dimitrijevic MR. Human lumbar cord circuitries can be activated by extrinsic tonic input to generate locomotor-like activity. Human Move Sci. 2007;26(2):275-295. doi:10.1016\/j.humov.2007.01.005."},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Front Rehabil Sci","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation to promote recovery in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"2","author":"Tefertiller C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tefertiller C, Rozwod M, Vandegriend E, Bartelt P, Sevigny M, Smith AC. Transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation to promote recovery in chronic spinal cord injury. Front Rehabil Sci. 2022;2. doi:10.3389\/fresc.2021.740307."},{"issue":"2","key":"b5","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"202","article-title":"Modification of spasticity by transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"37","author":"Hofstoetter US","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hofstoetter US, McKay WB, Tansey KE, Mayr W, Kern H, Minassian K. Modification of spasticity by transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2014;37(2):202-211. doi:10.1179\/2045772313y.0000000149."},{"issue":"13","key":"b6","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"3836","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation: Advances in an emerging non-invasive strategy for neuromodulation","volume":"11","author":"Hofstoetter US","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hofstoetter US, Minassian K. Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation: Advances in an emerging non-invasive strategy for neuromodulation. J Clin Med. 2022;11(13):3836-3836. doi:10.3390\/jcm11133836."},{"key":"b7","series-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng","first-page":"310","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation restores hand and arm function after spinal cord injury","volume":"29","author":"Inanici F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Inanici F, Brighton LN, Samejima S, Hofstetter CP, Moritz CT. Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation restores hand and arm function after spinal cord injury. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2021;29:310-319. doi:10.1109\/tnsre.2021.3049133."},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Front Neurosci","article-title":"Non-invasive neuromodulation of spinal cord restores lower urinary tract function after paralysis","volume":"12","author":"Gad PN","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gad PN, Kreydin E, Zhong H, Latack K, Edgerton VR. Non-invasive neuromodulation of spinal cord restores lower urinary tract function after paralysis. Front Neurosci. 2018;12. doi:10.3389\/fnins.2018.00432."},{"issue":"3","key":"b9","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","first-page":"649","article-title":"Spinal electrical stimulation to improve sympathetic autonomic functions needed for movement and exercise after spinal cord injury: A scoping clinical review","volume":"128","author":"Flett S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Flett S, Garcia J, Cowley KC. Spinal electrical stimulation to improve sympathetic autonomic functions needed for movement and exercise after spinal cord injury: A scoping clinical review. J Neurophysiol. 2022;128(3):649-670. doi:10.1152\/jn.00205.2022."},{"issue":"3","key":"b10","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"703","article-title":"A review of functional restoration from spinal cord stimulation in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"19","author":"Lin A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin A, Shaaya E, Calvert JS, Parker SR, Borton DA, Fridley JS. A review of functional restoration from spinal cord stimulation in patients with spinal cord injury. Neurospine. 2022;19(3):703-734. doi:10.14245\/ns.2244652.326."},{"issue":"3","key":"b11","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"854","article-title":"Optimization of transspinal stimulation applications for motor recovery after spinal cord injury: Scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Rehman MU","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rehman MU, Sneed D, Sutor TW, Hoenig H, Gorgey AS. Optimization of transspinal stimulation applications for motor recovery after spinal cord injury: Scoping review. J Clin Med. 2023;12(3):854-854. doi:10.3390\/jcm12030854."},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"16","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal stimulation from adults to children: A review","volume":"29","author":"Singh G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh G, Lucas K, Keller A, et al. Transcutaneous spinal stimulation from adults to children: A review. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2023;29(1):16-32. doi:10.46292\/sci21-00084."},{"key":"b13","series-title":"JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis","author":"Aromataris E","unstructured":"Aromataris E, Lockwood C, Porritt K, Pilla B, Jordan Z. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. https:\/\/synthesismanual.jbi.global."},{"issue":"7","key":"b14","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","first-page":"467","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco AC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467-473. doi:10.7326\/M18-0850."},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice","author":"Portney LG","year":"2020","unstructured":"Portney LG, Watkins MP. Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice. 4th ed. F.A. Davis Company; 2020."},{"issue":"23","key":"b16","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"7362","article-title":"Restoration of over-ground walking via non-invasive neuromodulation therapy: A single-case study","volume":"12","author":"Alam M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alam M, Ling YT, Rahman MA, et al. Restoration of over-ground walking via non-invasive neuromodulation therapy: A single-case study. J Clin Med. 2023;12(23):7362. doi:10.3390\/jcm12237362."},{"issue":"3","key":"b17","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","first-page":"774","article-title":"Enabling respiratory control after severe chronic tetraplegia: An exploratory case study","volume":"124","author":"Gad P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gad P, Kreydin E, Zhong H, Edgerton VR. Enabling respiratory control after severe chronic tetraplegia: An exploratory case study. J Neurophysiol. 2020;124(3):774-780. doi:10.1152\/jn.00320.2020."},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Front Neurosci","article-title":"Weight bearing over-ground stepping in an exoskeleton with non-invasive spinal cord neuromodulation after motor complete paraplegia","volume":"11","author":"Gad P","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gad P, Gerasimenko Y, Zdunowski S, et al. Weight bearing over-ground stepping in an exoskeleton with non-invasive spinal cord neuromodulation after motor complete paraplegia. Front Neurosci. 2017;11. doi:10.3389\/fnins.2017.00333."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Biomed Eng \/ Biomedizinische Technik","article-title":"Effects of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation on voluntary locomotor activity in an incomplete spinal cord injured individual","author":"Hofstoetter US","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hofstoetter US, Hofer C, Kern H, et al. Effects of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation on voluntary locomotor activity in an incomplete spinal cord injured individual. Biomed Eng \/ Biomedizinische Technik. 2013. doi:10.1515\/bmt-2013-4014."},{"issue":"6","key":"b20","series-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng","first-page":"1272","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical spinal stimulation promotes long-term recovery of upper extremity function in chronic tetraplegia","volume":"26","author":"Inanici F","year":"2018","unstructured":"Inanici F, Samejima S, Gad P, Edgerton VR, Hofstetter CP, Moritz CT. Transcutaneous electrical spinal stimulation promotes long-term recovery of upper extremity function in chronic tetraplegia. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2018;26(6):1272-1278. doi:10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2834339."},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Front Rehabil Sci","first-page":"3","article-title":"Brain-computer interface priming for cervical transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation therapy: An exploratory case study","author":"McGeady C","year":"2022","unstructured":"McGeady C, Vu\u010dkovi\u0107 A, Singh Tharu N, Zheng Y-P, Alam M. Brain-computer interface priming for cervical transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation therapy: An exploratory case study. Front Rehabil Sci. 2022;3. doi:10.3389\/fresc.2022.896766."},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Front Neurol","article-title":"Remodeling brain activity by repetitive cervicothoracic transspinal stimulation after human spinal cord injury","volume":"8","author":"Murray LM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murray LM, Knikou M. Remodeling brain activity by repetitive cervicothoracic transspinal stimulation after human spinal cord injury. Front Neurol. 2017;8. doi:10.3389\/fneur.2017.00050."},{"issue":"2","key":"b23","series-title":"Neurotherapeutics","first-page":"1244","article-title":"Noninvasive neuroprosthesis promotes cardiovascular recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"18","author":"Sachdeva R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sachdeva R, Nightingale TE, Pawar K, et al. Noninvasive neuroprosthesis promotes cardiovascular recovery after spinal cord injury. Neurotherapeutics. 2021;18(2):1244-1256. doi:10.1007\/s13311-021-01034-5."},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"Phys Ther","article-title":"Multisite transcutaneous spinal stimulation for walking and autonomic recovery in motor-incomplete tetraplegia: A single-subject design","volume":"102","author":"Samejima S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Samejima S, Caskey CD, Inanici F, et al. Multisite transcutaneous spinal stimulation for walking and autonomic recovery in motor-incomplete tetraplegia: A single-subject design. Phys Ther. 2022;102(1). doi:10.1093\/ptj\/pzab228."