{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T03:02:38Z","timestamp":1779850958729,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Endurance training after the onset of spinal cord injury (SCI) can support the recovery of function and mobility and should be implemented into the daily routine as early as possible.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the feasibility and effects of a new, progressive, individually tailored, mixed-effort endurance training program during early rehabilitation of individuals with traumatic SCI.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Participants performed 3 training sessions of 30- to 45-minute duration every week for 8 weeks, consisting of a mix of moderate endurance, vigorous endurance, and high-intensity interval sessions. Before and after the intervention phase, peak oxygen uptake (VO\n 2peak<\/jats:sub>\n ) and peak power output (PO\n peak<\/jats:sub>\n ) were determined. Additionally, functioning (Spinal Cord Independence Measure [SCIM]) and well-being (12-item Short Form Survey [SF-12]) were assessed.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Thirteen (9 M\/4 F) individuals with paraplegia (median [Q1-Q3] age 42 [24-50] years) started the training intervention 14 (12-17) weeks after the onset of traumatic SCI. Training compliance was 92%. Participants trained at an average of 78% (75-81) of peak heart rate. VO\n 2peak<\/jats:sub>\n and PO\n peak<\/jats:sub>\n significantly increased by 8.8% (1.9-32.4) (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .003) and 20% (16-29) (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001), respectively. Total SCIM score [+24% (6-33),\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .002] and the physical component of the SF-12 [+14% (8-21),\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .001] also improved.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The newly developed individually tailored endurance training program improved endurance capacity and performance in individuals with traumatic paraplegia during early rehabilitation. The implementation of such a structured endurance training program can support individuals with SCI to achieve optimal functioning, mobility, independence, and well-being at the end of the early rehabilitation process.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci25-00071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T02:20:17Z","timestamp":1779848417000},"page":"146-157","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Individually Tailored Endurance Training During Early Rehabilitation in Individuals with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Feasibility Study"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Claudio","family":"Perret","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneke","family":"Hertig-Godeschalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Jegier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Scheel-Sailer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Kowalczyk-Jurigel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"642","article-title":"Physical capacity in wheelchair-dependent persons with a spinal cord injury: A critical review of the literature","volume":"44","author":"Haisma JA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Haisma JA, van der Woude LH, Stam HJ, Bergen MP, Sluis TA, Bussmann JB. Physical capacity in wheelchair-dependent persons with a spinal cord injury: A critical review of the literature. Spinal Cord. 2006;44:642-652. doi: 10.1038\/sj.sc.310915."},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Circulation.","first-page":"268","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of cardiovascular risk in individuals with spinal cord injury: A narrative review","volume":"148","author":"Lagu T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lagu T, Schroth SL, Haywood C, et al. Diagnosis and management of cardiovascular risk in individuals with spinal cord injury: A narrative review. Circulation. 2023;148:268-277. doi: 10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064859."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"308","article-title":"Evidence-based scientific exercise guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury: An update and a new guideline","author":"Martin Ginis KA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin Ginis KA, van der Scheer JW, Latimer-Cheung AE, et al. Evidence-based scientific exercise guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury: An update and a new guideline. Spinal Cord. 2018;308-321. doi: 10.1038\/s41393-017-0017-3."},{"key":"b4","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","first-page":"108","article-title":"Exercise and sports science Australia (ESSA) position statement on exercise and spinal cord injury","volume":"20","author":"Tweedy SM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tweedy SM, Beckman EM, Geraghty TJ, et al. Exercise and sports science Australia (ESSA) position statement on exercise and spinal cord injury. J Sci Med Sport. 2017; 20;108-115. doi: 10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.02.001."},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1566","article-title":"Following the physical activity guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury for 16 weeks does not improve vascular health: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"96","author":"Totosy de Zepetnek JO","year":"2015","unstructured":"Totosy de Zepetnek JO, Pelletier CA, Hicks AL, MacDonald MJ. Following the physical activity guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury for 16 weeks does not improve vascular health: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96:1566-1575. doi: 10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.05.019."