{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T09:52:35Z","timestamp":1791453155779,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"4","funder":[{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia","award":["2009998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2009998"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011kf5r70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify which outcomes have been described following traumatic cauda equina injury (CEI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A search strategy was developed and the following electronic databases were searched for this scoping review: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, Emcare, PsycInfo, and Google Scholar. Eligible articles were first title and abstract screened, and then full text was screened by 2 independent reviewers. The data were extracted and presented in a narrative format.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 3853 articles returned in the initial search, 44 studies were included in the final review. Whilst 44 studies examined outcomes following traumatic CEI, only 19 (43%) examined CEI as a stand-alone injury. Most studies (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 25, 57%) did not provide a definition for a diagnosis of CEI. Of the 19 studies that did provide a definition, 8 (18%) used a vertebral level of injury to diagnose CEI. No studies used the same vertebral level. Across the 44 included studies, there was a wide variability in outcome reporting. The most commonly reported outcomes were motor outcomes (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 25, 57%) and bladder outcomes (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 25, 57%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a notable gap in research examining traumatic CEI independent of other etiologies of CEI or other spinal cord injuries. The findings of this review also highlight the need for greater consistency in the definition of CEI. The development of a traumatic CEI-specific outcomes tool would aid in reporting consistency between studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci25-00092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T09:23:31Z","timestamp":1791451411000},"page":"63-80","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Scoping Review of Traumatic Cauda Equina Injury Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Xenia","family":"Beaumont","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Liew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Department of Surgery, The Alfred, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Alfred, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Reeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ian Potter Library, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belinda","family":"Gabbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"b1","series-title":"Int Orthop.","first-page":"165","article-title":"Cauda equina syndrome\u2014a practical guide to definition and classification","volume":"46","author":"Lavy C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lavy C, Marks P, Dangas K, Todd N. Cauda equina syndrome\u2014a practical guide to definition and classification. Int Orthop. 2022;46(2):165-169."},{"issue":"6","key":"b2","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus.","first-page":"19","article-title":"Conus medullaris and cauda equina syndrome as a result of traumatic injuries: Management principles","volume":"16","author":"Harrop JS","year":"2004","unstructured":"Harrop JS, Hunt GE,Jr., Vaccaro AR. Conus medullaris and cauda equina syndrome as a result of traumatic injuries: Management principles. Neurosurg Focus. 2004;16(6):19-23."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"N Am Spine Soc J.","first-page":"100558","article-title":"The incidence and outcomes of traumatic cauda equina syndrome in Victoria, Australia","volume":"20","author":"Zubenko X","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zubenko X, Liew S, Reeder S, Yang Y, Humadi A, Gabbe B. The incidence and outcomes of traumatic cauda equina syndrome in Victoria, Australia. N Am Spine Soc J. 2024;20:100558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xnsj.2024.100558."},{"issue":"7","key":"b4","series-title":"Spinal Cord.","first-page":"482","article-title":"Traumatic vs non-traumatic spinal cord lesions: Comparison of neurological and functional outcome after in-patient rehabilitation","volume":"46","author":"Gupta A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gupta A, Taly AB, Srivastava A, Vishal S, Murali T. Traumatic vs non-traumatic spinal cord lesions: Comparison of neurological and functional outcome after in-patient rehabilitation. Spinal Cord. 2008;46(7):482-487."},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus.","first-page":"E7","article-title":"Factors affecting neurological outcome in traumatic conus medullaris and cauda equina injuries","volume":"25","author":"Kingwell SP","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kingwell SP, Curt A, Dvorak MF. Factors affecting neurological outcome in traumatic conus medullaris and cauda equina injuries. Neurosurg Focus. 2008;25(5):E7."},{"issue":"12","key":"b6","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil.","article-title":"The ambulatory outcomes of traumatic cauda equina syndrome and conus medullaris syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"103","author":"Chen J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen J, Prasanna K, Tan YL. The ambulatory outcomes of traumatic cauda equina syndrome and conus medullaris syndrome: A systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2022;103(12):e204."},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Towards a Common Language for Functioning, Disability and Health: ICF","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Towards a Common Language for Functioning, Disability and Health: ICF. World Health Organization; 2002. https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/classification\/icf\/icfbeginnersguide.pdf. Accessed April 9, 2025."},{"issue":"4","key":"b8","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"301","article-title":"Cauda equina syndrome: The timing of surgery probably does influence outcome","volume":"19","author":"Todd NV","year":"2005","unstructured":"Todd NV. Cauda equina syndrome: The timing of surgery probably does influence outcome. Br J Neurosurg. 