},{"issue":"13","key":"b25","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"4416","article-title":"Multi-site spinal cord transcutaneous stimulation facilitates upper limb sensory and motor recovery in severe cervical spinal cord injury: A case study","volume":"12","author":"Sharma P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharma P, Panta T, Ugiliweneza B, et al. Multi-site spinal cord transcutaneous stimulation facilitates upper limb sensory and motor recovery in severe cervical spinal cord injury: A case study. J Clin Med. 2023;12(13):4416. doi:10.3390\/jcm12134416."},{"issue":"13","key":"b26","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"3670","article-title":"Novel noninvasive spinal neuromodulation strategy facilitates recovery of stepping after motor complete paraplegia","volume":"11","author":"Siu R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Siu R, Brown EH, Mesbah S, et al. Novel noninvasive spinal neuromodulation strategy facilitates recovery of stepping after motor complete paraplegia. J Clin Med. 2022;11(13):3670. doi:10.3390\/jcm11133670."},{"issue":"12","key":"b27","series-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng","first-page":"3167","article-title":"Cervical spinal cord transcutaneous stimulation improves upper extremity and hand function in people with complete tetraplegia: A case study","volume":"28","author":"Zhang F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang F, Momeni K, Ramanujam A, et al. Cervical spinal cord transcutaneous stimulation improves upper extremity and hand function in people with complete tetraplegia: A case study. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2020;28(12):3167-3174. doi:10.1109\/tnsre.2020.3048592."},{"issue":"11","key":"b28","series-title":"Physiol Rep","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal stimulation in people with and without spinal cord injury: Effect of electrode placement and trains of stimulation on threshold intensity","volume":"11","author":"Finn HT","year":"2023","unstructured":"Finn HT, Bye EA, Elphick TG, et al. Transcutaneous spinal stimulation in people with and without spinal cord injury: Effect of electrode placement and trains of stimulation on threshold intensity. Physiol Rep. 2023;11(11). doi:10.14814\/phy2.15692."},{"issue":"5","key":"b29","series-title":"Human Physiol","first-page":"492","article-title":"Spinal and sensory neuromodulation of spinal neuronal networks in humans","volume":"43","author":"Gerasimenko YP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gerasimenko YP, McKinney Z, Sayenko DG, et al. Spinal and sensory neuromodulation of spinal neuronal networks in humans. Human Physiol. 2017;43(5):492-500. doi:10.1134\/s0362119717050061."},{"issue":"24","key":"b30","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1968","article-title":"Noninvasive reactivation of motor descending control after paralysis","volume":"32","author":"Gerasimenko YP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gerasimenko YP, Lu DC, Modaber M, et al. Noninvasive reactivation of motor descending control after paralysis. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32(24):1968-1980. doi:10.1089\/neu.2015.4008."},{"issue":"1","key":"b31","series-title":"PLOS One","article-title":"Common neural structures activated by epidural and transcutaneous lumbar spinal cord stimulation: Elicitation of posterior root-muscle reflexes","volume":"13","author":"Hofstoetter US","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hofstoetter US, Freundl B, Binder H, Minassian K. Common neural structures activated by epidural and transcutaneous lumbar spinal cord stimulation: Elicitation of posterior root-muscle reflexes. PLOS One. 2018;13(1):e0192013. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0192013."},{"issue":"2","key":"b32","series-title":"Exp Brain Res","first-page":"365","article-title":"Neuromodulation with transcutaneous spinal stimulation reveals different groups of motor profiles during robot-guided stepping in humans with incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"241","author":"Krenn MJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Krenn MJ, White JM, Stokic DS, Tansey KE. Neuromodulation with transcutaneous spinal stimulation reveals different groups of motor profiles during robot-guided stepping in humans with incomplete spinal cord injury. Exp Brain Res. 2023;241(2):365-382. doi:10.1007\/s00221-022-06521-5."},{"issue":"11","key":"b33","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"3541","article-title":"Immediate effects of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation on motor function in chronic, sensorimotor incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"9","author":"Meyer C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meyer C, Hofstoetter US, Hubli M, et al. Immediate effects of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation on motor function in chronic, sensorimotor incomplete spinal cord injury. J Clin Med. 2020;9(11):3541. doi:10.3390\/jcm9113541."},{"issue":"3","key":"b34","series-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Rep","first-page":"233","article-title":"Spinal rhythm generation by step-induced feedback and transcutaneous posterior root stimulation in complete spinal cord\u2013injured individuals","volume":"30","author":"Minassian K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Minassian K, Hofstoetter US, Danner SM, et al. Spinal rhythm generation by step-induced feedback and transcutaneous posterior root stimulation in complete spinal cord\u2013injured individuals. Neurorehabil Neural Rep. 2016;30(3):233-243. doi:10.1177\/1545968315591706."},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Biomed Eng \/ Biomedizinische Technik","article-title":"Mechanisms of rhythm generation of the human lumbar spinal cord in response to tonic stimulation without and with step-related sensory feedback","author":"Minassian K","year":"2013","unstructured":"Minassian K, Hofstoetter US, Danner SM, et al. Mechanisms of rhythm generation of the human lumbar spinal cord in response to tonic stimulation without and with step-related sensory feedback. Biomed Eng \/ Biomedizinische Technik. 2013. doi:10.1515\/bmt-2013-4013."},{"issue":"1","key":"b36","series-title":"Sci Rep","article-title":"Characterizing neurological status in individuals with tetraplegia using transcutaneous spinal stimulation","volume":"13","author":"Oh J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oh J, Scheffler MS, Martin CA, et al. Characterizing neurological status in individuals with tetraplegia using transcutaneous spinal stimulation. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1). doi:10.1038\/s41598-023-48811-0."},{"issue":"21","key":"b37","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"2540","article-title":"Trunk stability enabled by noninvasive spinal electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury","volume":"35","author":"Rath M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rath M, Vette AH, Ramasubramaniam S, et al. Trunk stability enabled by noninvasive spinal electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35(21):2540-2553. doi:10.1089\/neu.2017.5584."},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circul Physiol","first-page":"H116","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation and its impact on cardiovascular autonomic regulation after spinal cord injury","volume":"326","author":"Solinsky R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Solinsky R, Burns K, Tuthill C, Hamner JW, Taylor JA. Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation and its impact on cardiovascular autonomic regulation after spinal cord injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circul Physiol. 2024;326:H116-H122. doi:10.1152\/ajpheart.00588.2023."},{"issue":"22","key":"b39","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"5304","article-title":"Posteroanterior cervical transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation: Interactions with cortical and peripheral nerve stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Wecht JR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wecht JR, Savage WM, Famodimu GO, et al. Posteroanterior cervical transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation: Interactions with cortical and peripheral nerve stimulation. J Clin Med. 2021;10(22):5304. doi:10.3390\/jcm10225304."},{"issue":"2","key":"b40","series-title":"Clin Neurophysiol","first-page":"451","article-title":"Posteroanterior cervical transcutaneous spinal stimulation targets ventral and dorsal nerve roots","volume":"131","author":"Wu YK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu YK, Levine JM, Wecht JR, et al. Posteroanterior cervical transcutaneous spinal stimulation targets ventral and dorsal nerve roots. Clin Neurophysiol. 2020;131(2):451-460. doi:10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.056."},{"issue":"1","key":"b41","series-title":"Spinal Cord Ser Cases","article-title":"Transspinal stimulation and step training alter function of spinal networks in complete spinal cord injury","volume":"7","author":"Zaaya M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zaaya M, Pulverenti TS, Knikou M. Transspinal stimulation and step training alter function of spinal networks in complete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2021;7(1). doi:10.1038\/s41394-021-00421-6."},{"issue":"4","key":"b42","series-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med","first-page":"225","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical spinal-cord stimulation in humans","volume":"58","author":"Gerasimenko Y","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gerasimenko Y, Gorodnichev R, Moshonkina T, Sayenko D, Gad P, Reggie Edgerton V. Transcutaneous electrical spinal-cord stimulation in humans. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2015;58(4):225-231. doi:10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.05.003."},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Front Neurosci","article-title":"Targeted transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation promotes persistent recovery of upper limb strength and tactile sensation in spinal cord injury: A pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Chandrasekaran S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chandrasekaran S, Bhagat NA, Ramdeo R, et al. Targeted transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation promotes persistent recovery of upper limb strength and tactile sensation in spinal cord injury: A pilot study. Front Neurosci. 2023;17. doi:10.3389\/fnins.2023.1210328."