},{"issue":"6","key":"b6","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"909","article-title":"Exercise training does not attenuate cardiac atrophy or loss of function in individuals with acute spinal cord injury: A pilot study","volume":"104","author":"Ely MR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ely MR, Schleifer GD, Singh TK, Baggish AL, Taylor JA. Exercise training does not attenuate cardiac atrophy or loss of function in individuals with acute spinal cord injury: A pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2023;104(6):909-917. doi: 10.1016\/j.apmr.2022.12.001."},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med","first-page":"881741","article-title":"Temporal changes of cardiac structure, function, and mechanics during sub-acute cervical and thoracolumbar spinal cord injury in humans: A case-series","volume":"9","author":"Balthazaar SJT","year":"2022","unstructured":"Balthazaar SJT, Nightingale TE, Currie KD, et al. Temporal changes of cardiac structure, function, and mechanics during sub-acute cervical and thoracolumbar spinal cord injury in humans: A case-series. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:881741. doi: 10.3389\/fcvm.2022.881741."},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"1035","article-title":"The effectiveness of vigorous training on cardiorespiratory fitness in persons with spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Peters J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peters J, Abou L, Rice LA, et al. The effectiveness of vigorous training on cardiorespiratory fitness in persons with spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Spinal Cord. 2021;59:1035-1044. doi: 10.1038\/s41393-021-00669-7."},{"issue":"1","key":"b9","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"106","article-title":"Sprint interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training during inpatient rehabilitation after spinal cord injury: A randomized trial","volume":"58","author":"Mcleod JC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mcleod JC, Diana H, Hicks AL. Sprint interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training during inpatient rehabilitation after spinal cord injury: A randomized trial. Spinal Cord. 2020;58(1):106-115. doi: 10.1038\/s41393-019-0345-6."},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"1442004","article-title":"Effect of high-intensity exercise training on functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Li X","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li X, Li Q, Li C, Zhang C, Qian J, Zhang X. Effect of high-intensity exercise training on functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Front Neurol. 2025;16:1442004. doi: 10.3389\/fneur.2025.1442004."},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"77","article-title":"Interval training elicits higher enjoyment versus moderate exercise in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"41","author":"Astorino TA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Astorino TA, Thum JS. Interval training elicits higher enjoyment versus moderate exercise in persons with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2018; 41:77-84. doi: 10.1080\/10790268.2016.1235754."},{"issue":"6","key":"b12","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","first-page":"1155","article-title":"Can intervals enhance the inflammatory response and enjoyment in upper-body exercise?","volume":"117","author":"Hoekstra SP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hoekstra SP, Bishop NC, Leicht CA. Can intervals enhance the inflammatory response and enjoyment in upper-body exercise? Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017;117(6):1155-1163. doi: 10.1007\/s00421-017-3602-4."},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Principles of Exercise Testing and Interpretation","author":"Wassermann K","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wassermann K, Hansen JE, Sue DY, Casaburi R, Whipp BJ. Principles of Exercise Testing and Interpretation. 4th ed. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2004."},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"377","article-title":"Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion","volume":"14","author":"Borg GA","year":"1982","unstructured":"Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14:377-381."},{"issue":"2","key":"b15","series-title":"J Public Health","first-page":"179","article-title":"A shorter form health survey: Can the SF-12 replicate results from the SF-36 in longitudinal studies?","volume":"19","author":"Jenkinson C","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jenkinson C, Layte R, Jenkinson D, et al. A shorter form health survey: Can the SF-12 replicate results from the SF-36 in longitudinal studies? J Public Health. 1997;19(2):179-186. doi: 10.1093\/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a024606."},{"key":"b16","series-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev","first-page":"65","article-title":"Spinal cord independence measure: Comprehensive ability to rating scale for the spinal cord lesion","volume":"44","author":"Catz A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Catz A, Itzkovich M. Spinal cord independence measure: Comprehensive ability to rating scale for the spinal cord lesion. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2007;44:65-68. doi: 10.1682\/jrrd.2005.07.0123."},{"issue":"1","key":"b17","series-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen","first-page":"2","article-title":"Effect size estimates: Current use, calculations, and interpretation","volume":"141","author":"Fritz CO","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fritz CO, Morris PE, Richler JJ. Effect size estimates: Current use, calculations, and interpretation. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2012;141(1):2-18. doi: 10.1037\/a0024338."},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"349","article-title":"Eccentric training for prevention of hamstring injuries may depend on intervention compliance: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Goode AP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goode AP, Reimann MP, Harris L, et al. Eccentric training for prevention of hamstring injuries may depend on intervention compliance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49:349-356. doi: 10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093466."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Curr Med Res Opin","first-page":"2303","article-title":"Good and poor adherence: Optimal cut-point for adherence measures using administrative claims data","volume":"25","author":"Karve S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Karve S, Cleves MA, Helm M, Hudson TJ, West DS, Martin BC. Good and poor adherence: Optimal cut-point for adherence measures using administrative claims data. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25:2303-2310. doi: 10.1185\/03007990903126833."},{"issue":"1","key":"b20","series-title":"Phys Ther","first-page":"74","article-title":"Adherence to a long-term physical activity and exercise program after stroke applied in a randomized controlled trial","volume":"99","author":"Gunnes M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gunnes M, Langhammer B, Aamot IL, et al. Adherence to a long-term physical activity and exercise program after stroke applied in a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2019;99(1):74-85. doi: 10.1093\/ptj\/pzy126."},{"issue":"2","key":"b21","series-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med","first-page":"219","article-title":"The effects of upper extremity aerobic exercise in patients with spinal cord injury: A randomized controlled study","volume":"53","author":"Akkurt H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akkurt H, Karapolat HU, Kirazli Y, Kose T. The effects of upper extremity aerobic exercise in patients with spinal cord injury: A randomized controlled study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2017;53(2):219-227. doi: 10.23736\/S1973-9087.16.03804-1."},{"issue":"10","key":"b22","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"691","article-title":"Improved work capacity but unchanged peak oxygen uptake during primary rehabilitation in tetraplegic patients","volume":"36","author":"Hjeltnes N","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hjeltnes N, Wallberg-Henriksson H. Improved work capacity but unchanged peak oxygen uptake during primary rehabilitation in tetraplegic patients. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(10):691-698. doi: 10.1038\/sj.sc.3100687."},{"issue":"6","key":"b23","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"741","article-title":"Changes in physical capacity during and after inpatient rehabilitation in subjects with a spinal cord injury","volume":"87","author":"Haisma JA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Haisma JA, Bussmann J, Stam HJ, et al. Changes in physical capacity during and after inpatient rehabilitation in subjects with a spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87(6):741-748. doi: 10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.02.032."},{"issue":"6","key":"b24","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"702","article-title":"A systematic review of exercise as a therapeutic intervention to improve arterial function in persons living with spinal cord injury","volume":"49","author":"Phillips AA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Phillips AA, Cote AT, Warburton DER. A systematic review of exercise as a therapeutic intervention to improve arterial function in persons living with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2011;49(6):702-714. doi: 10.1038\/sc.2010.193."},{"issue":"12","key":"b25","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"2272","article-title":"Reference fitness values in the untrained spinal cord injury population","volume":"95","author":"Simmons OL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simmons OL, Kressler J, Nash MS. Reference fitness values in the untrained spinal cord injury population. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(12):2272-2278. doi: 10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.06.015."},{"issue":"21","key":"b26","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"3020","article-title":"Exercise improves cardiorespiratory fitness, but not arterial health, after spinal cord injury: The CHOICES trial","volume":"38","author":"Alrashidi AA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alrashidi AA, Nightingale TE, Currie KD et al. Exercise improves cardiorespiratory fitness, but not arterial health, after spinal cord injury: The CHOICES trial. J Neurotrauma. 2021;38(21):3020-3029. doi: 10.1089\/neu.2021.0071."