2005;19(4):301-306."},{"issue":"6","key":"b9","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976).","first-page":"641","article-title":"The neurological outcome following surgery for spinal fractures","volume":"13","author":"Gertzbein SD","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gertzbein SD, Court-Brown CM, Marks P, Martin C, Fazl M, Schwartz M, et al. The neurological outcome following surgery for spinal fractures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1988;13(6):641-644."},{"issue":"3","key":"b10","series-title":"J Neurotrauma.","first-page":"322","article-title":"Factors associated with recovery in motor strength, walking ability, and bowel and bladder function after traumatic cauda equina injury","volume":"38","author":"Attabib N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Attabib N, Kurban D, Cheng CL, et al. Factors associated with recovery in motor strength, walking ability, and bowel and bladder function after traumatic cauda equina injury. J Neurotrauma. 2021;38(3):322-329."},{"issue":"9","key":"b11","series-title":"Spinal Cord.","first-page":"980","article-title":"Recovery after traumatic thoracic- and lumbar spinal cord injury: The neurological level of injury matters","volume":"58","author":"Brouwers E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brouwers E, Meent HV, Curt A, et al. Recovery after traumatic thoracic- and lumbar spinal cord injury: The neurological level of injury matters. Spinal Cord. 2020;58(9):980-987."},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Covidence systematic review software","author":"Veritas Health Innovation","year":"2025","unstructured":"Veritas Health Innovation. Covidence systematic review software. 2025. www.covidence.org.."},{"issue":"3","key":"b13","series-title":"IRCS Med Sci Clin Med.","first-page":"103","article-title":"Late surgical treatment of traumatic cauda equina lesions","volume":"6","author":"Dagher RK","year":"1978","unstructured":"Dagher RK. Late surgical treatment of traumatic cauda equina lesions. IRCS Med Sci Clin Med. 1978;6(3):103."},{"issue":"1","key":"b14","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil.","first-page":"9","article-title":"Intermittent catheterization failure and an approach to bladder rehabilitation in spinal cord injury patients","volume":"59","author":"Perkash I","year":"1978","unstructured":"Perkash I. Intermittent catheterization failure and an approach to bladder rehabilitation in spinal cord injury patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1978;59(1):9-17."},{"issue":"11S.","key":"b15","series-title":"Spine.","first-page":"S80","article-title":"Complications associated with surgical stabilization of high-grade sacral fracture dislocations with spino-pelvic instability","volume":"31","author":"Bellabarba C","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bellabarba C, Schildhauer TA, Vaccaro AR, Chapman JR. Complications associated with surgical stabilization of high-grade sacral fracture dislocations with spino-pelvic instability. Spine. 2006;31(11S.):S80-S8."},{"issue":"10","key":"b16","series-title":"Spinal Cord.","first-page":"886","article-title":"Definitions of traumatic conus medullaris and cauda equina syndrome: A systematic literature review","volume":"55","author":"Brouwers E","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brouwers E, van de Meent H, Curt A, Starremans B, Hosman A, Bartels R. Definitions of traumatic conus medullaris and cauda equina syndrome: A systematic literature review. Spinal Cord. 2017;55(10):886-890."},{"issue":"7","key":"b17","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am.","first-page":"1591","article-title":"Relationship of neural axis level of injury to motor recovery and health-related quality of life in patients with a thoracolumbar spinal injury","volume":"92","author":"Kingwell SP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kingwell SP, Noonan VK, Fisher CG, et al. Relationship of neural axis level of injury to motor recovery and health-related quality of life in patients with a thoracolumbar spinal injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92(7):1591-1599."},{"issue":"1","key":"b18","series-title":"Global Spine J.","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosis and prognosis of traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"1","author":"van Middendorp JJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Middendorp JJ, Goss B, Urquhart S, Atresh S, Williams RP, Schuetz M. Diagnosis and prognosis of traumatic spinal cord injury. Global Spine J. 2011;1(1):1-8."},{"issue":"6","key":"b19","series-title":"J Neurosurg.","first-page":"889","article-title":"Neurological injury and patterns of sacral fractures","volume":"72","author":"Gibbons KJ","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gibbons KJ, Soloniuk DS, Razack N. Neurological injury and patterns of sacral fractures. J Neurosurg. 1990;72(6):889-893."},{"issue":"12","key":"b20","series-title":"Spine.","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Patient comorbidities and complications after spinal surgery: A societal-based cost analysis","volume":"37","author":"Whitmore RG","year":"2012","unstructured":"Whitmore RG, Stephen J, Stein SC, Campbell PG, Yadla S, Harrop JS, et al. Patient comorbidities and complications after spinal surgery: A societal-based cost analysis. Spine. 2012;37(12):1065-1071."},{"issue":"10","key":"b21","series-title":"J Neurotrauma.","first-page":"1371","article-title":"Targeting recovery: Priorities of the spinal cord-injured population","volume":"21","author":"Anderson K","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anderson K. Targeting recovery: Priorities of the spinal cord-injured population. J Neurotrauma. 2004;21(10):1371-1383."}],"container-title":["Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/tscr\/32\/4\/article-p63.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tscr\/32\/4\/article-p63.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tscr\/32\/4\/article-p63.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T09:23:32Z","timestamp":1791451412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/tscr\/32\/4\/article-p63.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46292\/sci25-00092","relation":{},"ISSN":["1082-0744","1945-5763"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1082-0744","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-5763","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}