},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Front Neurosci","article-title":"A urodynamic comparison of neural targets for transcutaneous electrical stimulation to acutely suppress detrusor contractions following spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Doherty S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Doherty S, Vanhoestenberghe A, Duffell L, Hamid R, Knight S. A urodynamic comparison of neural targets for transcutaneous electrical stimulation to acutely suppress detrusor contractions following spinal cord injury. Front Neurosci. 2019;13. doi:10.3389\/fnins.2019.01360."},{"issue":"18","key":"b45","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"2145","article-title":"Non-invasive activation of cervical spinal networks after severe paralysis","volume":"35","author":"Gad P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gad P, Lee S, Terrafranca N, et al. Non-invasive activation of cervical spinal networks after severe paralysis. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35(18):2145-2158. doi:10.1089\/neu.2017.5461."},{"issue":"10","key":"b46","series-title":"Artif Organs","article-title":"Augmentation of voluntary locomotor activity by transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation in motor incomplete spinal cord injured individuals","volume":"39","author":"Hofstoetter US","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hofstoetter US, Krenn M, Danner SM, et al. Augmentation of voluntary locomotor activity by transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation in motor incomplete spinal cord injured individuals. Artif Organs. 2015;39(10). doi:10.1111\/aor.12615."},{"issue":"3","key":"b47","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"481","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation induces temporary attenuation of spasticity in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"37","author":"Hofstoetter US","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hofstoetter US, Freundl B, Danner SM, et al. Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation induces temporary attenuation of spasticity in individuals with spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2020;37(3):481-493. doi:10.1089\/neu.2019.6588."},{"issue":"9","key":"b48","series-title":"PLOS One","article-title":"Repeated transspinal stimulation decreases soleus H-reflex excitability and restores spinal inhibition in human spinal cord injury","volume":"14","author":"Knikou M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Knikou M, Murray LM. Repeated transspinal stimulation decreases soleus H-reflex excitability and restores spinal inhibition in human spinal cord injury. PLOS One. 2019;14(9):e0223135. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0223135."},{"key":"b49","series-title":"Front Syst Neurosci","article-title":"Transcutaneous Electrical Spinal Cord Neuromodulator (TESCoN) improves symptoms of overactive bladder","volume":"14","author":"Kreydin E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kreydin E, Zhong H, Latack K, Ye S, Edgerton VR, Gad P. Transcutaneous Electrical Spinal Cord Neuromodulator (TESCoN) improves symptoms of overactive bladder. Front Syst Neurosci. 2020;14. doi:10.3389\/fnsys.2020.00001."},{"key":"b50","series-title":"Front Neurosci","article-title":"The effect of non-invasive spinal cord stimulation on anorectal function in individuals with spinal cord injury: A case series","volume":"16","author":"Kreydin E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kreydin E, Zhong H, Lavrov I, Edgerton VR, Gad P. The effect of non-invasive spinal cord stimulation on anorectal function in individuals with spinal cord injury: A case series. Front Neurosci. 2022;16. doi:10.3389\/fnins.2022.816106."},{"issue":"1","key":"b51","series-title":"Spinal Cord Ser Cases","article-title":"Feasibility and utility of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation combined with walking-based therapy for people with motor incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"McHugh LV","year":"2020","unstructured":"McHugh LV, Miller AA, Leech KA, Salorio C, Martin RH. Feasibility and utility of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation combined with walking-based therapy for people with motor incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2020;6(1). doi:10.1038\/s41394-020-00359-1."},{"issue":"6","key":"b52","series-title":"Bull Exp Biol Med","first-page":"749","article-title":"Effect of combination of non-invasive spinal cord electrical stimulation and serotonin receptor activation in patients with chronic spinal cord lesion","volume":"161","author":"Moshonkina TR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moshonkina TR, Shapkova EY, Sukhotina IA, Emeljannikov DV, Gerasimenko YP. Effect of combination of non-invasive spinal cord electrical stimulation and serotonin receptor activation in patients with chronic spinal cord lesion. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016;161(6):749-754. doi:10.1007\/s10517-016-3501-4."},{"issue":"3","key":"b53","series-title":"PLOS One","article-title":"Transspinal stimulation increases motoneuron output of multiple segments in human spinal cord injury","volume":"14","author":"Murray LM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murray LM, Knikou M. Transspinal stimulation increases motoneuron output of multiple segments in human spinal cord injury. PLOS One. 2019;14(3):e0213696. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0213696."},{"issue":"3","key":"b54","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"446","article-title":"An autonomic neuroprosthesis: Noninvasive electrical spinal cord stimulation restores autonomic cardiovascular function in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"35","author":"Phillips AA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Phillips AA, Squair JW, Sayenko DG, Edgerton VR, Gerasimenko Y, Krassioukov AV. An autonomic neuroprosthesis: Noninvasive electrical spinal cord stimulation restores autonomic cardiovascular function in individuals with spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35(3):446-451. doi:10.1089\/neu.2017.5082."},{"key":"b55","series-title":"Front Neurol","article-title":"Brain and spinal cord paired stimulation coupled with locomotor training facilitates motor output in human spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Pulverenti TS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pulverenti TS, Zaaya M, Grabowski E, Grabowski M, Knikou M. Brain and spinal cord paired stimulation coupled with locomotor training facilitates motor output in human spinal cord injury. Front Neurol. 2022;13. doi:10.3389\/fneur.2022.1000940."},{"key":"b56","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"12","article-title":"Neurophysiological changes after paired brain and spinal cord stimulation coupled with locomotor training in human spinal cord injury","author":"Pulverenti TS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pulverenti TS, Zaaya M, Grabowski M, et al. Neurophysiological changes after paired brain and spinal cord stimulation coupled with locomotor training in human spinal cord injury. Front Neurol. 2021;12 doi:10.3389\/fneur.2021.627975."},{"issue":"6","key":"b57","series-title":"Exp Brain Res","first-page":"1687","article-title":"Brain and spinal cord paired stimulation coupled with locomotor training affects polysynaptic flexion reflex circuits in human spinal cord injury","volume":"240","author":"Pulverenti TS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pulverenti TS, Zaaya M, Knikou M. Brain and spinal cord paired stimulation coupled with locomotor training affects polysynaptic flexion reflex circuits in human spinal cord injury. Exp Brain Res. 2022;240(6):1687-1699. doi:10.1007\/s00221-022-06375-x."},{"issue":"1","key":"b58","series-title":"J NeuroEng Rehabil","article-title":"Supporting front crawl swimming in paraplegics using electrical stimulation: A feasibility study","volume":"17","author":"Wiesener C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wiesener C, Spieker L, Axelgaard J, et al. Supporting front crawl swimming in paraplegics using electrical stimulation: A feasibility study. J NeuroEng Rehabil. 2020;17(1). doi:10.1186\/s12984-020-00682-6."},{"issue":"9","key":"b59","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"2765","article-title":"The effects of adding transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) to sit-to-stand training in people with spinal cord injury: A pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Al\u2019Joboori Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al\u2019Joboori Y, Massey SJ, Knight SL, Donaldson NDN, Duffell LD. The effects of adding transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) to sit-to-stand training in people with spinal cord injury: A pilot study. J Clin Med. 2020;9(9):2765. doi:10.3390\/jcm9092765."},{"issue":"13","key":"b60","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"2633","article-title":"Cortical and subcortical effects of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation in humans with tetraplegia","volume":"40","author":"Benavides FD","year":"2020","unstructured":"Benavides FD, Jo HJ, Lundell H, Edgerton VR, Gerasimenko Y, Perez MA. Cortical and subcortical effects of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation in humans with tetraplegia. J Neurosci. 2020;40(13):2633-2643. doi:10.1523\/jneurosci.2374-19.2020."},{"issue":"6","key":"b61","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Combined transcutaneous spinal stimulation and locomotor training to improve walking function and reduce spasticity in subacute spinal cord injury: A randomized study of clinical feasibility and efficacy","volume":"10","author":"Estes S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Estes S, Zarkou A, Hope JM, Suri C, Field-Fote EC. Combined transcutaneous spinal stimulation and locomotor training to improve walking function and reduce spasticity in subacute spinal cord injury: A randomized study of clinical feasibility and efficacy. J Clin Med. 2021;10(6):1167. doi:10.3390\/jcm10061167."},{"key":"b62","series-title":"Front Neurol","article-title":"priming neural circuits to modulate spinal reflex excitability","volume":"8","author":"Estes SP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Estes SP, Iddings JA, Field-Fote EC. priming neural circuits to modulate spinal reflex excitability. Front Neurol. 2017;8. doi:10.3389\/fneur.2017.00017."