},{"issue":"4","key":"b27","series-title":"BJM Open","article-title":"\u201cTime is of the essence\u201d: Upper-body aerobic exercise to improve cardiovascular health during inpatient rehabilitation within the first year following spinal cord injury \u2013 protocol for a randomised clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Balthazaar SJT","year":"2025","unstructured":"Balthazaar SJT, Hodgkiss DD, Chiou SY, et al. \u201cTime is of the essence\u201d: Upper-body aerobic exercise to improve cardiovascular health during inpatient rehabilitation within the first year following spinal cord injury \u2013 protocol for a randomised clinical trial. BJM Open. 2025;15(4):e089868. doi: 10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-089868."},{"key":"b28","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"5576","article-title":"Physical and mental components of quality of life after a cardiac rehabilitation intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Moreira J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moreira J, Bravo J, Aguiar P, Delgado B, Raimundo A, Boto P. Physical and mental components of quality of life after a cardiac rehabilitation intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2024;13:5576. doi: 10.3390\/jcm13185576."},{"issue":"7","key":"b29","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"705","article-title":"Do any physiotherapy interventions increase spinal cord independence measure or functional independence measure scores in people with spinal cord injuries? A systematic review","volume":"59","author":"Harvey LA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harvey LA, Glinsky JV, Chu J. Do any physiotherapy interventions increase spinal cord independence measure or functional independence measure scores in people with spinal cord injuries? A systematic review. Spinal Cord. 2021;59(7):705-715. doi: 10.1038\/s41393-021-00638-0."},{"issue":"6","key":"b30","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"677","article-title":"Recovery from a spinal cord injury: Significance of compensation, neural plasticity, and repair","volume":"25","author":"Curt A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Curt A, Van Hedel HJA, Klaus D, Dietz V, EM-SCI Study Group. Recovery from a spinal cord injury: Significance of compensation, neural plasticity, and repair. J Neurotrauma. 2008;25(6):677-685. doi: 10.1089\/neu.2007.0468."},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Front Rehabil Sci","first-page":"720395","article-title":"The Nottwil standard-development and implementation of an international classification of functioning, disability and health-based clinical standard assessment for post-acute rehabilitation after newly acquired spinal cord injury","volume":"2","author":"Scheel-Sailer A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scheel-Sailer A, Lampart P, Selb M, et al. The Nottwil standard-development and implementation of an international classification of functioning, disability and health-based clinical standard assessment for post-acute rehabilitation after newly acquired spinal cord injury. Front Rehabil Sci. 2021;2:720395. doi: 10.3389\/fresc.2021.720395."},{"issue":"1","key":"b32","series-title":"World J Orthop","first-page":"8","article-title":"Rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries","volume":"6","author":"Nas K","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nas K, Yazmalar L, Sah V, Aydin A, \u00d6nes K. Rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries. World J Orthop. 2015;6(1):8-16. doi: 10.5312\/wjo.v6.i1.8."},{"issue":"3","key":"b33","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"237","article-title":"Rehabilitation length of stay and functional improvement among patients with traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"60","author":"Kao YH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kao YH, Chen Y, Deutsch A, Wen H, Tseng TS. Rehabilitation length of stay and functional improvement among patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2022;60(3):237-244. doi: 10.1038\/s441393-021."},{"issue":"3","key":"b34","series-title":"PLoS One","article-title":"Staying active after rehab: Physical activity perspectives with a spinal cord injury beyond functional gains","volume":"17","author":"Baehr LA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baehr LA, Kaimal G, Hiremath SV, Trost Z, Finley M. Staying active after rehab: Physical activity perspectives with a spinal cord injury beyond functional gains. PLoS One. 2022;17(3):e0265807. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0265807."},{"issue":"4","key":"b35","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"481","article-title":"Effectiveness of a community-based exercise program for ambulatory individuals with spinal cord injury: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"106","author":"Huh S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huh S, Kim Y, Ko HY, et al. Effectiveness of a community-based exercise program for ambulatory individuals with spinal cord injury: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2025;106(4):481-490. doi: 10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.003."},{"issue":"1","key":"b36","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"63","article-title":"A tele-health intervention to increase physical fitness in people with spinal cord injury and cardiometabolic disease or risk factors: A pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Bombardier CH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bombardier CH, Dyer JR, Burns P, et al. A tele-health intervention to increase physical fitness in people with spinal cord injury and cardiometabolic disease or risk factors: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Spinal Cord. 2021;59(1):63-73. doi: 10.1038\/s41393-020-0520-6."},{"issue":"9","key":"b37","series-title":"J Physiol","first-page":"2915","article-title":"Physiological adaptations to interval training and the role of exercise intensity","volume":"595","author":"MacInnis MJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"MacInnis MJ, Gibala M. Physiological adaptations to interval training and the role of exercise intensity. J Physiol. 2017;595(9):2915-2930. doi: 10.1113\/JP273196."},{"issue":"1","key":"b38","series-title":"BMC Med","first-page":"285","article-title":"Global incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury since 2000-2021: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Lu Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu Y, Shang Z, Zhang W, Pang M, Hu X, Dai Y, et al. Global incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury since 2000-2021: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2024;22(1):285. doi: 10.1186\/s12916-024-03514-9."},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"642","article-title":"Physical capacity in wheelchair-dependent persons with a spinal cord injury: A critical review of the literature","volume":"44","author":"Haisma JA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Haisma JA, van der Woude LH, Stam HJ, Bergen MP, Sluis TA, Bussmann JB. Physical capacity in wheelchair-dependent persons with a spinal cord injury: A critical review of the literature. Spinal Cord. 2006;44:642-652. doi: 10.1038\/sj.sc.310915."},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Circulation.","first-page":"268","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of cardiovascular risk in individuals with spinal cord injury: A narrative review","volume":"148","author":"Lagu T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lagu T, Schroth SL, Haywood C, et al. Diagnosis and management of cardiovascular risk in individuals with spinal cord injury: A narrative review. Circulation. 2023;148:268-277. doi: 10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064859."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"308","article-title":"Evidence-based scientific exercise guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury: An update and a new guideline","author":"Martin Ginis KA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin Ginis KA, van der Scheer JW, Latimer-Cheung AE, et al. Evidence-based scientific exercise guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury: An update and a new guideline. Spinal Cord. 2018;308-321. doi: 10.1038\/s41393-017-0017-3."},{"key":"b4","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","first-page":"108","article-title":"Exercise and sports science Australia (ESSA) position statement on exercise and spinal cord injury","volume":"20","author":"Tweedy SM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tweedy SM, Beckman EM, Geraghty TJ, et al. Exercise and sports science Australia (ESSA) position statement on exercise and spinal cord injury. J Sci Med Sport. 2017; 20;108-115. doi: 10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.02.001."},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1566","article-title":"Following the physical activity guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury for 16 weeks does not improve vascular health: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"96","author":"Totosy de Zepetnek JO","year":"2015","unstructured":"Totosy de Zepetnek JO, Pelletier CA, Hicks AL, MacDonald MJ. Following the physical activity guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury for 16 weeks does not improve vascular health: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96:1566-1575. doi: 10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.05.019."},{"issue":"6","key":"b6","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"909","article-title":"Exercise training does not attenuate cardiac atrophy or loss of function in individuals with acute spinal cord injury: A pilot study","volume":"104","author":"Ely MR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ely MR, Schleifer GD, Singh TK, Baggish AL, Taylor JA. Exercise training does not attenuate cardiac atrophy or loss of function in individuals with acute spinal cord injury: A pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2023;104(6):909-917. doi: 10.1016\/j.apmr.2022.12.001."},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med","first-page":"881741","article-title":"Temporal changes of cardiac structure, function, and mechanics during sub-acute cervical and thoracolumbar spinal cord injury in humans: A case-series","volume":"9","author":"Balthazaar SJT","year":"2022","unstructured":"Balthazaar SJT, Nightingale TE, Currie KD, et al. Temporal changes of cardiac structure, function, and mechanics during sub-acute cervical and thoracolumbar spinal cord injury in humans: A case-series. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:881741. doi: 10.3389\/fcvm.2022.881741."},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"1035","article-title":"The effectiveness of vigorous training on cardiorespiratory fitness in persons with spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Peters J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peters J, Abou L, Rice LA, et al. The effectiveness of vigorous training on cardiorespiratory fitness in persons with spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Spinal Cord. 2021;59:1035-1044. doi: 10.1038\/s41393-021-00669-7."