},{"issue":"1","key":"b63","series-title":"Sci Rep","article-title":"Engaging cervical spinal circuitry with non-invasive spinal stimulation and buspirone to restore hand function in chronic motor complete patients","volume":"8","author":"Freyvert Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Freyvert Y, Yong NA, Morikawa E, et al. Engaging cervical spinal circuitry with non-invasive spinal stimulation and buspirone to restore hand function in chronic motor complete patients. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1). doi:10.1038\/s41598-018-33123-5."},{"issue":"2","key":"b64","series-title":"Biomedicines","first-page":"589","article-title":"Transcutaneous cervical spinal cord stimulation combined with robotic exoskeleton rehabilitation for the upper limbs in subjects with cervical SCI: Clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Garc\u00eda-Al\u00e9n L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Al\u00e9n L, Kumru H, Castillo-Escario Y, et al. Transcutaneous cervical spinal cord stimulation combined with robotic exoskeleton rehabilitation for the upper limbs in subjects with cervical SCI: Clinical trial. Biomedicines. 2023;11(2):589. doi:10.3390\/biomedicines11020589."},{"issue":"11","key":"b65","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"971","article-title":"Feasibility of transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation combined with locomotor training after spinal cord injury","volume":"60","author":"Hawkins KA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hawkins KA, Demark LA, Vistamehr A, et al. Feasibility of transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation combined with locomotor training after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2022;60(11):971-977. doi:10.1038\/s41393-022-00801-1."},{"issue":"5","key":"b66","series-title":"Bioengineering","first-page":"528","article-title":"Assessment of dorsiflexion ability across tasks in persons with subacute SCI after combined locomotor training and transcutaneous spinal stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Hope JM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hope JM, Field-Fote EC. Assessment of dorsiflexion ability across tasks in persons with subacute SCI after combined locomotor training and transcutaneous spinal stimulation. Bioengineering. 2023;10(5):528. doi:10.3390\/bioengineering10050528."},{"issue":"1","key":"b67","series-title":"Sci Rep","article-title":"Minimal handgrip force is needed for transcutaneous electrical stimulation to improve hand functions of patients with severe spinal cord injury","volume":"12","author":"Huang R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang R, Nikooyan AA, Moore LD, et al. Minimal handgrip force is needed for transcutaneous electrical stimulation to improve hand functions of patients with severe spinal cord injury. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1). doi:10.1038\/s41598-022-11306-5."},{"key":"b68","series-title":"Front Human Neurosci","article-title":"Neuronal actions of transspinal stimulation on locomotor networks and reflex excitability during walking in humans with and without spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Islam MA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Islam MA, Pulverenti TS, Knikou M. Neuronal actions of transspinal stimulation on locomotor networks and reflex excitability during walking in humans with and without spinal cord injury. Front Human Neurosci. 2021;15. doi:10.3389\/fnhum.2021.620414."},{"issue":"8","key":"b69","series-title":"Biomedicines","first-page":"2121","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation improves respiratory muscle strength and function in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury: Original research","volume":"11","author":"Kumru H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumru H, Garc\u00eda-Al\u00e9n L, Ros-Alsina A, Albu S, Valles M, Vidal J. Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation improves respiratory muscle strength and function in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury: Original research. Biomedicines. 2023;11(8):2121. doi:10.3390\/biomedicines11082121."},{"issue":"7-8","key":"b70","series-title":"Exp Brain Res","first-page":"1943","article-title":"Anodal transcutaneous DC stimulation enhances learning of dynamic balance control during walking in humans with spinal cord injury","volume":"240","author":"Lin JT","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin JT, Hsu CJ, Dee W, Chen D, Rymer WZ, Wu M. Anodal transcutaneous DC stimulation enhances learning of dynamic balance control during walking in humans with spinal cord injury. Exp Brain Res. 2022;240(7-8):1943-1955. doi:10.1007\/s00221-022-06388-6."},{"issue":"1","key":"b71","series-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev","first-page":"85","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for treatment of spinal cord injury neuropathic pain","volume":"46","author":"Norrbrink C","year":"2009","unstructured":"Norrbrink C. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for treatment of spinal cord injury neuropathic pain. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2009;46(1):85-93."},{"issue":"4","key":"b72","series-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil","first-page":"709","article-title":"Effects of visual illusion and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury: A randomised controlled cross-over trial","volume":"28","author":"Ozkul C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ozkul C, Kilinc M, Yildirim SA, Topcuoglu EY, Akyuz M. Effects of visual illusion and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury: A randomised controlled cross-over trial. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2015;28(4):709-19. doi:10.3233\/BMR-140573."},{"issue":"15","key":"b73","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"3267","article-title":"Efficacy of transcutaneous spinal stimulation versus whole body vibration for spasticity reduction in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Sandler EB","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sandler EB, Condon K, Field-Fote EC. Efficacy of transcutaneous spinal stimulation versus whole body vibration for spasticity reduction in persons with spinal cord injury. J Clin Med. 2021;10(15):3267. doi:10.3390\/jcm10153267."},{"issue":"9","key":"b74","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1435","article-title":"Self-assisted standing enabled by non-invasive spinal stimulation after spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Sayenko DG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sayenko DG, Rath M, Ferguson AR, et al. Self-assisted standing enabled by non-invasive spinal stimulation after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2019;36(9):1435-1450. doi:10.1089\/neu.2018.5956."},{"key":"b75","series-title":"Front Neurosci","article-title":"Exoskeleton walk training in paralyzed individuals benefits from transcutaneous lumbar cord tonic electrical stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Shapkova EY","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shapkova EY, Pismennaya EV, Emelyannikov DV, Ivanenko Y. Exoskeleton walk training in paralyzed individuals benefits from transcutaneous lumbar cord tonic electrical stimulation. Front Neurosci. 2020;14. doi:10.3389\/fnins.2020.00416."},{"key":"b76","series-title":"Front Rehabil Sci","article-title":"Exoskeleton Training and Trans-Spinal Stimulation for Physical Activity Enhancement After Spinal Cord Injury (EXTra-SCI): An exploratory study","volume":"2","author":"Sutor TW","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sutor TW, Ghatas MP, Goetz LL, Lavis TD, Gorgey AS. Exoskeleton Training and Trans-Spinal Stimulation for Physical Activity Enhancement After Spinal Cord Injury (EXTra-SCI): An exploratory study. Front Rehabil Sci. 2022;2. doi:10.3389\/fresc.2021.789422."},{"issue":"1","key":"b77","series-title":"Biomedicines","first-page":"34","article-title":"Combined transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation and task-specific rehabilitation improves trunk and sitting functions in people with chronic tetraplegia","volume":"11","author":"Tharu NS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tharu NS, Alam M, Ling YT, Wong AY, Zheng Y-P. Combined transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation and task-specific rehabilitation improves trunk and sitting functions in people with chronic tetraplegia. Biomedicines. 2022;11(1):34. doi:10.3390\/biomedicines11010034."},{"issue":"5","key":"b78","series-title":"J Patient Saf","first-page":"507","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulators: An analysis of the adverse events reported to the Australian therapeutic goods administration","volume":"18","author":"Jones CMP","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jones CMP, Shaheed CA, Ferreira G, et al. Spinal cord stimulators: An analysis of the adverse events reported to the Australian therapeutic goods administration. J Patient Saf. 2022;18(5):507-511. doi:10.1097\/PTS.0000000000000971."},{"issue":"12","key":"b79","series-title":"Neural Regen Res","first-page":"2367","article-title":"Epidural electrical stimulation for spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Choi E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi E, Gattas S, Brown N, et al. Epidural electrical stimulation for spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res. 2021;16(12):2367-2367. doi:10.4103\/1673-5374.313017."},{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair","first-page":"3","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation and motor rehabilitation in spinal cord injury: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Meg\u00eda Garc\u00eda A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meg\u00eda Garc\u00eda A, Serrano-Mu\u00f1oz D, Taylor J, Avenda\u00f1o-Coy J, G\u00f3mez-Soriano J. Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation and motor rehabilitation in spinal cord injury: A systematic review. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2020;34(1):3-12. doi:10.1177\/1545968319893298."},{"issue":"3","key":"b2","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"327","article-title":"Posterior root\u2013muscle reflexes elicited by transcutaneous stimulation of the human lumbosacral cord","volume":"35","author":"Minassian K","year":"2007","unstructured":"Minassian K, Persy I, Rattay F, Dimitrijevic MR, Hofer C, Kern H. Posterior root\u2013muscle reflexes elicited by transcutaneous stimulation of the human lumbosacral cord. Muscle Nerve. 2007;35(3):327-336. doi:10.1002\/mus.20700."