},{"issue":"1","key":"b9","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"106","article-title":"Sprint interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training during inpatient rehabilitation after spinal cord injury: A randomized trial","volume":"58","author":"Mcleod JC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mcleod JC, Diana H, Hicks AL. Sprint interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training during inpatient rehabilitation after spinal cord injury: A randomized trial. Spinal Cord. 2020;58(1):106-115. doi: 10.1038\/s41393-019-0345-6."},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"1442004","article-title":"Effect of high-intensity exercise training on functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Li X","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li X, Li Q, Li C, Zhang C, Qian J, Zhang X. Effect of high-intensity exercise training on functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Front Neurol. 2025;16:1442004. doi: 10.3389\/fneur.2025.1442004."},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"77","article-title":"Interval training elicits higher enjoyment versus moderate exercise in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"41","author":"Astorino TA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Astorino TA, Thum JS. Interval training elicits higher enjoyment versus moderate exercise in persons with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2018; 41:77-84. doi: 10.1080\/10790268.2016.1235754."},{"issue":"6","key":"b12","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","first-page":"1155","article-title":"Can intervals enhance the inflammatory response and enjoyment in upper-body exercise?","volume":"117","author":"Hoekstra SP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hoekstra SP, Bishop NC, Leicht CA. Can intervals enhance the inflammatory response and enjoyment in upper-body exercise? Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017;117(6):1155-1163. doi: 10.1007\/s00421-017-3602-4."},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Principles of Exercise Testing and Interpretation","author":"Wassermann K","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wassermann K, Hansen JE, Sue DY, Casaburi R, Whipp BJ. Principles of Exercise Testing and Interpretation. 4th ed. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2004."},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"377","article-title":"Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion","volume":"14","author":"Borg GA","year":"1982","unstructured":"Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14:377-381."},{"issue":"2","key":"b15","series-title":"J Public Health","first-page":"179","article-title":"A shorter form health survey: Can the SF-12 replicate results from the SF-36 in longitudinal studies?","volume":"19","author":"Jenkinson C","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jenkinson C, Layte R, Jenkinson D, et al. A shorter form health survey: Can the SF-12 replicate results from the SF-36 in longitudinal studies? J Public Health. 1997;19(2):179-186. doi: 10.1093\/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a024606."},{"key":"b16","series-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev","first-page":"65","article-title":"Spinal cord independence measure: Comprehensive ability to rating scale for the spinal cord lesion","volume":"44","author":"Catz A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Catz A, Itzkovich M. Spinal cord independence measure: Comprehensive ability to rating scale for the spinal cord lesion. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2007;44:65-68. doi: 10.1682\/jrrd.2005.07.0123."},{"issue":"1","key":"b17","series-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen","first-page":"2","article-title":"Effect size estimates: Current use, calculations, and interpretation","volume":"141","author":"Fritz CO","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fritz CO, Morris PE, Richler JJ. Effect size estimates: Current use, calculations, and interpretation. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2012;141(1):2-18. doi: 10.1037\/a0024338."},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"349","article-title":"Eccentric training for prevention of hamstring injuries may depend on intervention compliance: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Goode AP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goode AP, Reimann MP, Harris L, et al. Eccentric training for prevention of hamstring injuries may depend on intervention compliance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49:349-356. doi: 10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093466."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Curr Med Res Opin","first-page":"2303","article-title":"Good and poor adherence: Optimal cut-point for adherence measures using administrative claims data","volume":"25","author":"Karve S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Karve S, Cleves MA, Helm M, Hudson TJ, West DS, Martin BC. Good and poor adherence: Optimal cut-point for adherence measures using administrative claims data. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25:2303-2310. doi: 10.1185\/03007990903126833."