},{"issue":"2","key":"b3","series-title":"Human Move Sci","first-page":"275","article-title":"Human lumbar cord circuitries can be activated by extrinsic tonic input to generate locomotor-like activity","volume":"26","author":"Minassian K","year":"2007","unstructured":"Minassian K, Persy I, Rattay F, Pinter MM, Kern H, Dimitrijevic MR. Human lumbar cord circuitries can be activated by extrinsic tonic input to generate locomotor-like activity. Human Move Sci. 2007;26(2):275-295. doi:10.1016\/j.humov.2007.01.005."},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Front Rehabil Sci","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation to promote recovery in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"2","author":"Tefertiller C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tefertiller C, Rozwod M, Vandegriend E, Bartelt P, Sevigny M, Smith AC. Transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation to promote recovery in chronic spinal cord injury. Front Rehabil Sci. 2022;2. doi:10.3389\/fresc.2021.740307."},{"issue":"2","key":"b5","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"202","article-title":"Modification of spasticity by transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"37","author":"Hofstoetter US","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hofstoetter US, McKay WB, Tansey KE, Mayr W, Kern H, Minassian K. Modification of spasticity by transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2014;37(2):202-211. doi:10.1179\/2045772313y.0000000149."},{"issue":"13","key":"b6","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"3836","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation: Advances in an emerging non-invasive strategy for neuromodulation","volume":"11","author":"Hofstoetter US","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hofstoetter US, Minassian K. Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation: Advances in an emerging non-invasive strategy for neuromodulation. J Clin Med. 2022;11(13):3836-3836. doi:10.3390\/jcm11133836."},{"key":"b7","series-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng","first-page":"310","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation restores hand and arm function after spinal cord injury","volume":"29","author":"Inanici F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Inanici F, Brighton LN, Samejima S, Hofstetter CP, Moritz CT. Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation restores hand and arm function after spinal cord injury. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2021;29:310-319. doi:10.1109\/tnsre.2021.3049133."},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Front Neurosci","article-title":"Non-invasive neuromodulation of spinal cord restores lower urinary tract function after paralysis","volume":"12","author":"Gad PN","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gad PN, Kreydin E, Zhong H, Latack K, Edgerton VR. Non-invasive neuromodulation of spinal cord restores lower urinary tract function after paralysis. Front Neurosci. 2018;12. doi:10.3389\/fnins.2018.00432."},{"issue":"3","key":"b9","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","first-page":"649","article-title":"Spinal electrical stimulation to improve sympathetic autonomic functions needed for movement and exercise after spinal cord injury: A scoping clinical review","volume":"128","author":"Flett S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Flett S, Garcia J, Cowley KC. Spinal electrical stimulation to improve sympathetic autonomic functions needed for movement and exercise after spinal cord injury: A scoping clinical review. J Neurophysiol. 2022;128(3):649-670. doi:10.1152\/jn.00205.2022."},{"issue":"3","key":"b10","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"703","article-title":"A review of functional restoration from spinal cord stimulation in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"19","author":"Lin A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin A, Shaaya E, Calvert JS, Parker SR, Borton DA, Fridley JS. A review of functional restoration from spinal cord stimulation in patients with spinal cord injury. Neurospine. 2022;19(3):703-734. doi:10.14245\/ns.2244652.326."},{"issue":"3","key":"b11","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"854","article-title":"Optimization of transspinal stimulation applications for motor recovery after spinal cord injury: Scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Rehman MU","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rehman MU, Sneed D, Sutor TW, Hoenig H, Gorgey AS. Optimization of transspinal stimulation applications for motor recovery after spinal cord injury: Scoping review. J Clin Med. 2023;12(3):854-854. doi:10.3390\/jcm12030854."},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"16","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal stimulation from adults to children: A review","volume":"29","author":"Singh G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh G, Lucas K, Keller A, et al. Transcutaneous spinal stimulation from adults to children: A review. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2023;29(1):16-32. doi:10.46292\/sci21-00084."},{"key":"b13","series-title":"JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis","author":"Aromataris E","unstructured":"Aromataris E, Lockwood C, Porritt K, Pilla B, Jordan Z. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. https:\/\/synthesismanual.jbi.global."},{"issue":"7","key":"b14","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","first-page":"467","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco AC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467-473. doi:10.7326\/M18-0850."},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice","author":"Portney LG","year":"2020","unstructured":"Portney LG, Watkins MP. Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice. 4th ed. F.A. Davis Company; 2020."},{"issue":"23","key":"b16","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"7362","article-title":"Restoration of over-ground walking via non-invasive neuromodulation therapy: A single-case study","volume":"12","author":"Alam M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alam M, Ling YT, Rahman MA, et al. Restoration of over-ground walking via non-invasive neuromodulation therapy: A single-case study. J Clin Med. 2023;12(23):7362. doi:10.3390\/jcm12237362."},{"issue":"3","key":"b17","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","first-page":"774","article-title":"Enabling respiratory control after severe chronic tetraplegia: An exploratory case study","volume":"124","author":"Gad P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gad P, Kreydin E, Zhong H, Edgerton VR. Enabling respiratory control after severe chronic tetraplegia: An exploratory case study. J Neurophysiol. 2020;124(3):774-780. doi:10.1152\/jn.00320.2020."},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Front Neurosci","article-title":"Weight bearing over-ground stepping in an exoskeleton with non-invasive spinal cord neuromodulation after motor complete paraplegia","volume":"11","author":"Gad P","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gad P, Gerasimenko Y, Zdunowski S, et al. Weight bearing over-ground stepping in an exoskeleton with non-invasive spinal cord neuromodulation after motor complete paraplegia. Front Neurosci. 2017;11. doi:10.3389\/fnins.2017.00333."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Biomed Eng \/ Biomedizinische Technik","article-title":"Effects of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation on voluntary locomotor activity in an incomplete spinal cord injured individual","author":"Hofstoetter US","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hofstoetter US, Hofer C, Kern H, et al. Effects of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation on voluntary locomotor activity in an incomplete spinal cord injured individual. Biomed Eng \/ Biomedizinische Technik. 2013. doi:10.1515\/bmt-2013-4014."},{"issue":"6","key":"b20","series-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng","first-page":"1272","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical spinal stimulation promotes long-term recovery of upper extremity function in chronic tetraplegia","volume":"26","author":"Inanici F","year":"2018","unstructured":"Inanici F, Samejima S, Gad P, Edgerton VR, Hofstetter CP, Moritz CT. Transcutaneous electrical spinal stimulation promotes long-term recovery of upper extremity function in chronic tetraplegia. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2018;26(6):1272-1278. doi:10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2834339."},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Front Rehabil Sci","first-page":"3","article-title":"Brain-computer interface priming for cervical transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation therapy: An exploratory case study","author":"McGeady C","year":"2022","unstructured":"McGeady C, Vu\u010dkovi\u0107 A, Singh Tharu N, Zheng Y-P, Alam M. Brain-computer interface priming for cervical transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation therapy: An exploratory case study. Front Rehabil Sci. 2022;3. doi:10.3389\/fresc.2022.896766."},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Front Neurol","article-title":"Remodeling brain activity by repetitive cervicothoracic transspinal stimulation after human spinal cord injury","volume":"8","author":"Murray LM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murray LM, Knikou M. Remodeling brain activity by repetitive cervicothoracic transspinal stimulation after human spinal cord injury. Front Neurol. 2017;8. doi:10.3389\/fneur.2017.00050."},{"issue":"2","key":"b23","series-title":"Neurotherapeutics","first-page":"1244","article-title":"Noninvasive neuroprosthesis promotes cardiovascular recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"18","author":"Sachdeva R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sachdeva R, Nightingale TE, Pawar K, et al. Noninvasive neuroprosthesis promotes cardiovascular recovery after spinal cord injury. Neurotherapeutics. 2021;18(2):1244-1256. doi:10.1007\/s13311-021-01034-5."},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"Phys Ther","article-title":"Multisite transcutaneous spinal stimulation for walking and autonomic recovery in motor-incomplete tetraplegia: A single-subject design","volume":"102","author":"Samejima S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Samejima S, Caskey CD, Inanici F, et al. Multisite transcutaneous spinal stimulation for walking and autonomic recovery in motor-incomplete tetraplegia: A single-subject design. Phys Ther. 2022;102(1). doi:10.1093\/ptj\/pzab228."},{"issue":"13","key":"b25","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"4416","article-title":"Multi-site spinal cord transcutaneous stimulation facilitates upper limb sensory and motor recovery in severe cervical spinal cord injury: A case study","volume":"12","author":"Sharma P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharma P, Panta T, Ugiliweneza B, et al. Multi-site spinal cord transcutaneous stimulation facilitates upper limb sensory and motor recovery in severe cervical spinal cord injury: A case study. J Clin Med. 2023;12(13):4416. doi:10.3390\/jcm12134416."},{"issue":"13","key":"b26","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"3670","article-title":"Novel noninvasive spinal neuromodulation strategy facilitates recovery of stepping after motor complete paraplegia","volume":"11","author":"Siu R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Siu R, Brown EH, Mesbah S, et al. Novel noninvasive spinal neuromodulation strategy facilitates recovery of stepping after motor complete paraplegia. J Clin Med. 2022;11(13):3670. doi:10.3390\/jcm11133670."},{"issue":"12","key":"b27","series-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng","first-page":"3167","article-title":"Cervical spinal cord transcutaneous stimulation improves upper extremity and hand function in people with complete tetraplegia: A case study","volume":"28","author":"Zhang F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang F, Momeni K, Ramanujam A, et al. Cervical spinal cord transcutaneous stimulation improves upper extremity and hand function in people with complete tetraplegia: A case study. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2020;28(12):3167-3174. doi:10.1109\/tnsre.2020.3048592."},{"issue":"11","key":"b28","series-title":"Physiol Rep","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal stimulation in people with and without spinal cord injury: Effect of electrode placement and trains of stimulation on threshold intensity","volume":"11","author":"Finn HT","year":"2023","unstructured":"Finn HT, Bye EA, Elphick TG, et al. Transcutaneous spinal stimulation in people with and without spinal cord injury: Effect of electrode placement and trains of stimulation on threshold intensity. Physiol Rep. 2023;11(11). doi:10.14814\/phy2.15692."},{"issue":"5","key":"b29","series-title":"Human Physiol","first-page":"492","article-title":"Spinal and sensory neuromodulation of spinal neuronal networks in humans","volume":"43","author":"Gerasimenko YP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gerasimenko YP, McKinney Z, Sayenko DG, et al. Spinal and sensory neuromodulation of spinal neuronal networks in humans. Human Physiol. 2017;43(5):492-500. doi:10.1134\/s0362119717050061."},{"issue":"24","key":"b30","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1968","article-title":"Noninvasive reactivation of motor descending control after paralysis","volume":"32","author":"Gerasimenko YP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gerasimenko YP, Lu DC, Modaber M, et al. Noninvasive reactivation of motor descending control after paralysis. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32(24):1968-1980. doi:10.1089\/neu.2015.4008."},{"issue":"1","key":"b31","series-title":"PLOS One","article-title":"Common neural structures activated by epidural and transcutaneous lumbar spinal cord stimulation: Elicitation of posterior root-muscle reflexes","volume":"13","author":"Hofstoetter US","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hofstoetter US, Freundl B, Binder H, Minassian K. Common neural structures activated by epidural and transcutaneous lumbar spinal cord stimulation: Elicitation of posterior root-muscle reflexes. PLOS One. 2018;13(1):e0192013. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0192013."},{"issue":"2","key":"b32","series-title":"Exp Brain Res","first-page":"365","article-title":"Neuromodulation with transcutaneous spinal stimulation reveals different groups of motor profiles during robot-guided stepping in humans with incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"241","author":"Krenn MJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Krenn MJ, White JM, Stokic DS, Tansey KE. Neuromodulation with transcutaneous spinal stimulation reveals different groups of motor profiles during robot-guided stepping in humans with incomplete spinal cord injury. Exp Brain Res. 2023;241(2):365-382. doi:10.1007\/s00221-022-06521-5."},{"issue":"11","key":"b33","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"3541","article-title":"Immediate effects of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation on motor function in chronic, sensorimotor incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"9","author":"Meyer C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meyer C, Hofstoetter US, Hubli M, et al. Immediate effects of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation on motor function in chronic, sensorimotor incomplete spinal cord injury. J Clin Med. 2020;9(11):3541. doi:10.3390\/jcm9113541."},{"issue":"3","key":"b34","series-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Rep","first-page":"233","article-title":"Spinal rhythm generation by step-induced feedback and transcutaneous posterior root stimulation in complete spinal cord\u2013injured individuals","volume":"30","author":"Minassian K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Minassian K, Hofstoetter US, Danner SM, et al. Spinal rhythm generation by step-induced feedback and transcutaneous posterior root stimulation in complete spinal cord\u2013injured individuals. Neurorehabil Neural Rep. 2016;30(3):233-243. doi:10.1177\/1545968315591706."},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Biomed Eng \/ Biomedizinische Technik","article-title":"Mechanisms of rhythm generation of the human lumbar spinal cord in response to tonic stimulation without and with step-related sensory feedback","author":"Minassian K","year":"2013","unstructured":"Minassian K, Hofstoetter US, Danner SM, et al. Mechanisms of rhythm generation of the human lumbar spinal cord in response to tonic stimulation without and with step-related sensory feedback. Biomed Eng \/ Biomedizinische Technik. 2013. doi:10.1515\/bmt-2013-4013."},{"issue":"1","key":"b36","series-title":"Sci Rep","article-title":"Characterizing neurological status in individuals with tetraplegia using transcutaneous spinal stimulation","volume":"13","author":"Oh J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oh J, Scheffler MS, Martin CA, et al. Characterizing neurological status in individuals with tetraplegia using transcutaneous spinal stimulation. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1). doi:10.1038\/s41598-023-48811-0."},{"issue":"21","key":"b37","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"2540","article-title":"Trunk stability enabled by noninvasive spinal electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury","volume":"35","author":"Rath M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rath M, Vette AH, Ramasubramaniam S, et al. Trunk stability enabled by noninvasive spinal electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35(21):2540-2553. doi:10.1089\/neu.2017.5584."},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circul Physiol","first-page":"H116","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation and its impact on cardiovascular autonomic regulation after spinal cord injury","volume":"326","author":"Solinsky R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Solinsky R, Burns K, Tuthill C, Hamner JW, Taylor JA. Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation and its impact on cardiovascular autonomic regulation after spinal cord injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circul Physiol. 2024;326:H116-H122. doi:10.1152\/ajpheart.00588.2023."},{"issue":"22","key":"b39","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"5304","article-title":"Posteroanterior cervical transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation: Interactions with cortical and peripheral nerve stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Wecht JR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wecht JR, Savage WM, Famodimu GO, et al. Posteroanterior cervical transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation: Interactions with cortical and peripheral nerve stimulation. J Clin Med. 2021;10(22):5304. doi:10.3390\/jcm10225304."},{"issue":"2","key":"b40","series-title":"Clin Neurophysiol","first-page":"451","article-title":"Posteroanterior cervical transcutaneous spinal stimulation targets ventral and dorsal nerve roots","volume":"131","author":"Wu YK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu YK, Levine JM, Wecht JR, et al. Posteroanterior cervical transcutaneous spinal stimulation targets ventral and dorsal nerve roots. Clin Neurophysiol. 2020;131(2):451-460. doi:10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.056."},{"issue":"1","key":"b41","series-title":"Spinal Cord Ser Cases","article-title":"Transspinal stimulation and step training alter function of spinal networks in complete spinal cord injury","volume":"7","author":"Zaaya M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zaaya M, Pulverenti TS, Knikou M. Transspinal stimulation and step training alter function of spinal networks in complete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2021;7(1). doi:10.1038\/s41394-021-00421-6."},{"issue":"4","key":"b42","series-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med","first-page":"225","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical spinal-cord stimulation in humans","volume":"58","author":"Gerasimenko Y","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gerasimenko Y, Gorodnichev R, Moshonkina T, Sayenko D, Gad P, Reggie Edgerton V. Transcutaneous electrical spinal-cord stimulation in humans. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2015;58(4):225-231. doi:10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.05.003."},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Front Neurosci","article-title":"Targeted transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation promotes persistent recovery of upper limb strength and tactile sensation in spinal cord injury: A pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Chandrasekaran S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chandrasekaran S, Bhagat NA, Ramdeo R, et al. Targeted transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation promotes persistent recovery of upper limb strength and tactile sensation in spinal cord injury: A pilot study. Front Neurosci. 