},{"issue":"1","key":"b20","series-title":"Phys Ther","first-page":"74","article-title":"Adherence to a long-term physical activity and exercise program after stroke applied in a randomized controlled trial","volume":"99","author":"Gunnes M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gunnes M, Langhammer B, Aamot IL, et al. Adherence to a long-term physical activity and exercise program after stroke applied in a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2019;99(1):74-85. doi: 10.1093\/ptj\/pzy126."},{"issue":"2","key":"b21","series-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med","first-page":"219","article-title":"The effects of upper extremity aerobic exercise in patients with spinal cord injury: A randomized controlled study","volume":"53","author":"Akkurt H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akkurt H, Karapolat HU, Kirazli Y, Kose T. The effects of upper extremity aerobic exercise in patients with spinal cord injury: A randomized controlled study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2017;53(2):219-227. doi: 10.23736\/S1973-9087.16.03804-1."},{"issue":"10","key":"b22","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"691","article-title":"Improved work capacity but unchanged peak oxygen uptake during primary rehabilitation in tetraplegic patients","volume":"36","author":"Hjeltnes N","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hjeltnes N, Wallberg-Henriksson H. Improved work capacity but unchanged peak oxygen uptake during primary rehabilitation in tetraplegic patients. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(10):691-698. doi: 10.1038\/sj.sc.3100687."},{"issue":"6","key":"b23","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"741","article-title":"Changes in physical capacity during and after inpatient rehabilitation in subjects with a spinal cord injury","volume":"87","author":"Haisma JA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Haisma JA, Bussmann J, Stam HJ, et al. Changes in physical capacity during and after inpatient rehabilitation in subjects with a spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87(6):741-748. doi: 10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.02.032."},{"issue":"6","key":"b24","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"702","article-title":"A systematic review of exercise as a therapeutic intervention to improve arterial function in persons living with spinal cord injury","volume":"49","author":"Phillips AA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Phillips AA, Cote AT, Warburton DER. A systematic review of exercise as a therapeutic intervention to improve arterial function in persons living with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2011;49(6):702-714. doi: 10.1038\/sc.2010.193."},{"issue":"12","key":"b25","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"2272","article-title":"Reference fitness values in the untrained spinal cord injury population","volume":"95","author":"Simmons OL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simmons OL, Kressler J, Nash MS. Reference fitness values in the untrained spinal cord injury population. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(12):2272-2278. doi: 10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.06.015."},{"issue":"21","key":"b26","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"3020","article-title":"Exercise improves cardiorespiratory fitness, but not arterial health, after spinal cord injury: The CHOICES trial","volume":"38","author":"Alrashidi AA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alrashidi AA, Nightingale TE, Currie KD et al. Exercise improves cardiorespiratory fitness, but not arterial health, after spinal cord injury: The CHOICES trial. J Neurotrauma. 2021;38(21):3020-3029. doi: 10.1089\/neu.2021.0071."},{"issue":"4","key":"b27","series-title":"BJM Open","article-title":"\u201cTime is of the essence\u201d: Upper-body aerobic exercise to improve cardiovascular health during inpatient rehabilitation within the first year following spinal cord injury \u2013 protocol for a randomised clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Balthazaar SJT","year":"2025","unstructured":"Balthazaar SJT, Hodgkiss DD, Chiou SY, et al. \u201cTime is of the essence\u201d: Upper-body aerobic exercise to improve cardiovascular health during inpatient rehabilitation within the first year following spinal cord injury \u2013 protocol for a randomised clinical trial. BJM Open. 2025;15(4):e089868. doi: 10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-089868."},{"key":"b28","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"5576","article-title":"Physical and mental components of quality of life after a cardiac rehabilitation intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Moreira J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moreira J, Bravo J, Aguiar P, Delgado B, Raimundo A, Boto P. Physical and mental components of quality of life after a cardiac rehabilitation intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2024;13:5576. doi: 10.3390\/jcm13185576."},{"issue":"7","key":"b29","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"705","article-title":"Do any physiotherapy interventions increase spinal cord independence measure or functional independence measure scores in people with spinal cord injuries? A systematic review","volume":"59","author":"Harvey LA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harvey LA, Glinsky JV, Chu J. Do any physiotherapy interventions increase spinal cord independence measure or functional independence measure scores in people with spinal cord injuries? A systematic review. Spinal Cord. 2021;59(7):705-715. doi: 10.1038\/s41393-021-00638-0."},{"issue":"6","key":"b30","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"677","article-title":"Recovery from a spinal cord injury: Significance of compensation, neural plasticity, and repair","volume":"25","author":"Curt A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Curt A, Van Hedel HJA, Klaus D, Dietz V, EM-SCI Study Group. Recovery from a spinal cord injury: Significance of compensation, neural plasticity, and repair. J Neurotrauma. 2008;25(6):677-685. doi: 10.1089\/neu.2007.0468."},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Front Rehabil Sci","first-page":"720395","article-title":"The Nottwil standard-development and implementation of an international classification of functioning, disability and health-based clinical standard assessment for post-acute rehabilitation after newly acquired spinal cord injury","volume":"2","author":"Scheel-Sailer A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scheel-Sailer A, Lampart P, Selb M, et al. The Nottwil standard-development and implementation of an international classification of functioning, disability and health-based clinical standard assessment for post-acute rehabilitation after newly acquired spinal cord injury. Front Rehabil Sci. 2021;2:720395. doi: 10.3389\/fresc.2021.720395."},{"issue":"1","key":"b32","series-title":"World J Orthop","first-page":"8","article-title":"Rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries","volume":"6","author":"Nas K","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nas K, Yazmalar L, Sah V, Aydin A, \u00d6nes K. Rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries. World J Orthop. 2015;6(1):8-16. doi: 10.5312\/wjo.v6.i1.8."},{"issue":"3","key":"b33","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"237","article-title":"Rehabilitation length of stay and functional improvement among patients with traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"60","author":"Kao YH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kao YH, Chen Y, Deutsch A, Wen H, Tseng TS. Rehabilitation length of stay and functional improvement among patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2022;60(3):237-244. doi: 10.1038\/s441393-021."},{"issue":"3","key":"b34","series-title":"PLoS One","article-title":"Staying active after rehab: Physical activity perspectives with a spinal cord injury beyond functional gains","volume":"17","author":"Baehr LA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baehr LA, Kaimal G, Hiremath SV, Trost Z, Finley M. Staying active after rehab: Physical activity perspectives with a spinal cord injury beyond functional gains. PLoS One. 2022;17(3):e0265807. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0265807."},{"issue":"4","key":"b35","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"481","article-title":"Effectiveness of a community-based exercise program for ambulatory individuals with spinal cord injury: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"106","author":"Huh S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huh S, Kim Y, Ko HY, et al. Effectiveness of a community-based exercise program for ambulatory individuals with spinal cord injury: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2025;106(4):481-490. doi: 10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.003."},{"issue":"1","key":"b36","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"63","article-title":"A tele-health intervention to increase physical fitness in people with spinal cord injury and cardiometabolic disease or risk factors: A pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Bombardier CH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bombardier CH, Dyer JR, Burns P, et al. A tele-health intervention to increase physical fitness in people with spinal cord injury and cardiometabolic disease or risk factors: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Spinal Cord. 2021;59(1):63-73. doi: 10.1038\/s41393-020-0520-6."},{"issue":"9","key":"b37","series-title":"J Physiol","first-page":"2915","article-title":"Physiological adaptations to interval training and the role of exercise intensity","volume":"595","author":"MacInnis MJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"MacInnis MJ, Gibala M. Physiological adaptations to interval training and the role of exercise intensity. J Physiol. 2017;595(9):2915-2930. doi: 10.1113\/JP273196."},{"issue":"1","key":"b38","series-title":"BMC Med","first-page":"285","article-title":"Global incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury since 2000-2021: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Lu Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu Y, Shang Z, Zhang W, Pang M, Hu X, Dai Y, et al. Global incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury since 2000-2021: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2024;22(1):285. doi: 10.1186\/s12916-024-03514-9."}],"container-title":["Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/tscr\/32\/2\/article-p146.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tscr\/32\/2\/article-p146.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tscr\/32\/2\/article-p146.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T02:20:26Z","timestamp":1779848426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/tscr\/32\/2\/article-p146.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46292\/sci25-00071","relation":{},"ISSN":["1082-0744","1945-5763"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1082-0744","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-5763","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}}}