2023;17. doi:10.3389\/fnins.2023.1210328."},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Front Neurosci","article-title":"A urodynamic comparison of neural targets for transcutaneous electrical stimulation to acutely suppress detrusor contractions following spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Doherty S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Doherty S, Vanhoestenberghe A, Duffell L, Hamid R, Knight S. A urodynamic comparison of neural targets for transcutaneous electrical stimulation to acutely suppress detrusor contractions following spinal cord injury. Front Neurosci. 2019;13. doi:10.3389\/fnins.2019.01360."},{"issue":"18","key":"b45","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"2145","article-title":"Non-invasive activation of cervical spinal networks after severe paralysis","volume":"35","author":"Gad P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gad P, Lee S, Terrafranca N, et al. Non-invasive activation of cervical spinal networks after severe paralysis. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35(18):2145-2158. doi:10.1089\/neu.2017.5461."},{"issue":"10","key":"b46","series-title":"Artif Organs","article-title":"Augmentation of voluntary locomotor activity by transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation in motor incomplete spinal cord injured individuals","volume":"39","author":"Hofstoetter US","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hofstoetter US, Krenn M, Danner SM, et al. Augmentation of voluntary locomotor activity by transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation in motor incomplete spinal cord injured individuals. Artif Organs. 2015;39(10). doi:10.1111\/aor.12615."},{"issue":"3","key":"b47","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"481","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation induces temporary attenuation of spasticity in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"37","author":"Hofstoetter US","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hofstoetter US, Freundl B, Danner SM, et al. Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation induces temporary attenuation of spasticity in individuals with spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2020;37(3):481-493. doi:10.1089\/neu.2019.6588."},{"issue":"9","key":"b48","series-title":"PLOS One","article-title":"Repeated transspinal stimulation decreases soleus H-reflex excitability and restores spinal inhibition in human spinal cord injury","volume":"14","author":"Knikou M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Knikou M, Murray LM. Repeated transspinal stimulation decreases soleus H-reflex excitability and restores spinal inhibition in human spinal cord injury. PLOS One. 2019;14(9):e0223135. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0223135."},{"key":"b49","series-title":"Front Syst Neurosci","article-title":"Transcutaneous Electrical Spinal Cord Neuromodulator (TESCoN) improves symptoms of overactive bladder","volume":"14","author":"Kreydin E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kreydin E, Zhong H, Latack K, Ye S, Edgerton VR, Gad P. Transcutaneous Electrical Spinal Cord Neuromodulator (TESCoN) improves symptoms of overactive bladder. Front Syst Neurosci. 2020;14. doi:10.3389\/fnsys.2020.00001."},{"key":"b50","series-title":"Front Neurosci","article-title":"The effect of non-invasive spinal cord stimulation on anorectal function in individuals with spinal cord injury: A case series","volume":"16","author":"Kreydin E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kreydin E, Zhong H, Lavrov I, Edgerton VR, Gad P. The effect of non-invasive spinal cord stimulation on anorectal function in individuals with spinal cord injury: A case series. Front Neurosci. 2022;16. doi:10.3389\/fnins.2022.816106."},{"issue":"1","key":"b51","series-title":"Spinal Cord Ser Cases","article-title":"Feasibility and utility of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation combined with walking-based therapy for people with motor incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"McHugh LV","year":"2020","unstructured":"McHugh LV, Miller AA, Leech KA, Salorio C, Martin RH. Feasibility and utility of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation combined with walking-based therapy for people with motor incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2020;6(1). doi:10.1038\/s41394-020-00359-1."},{"issue":"6","key":"b52","series-title":"Bull Exp Biol Med","first-page":"749","article-title":"Effect of combination of non-invasive spinal cord electrical stimulation and serotonin receptor activation in patients with chronic spinal cord lesion","volume":"161","author":"Moshonkina TR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moshonkina TR, Shapkova EY, Sukhotina IA, Emeljannikov DV, Gerasimenko YP. Effect of combination of non-invasive spinal cord electrical stimulation and serotonin receptor activation in patients with chronic spinal cord lesion. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016;161(6):749-754. doi:10.1007\/s10517-016-3501-4."},{"issue":"3","key":"b53","series-title":"PLOS One","article-title":"Transspinal stimulation increases motoneuron output of multiple segments in human spinal cord injury","volume":"14","author":"Murray LM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murray LM, Knikou M. Transspinal stimulation increases motoneuron output of multiple segments in human spinal cord injury. PLOS One. 2019;14(3):e0213696. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0213696."},{"issue":"3","key":"b54","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"446","article-title":"An autonomic neuroprosthesis: Noninvasive electrical spinal cord stimulation restores autonomic cardiovascular function in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"35","author":"Phillips AA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Phillips AA, Squair JW, Sayenko DG, Edgerton VR, Gerasimenko Y, Krassioukov AV. An autonomic neuroprosthesis: Noninvasive electrical spinal cord stimulation restores autonomic cardiovascular function in individuals with spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35(3):446-451. doi:10.1089\/neu.2017.5082."},{"key":"b55","series-title":"Front Neurol","article-title":"Brain and spinal cord paired stimulation coupled with locomotor training facilitates motor output in human spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Pulverenti TS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pulverenti TS, Zaaya M, Grabowski E, Grabowski M, Knikou M. Brain and spinal cord paired stimulation coupled with locomotor training facilitates motor output in human spinal cord injury. Front Neurol. 2022;13. doi:10.3389\/fneur.2022.1000940."},{"key":"b56","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"12","article-title":"Neurophysiological changes after paired brain and spinal cord stimulation coupled with locomotor training in human spinal cord injury","author":"Pulverenti TS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pulverenti TS, Zaaya M, Grabowski M, et al. Neurophysiological changes after paired brain and spinal cord stimulation coupled with locomotor training in human spinal cord injury. Front Neurol. 2021;12 doi:10.3389\/fneur.2021.627975."},{"issue":"6","key":"b57","series-title":"Exp Brain Res","first-page":"1687","article-title":"Brain and spinal cord paired stimulation coupled with locomotor training affects polysynaptic flexion reflex circuits in human spinal cord injury","volume":"240","author":"Pulverenti TS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pulverenti TS, Zaaya M, Knikou M. Brain and spinal cord paired stimulation coupled with locomotor training affects polysynaptic flexion reflex circuits in human spinal cord injury. Exp Brain Res. 2022;240(6):1687-1699. doi:10.1007\/s00221-022-06375-x."},{"issue":"1","key":"b58","series-title":"J NeuroEng Rehabil","article-title":"Supporting front crawl swimming in paraplegics using electrical stimulation: A feasibility study","volume":"17","author":"Wiesener C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wiesener C, Spieker L, Axelgaard J, et al. Supporting front crawl swimming in paraplegics using electrical stimulation: A feasibility study. J NeuroEng Rehabil. 2020;17(1). doi:10.1186\/s12984-020-00682-6."},{"issue":"9","key":"b59","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"2765","article-title":"The effects of adding transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) to sit-to-stand training in people with spinal cord injury: A pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Al\u2019Joboori Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al\u2019Joboori Y, Massey SJ, Knight SL, Donaldson NDN, Duffell LD. The effects of adding transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) to sit-to-stand training in people with spinal cord injury: A pilot study. J Clin Med. 2020;9(9):2765. doi:10.3390\/jcm9092765."},{"issue":"13","key":"b60","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"2633","article-title":"Cortical and subcortical effects of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation in humans with tetraplegia","volume":"40","author":"Benavides FD","year":"2020","unstructured":"Benavides FD, Jo HJ, Lundell H, Edgerton VR, Gerasimenko Y, Perez MA. Cortical and subcortical effects of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation in humans with tetraplegia. J Neurosci. 2020;40(13):2633-2643. doi:10.1523\/jneurosci.2374-19.2020."},{"issue":"6","key":"b61","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Combined transcutaneous spinal stimulation and locomotor training to improve walking function and reduce spasticity in subacute spinal cord injury: A randomized study of clinical feasibility and efficacy","volume":"10","author":"Estes S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Estes S, Zarkou A, Hope JM, Suri C, Field-Fote EC. Combined transcutaneous spinal stimulation and locomotor training to improve walking function and reduce spasticity in subacute spinal cord injury: A randomized study of clinical feasibility and efficacy. J Clin Med. 2021;10(6):1167. doi:10.3390\/jcm10061167."},{"key":"b62","series-title":"Front Neurol","article-title":"priming neural circuits to modulate spinal reflex excitability","volume":"8","author":"Estes SP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Estes SP, Iddings JA, Field-Fote EC. priming neural circuits to modulate spinal reflex excitability. Front Neurol. 2017;8. doi:10.3389\/fneur.2017.00017."},{"issue":"1","key":"b63","series-title":"Sci Rep","article-title":"Engaging cervical spinal circuitry with non-invasive spinal stimulation and buspirone to restore hand function in chronic motor complete patients","volume":"8","author":"Freyvert Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Freyvert Y, Yong NA, Morikawa E, et al. Engaging cervical spinal circuitry with non-invasive spinal stimulation and buspirone to restore hand function in chronic motor complete patients. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1). doi:10.1038\/s41598-018-33123-5."},{"issue":"2","key":"b64","series-title":"Biomedicines","first-page":"589","article-title":"Transcutaneous cervical spinal cord stimulation combined with robotic exoskeleton rehabilitation for the upper limbs in subjects with cervical SCI: Clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Garc\u00eda-Al\u00e9n L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Al\u00e9n L, Kumru H, Castillo-Escario Y, et al. Transcutaneous cervical spinal cord stimulation combined with robotic exoskeleton rehabilitation for the upper limbs in subjects with cervical SCI: Clinical trial. Biomedicines. 2023;11(2):589. doi:10.3390\/biomedicines11020589."},{"issue":"11","key":"b65","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"971","article-title":"Feasibility of transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation combined with locomotor training after spinal cord injury","volume":"60","author":"Hawkins KA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hawkins KA, Demark LA, Vistamehr A, et al. Feasibility of transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation combined with locomotor training after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2022;60(11):971-977. doi:10.1038\/s41393-022-00801-1."},{"issue":"5","key":"b66","series-title":"Bioengineering","first-page":"528","article-title":"Assessment of dorsiflexion ability across tasks in persons with subacute SCI after combined locomotor training and transcutaneous spinal stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Hope JM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hope JM, Field-Fote EC. Assessment of dorsiflexion ability across tasks in persons with subacute SCI after combined locomotor training and transcutaneous spinal stimulation. Bioengineering. 2023;10(5):528. doi:10.3390\/bioengineering10050528."},{"issue":"1","key":"b67","series-title":"Sci Rep","article-title":"Minimal handgrip force is needed for transcutaneous electrical stimulation to improve hand functions of patients with severe spinal cord injury","volume":"12","author":"Huang R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang R, Nikooyan AA, Moore LD, et al. Minimal handgrip force is needed for transcutaneous electrical stimulation to improve hand functions of patients with severe spinal cord injury. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1). doi:10.1038\/s41598-022-11306-5."},{"key":"b68","series-title":"Front Human Neurosci","article-title":"Neuronal actions of transspinal stimulation on locomotor networks and reflex excitability during walking in humans with and without spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Islam MA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Islam MA, Pulverenti TS, Knikou M. Neuronal actions of transspinal stimulation on locomotor networks and reflex excitability during walking in humans with and without spinal cord injury. Front Human Neurosci. 2021;15. doi:10.3389\/fnhum.2021.620414."},{"issue":"8","key":"b69","series-title":"Biomedicines","first-page":"2121","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation improves respiratory muscle strength and function in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury: Original research","volume":"11","author":"Kumru H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumru H, Garc\u00eda-Al\u00e9n L, Ros-Alsina A, Albu S, Valles M, Vidal J. Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation improves respiratory muscle strength and function in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury: Original research. Biomedicines. 2023;11(8):2121. doi:10.3390\/biomedicines11082121."},{"issue":"7-8","key":"b70","series-title":"Exp Brain Res","first-page":"1943","article-title":"Anodal transcutaneous DC stimulation enhances learning of dynamic balance control during walking in humans with spinal cord injury","volume":"240","author":"Lin JT","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin JT, Hsu CJ, Dee W, Chen D, Rymer WZ, Wu M. Anodal transcutaneous DC stimulation enhances learning of dynamic balance control during walking in humans with spinal cord injury. Exp Brain Res. 2022;240(7-8):1943-1955. doi:10.1007\/s00221-022-06388-6."},{"issue":"1","key":"b71","series-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev","first-page":"85","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for treatment of spinal cord injury neuropathic pain","volume":"46","author":"Norrbrink C","year":"2009","unstructured":"Norrbrink C. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for treatment of spinal cord injury neuropathic pain. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2009;46(1):85-93."},{"issue":"4","key":"b72","series-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil","first-page":"709","article-title":"Effects of visual illusion and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury: A randomised controlled cross-over trial","volume":"28","author":"Ozkul C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ozkul C, Kilinc M, Yildirim SA, Topcuoglu EY, Akyuz M. Effects of visual illusion and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury: A randomised controlled cross-over trial. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2015;28(4):709-19. doi:10.3233\/BMR-140573."},{"issue":"15","key":"b73","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"3267","article-title":"Efficacy of transcutaneous spinal stimulation versus whole body vibration for spasticity reduction in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Sandler EB","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sandler EB, Condon K, Field-Fote EC. Efficacy of transcutaneous spinal stimulation versus whole body vibration for spasticity reduction in persons with spinal cord injury. J Clin Med. 2021;10(15):3267. doi:10.3390\/jcm10153267."},{"issue":"9","key":"b74","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1435","article-title":"Self-assisted standing enabled by non-invasive spinal stimulation after spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Sayenko DG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sayenko DG, Rath M, Ferguson AR, et al. Self-assisted standing enabled by non-invasive spinal stimulation after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2019;36(9):1435-1450. doi:10.1089\/neu.2018.5956."},{"key":"b75","series-title":"Front Neurosci","article-title":"Exoskeleton walk training in paralyzed individuals benefits from transcutaneous lumbar cord tonic electrical stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Shapkova EY","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shapkova EY, Pismennaya EV, Emelyannikov DV, Ivanenko Y. Exoskeleton walk training in paralyzed individuals benefits from transcutaneous lumbar cord tonic electrical stimulation. Front Neurosci. 2020;14. doi:10.3389\/fnins.2020.00416."},{"key":"b76","series-title":"Front Rehabil Sci","article-title":"Exoskeleton Training and Trans-Spinal Stimulation for Physical Activity Enhancement After Spinal Cord Injury (EXTra-SCI): An exploratory study","volume":"2","author":"Sutor TW","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sutor TW, Ghatas MP, Goetz LL, Lavis TD, Gorgey AS. Exoskeleton Training and Trans-Spinal Stimulation for Physical Activity Enhancement After Spinal Cord Injury (EXTra-SCI): An exploratory study. Front Rehabil Sci. 2022;2. doi:10.3389\/fresc.2021.789422."},{"issue":"1","key":"b77","series-title":"Biomedicines","first-page":"34","article-title":"Combined transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation and task-specific rehabilitation improves trunk and sitting functions in people with chronic tetraplegia","volume":"11","author":"Tharu NS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tharu NS, Alam M, Ling YT, Wong AY, Zheng Y-P. Combined transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation and task-specific rehabilitation improves trunk and sitting functions in people with chronic tetraplegia. Biomedicines. 2022;11(1):34. doi:10.3390\/biomedicines11010034."},{"issue":"5","key":"b78","series-title":"J Patient Saf","first-page":"507","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulators: An analysis of the adverse events reported to the Australian therapeutic goods administration","volume":"18","author":"Jones CMP","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jones CMP, Shaheed CA, Ferreira G, et al. Spinal cord stimulators: An analysis of the adverse events reported to the Australian therapeutic goods administration. J Patient Saf. 2022;18(5):507-511. doi:10.1097\/PTS.0000000000000971."},{"issue":"12","key":"b79","series-title":"Neural Regen Res","first-page":"2367","article-title":"Epidural electrical stimulation for spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Choi E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi E, Gattas S, Brown N, et al. Epidural electrical stimulation for spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res. 2021;16(12):2367-2367. doi:10.4103\/1673-5374.313017."}],"container-title":["Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/tscr\/32\/2\/article-p110.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tscr\/32\/2\/article-p110.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tscr\/32\/2\/article-p110.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T02:20:22Z","timestamp":1779848422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/tscr\/32\/2\/article-p110.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":158,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46292\/sci25-00050","relation":{},"ISSN":["1082-0744","1945-5763"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1082-0744","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-5763","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}}}