{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T02:48:31Z","timestamp":1776826111056,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"Supplement1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Clinician ability to teach wheelchair skills varies widely and has not been characterized in the US. Identifying gaps in clinician capacity is integral to improving service provision and client outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To describe clinicians\u2019 capacity and confidence in performing and teaching wheelchair skills in the US.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n This was a cross-sectional survey conducted as part of a larger trial. A convenience sample of 234 rehabilitation therapists was surveyed. Measures included the Self-Efficacy for Assessing, Training, and Spotting Test for Manual Wheelchairs (SEATS), the Wheelchair Skills Test Questionnaire 5.1 (WST-Q), and data on training quantity (number of trainees, duration) and quality (skills trained, trainee skill mastery).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Over a 6-month period, clinicians trained a median of 2 people for 60 minutes on 2 skills per trainee, predominantly in inpatient settings (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001). For advanced skills, most clinicians reported being \u201cnot at all\u201d confident in teaching. The number of trainees and trainee skill mastery were low across all skills and were nearly absent for community\/advanced skills. SEATS scores for training (45%) were lower (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001) compared to spotting (68%) and assessing (57%). Clinicians\u2019 WST-Q capacity (33%) and confidence (30%) scores were low. Years of practice did not influence outcomes. Correlations were strong within WST-Q domains (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.904) and SEATS domains (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.707 to 0.724) and moderate between number of skills trained and SEATS training (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.569).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Clinicians lack confidence and infrequently train users, focusing mostly on basic skills. Higher clinician competency correlates with greater confidence and a wider variety of skills taught.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci25-00112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T02:17:19Z","timestamp":1776824239000},"page":"68-79","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gaps in Wheelchair Skills Training: Clinician Confidence, Capacity, and Service Provision in US Rehabilitation Practice"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Lynn A.","family":"Worobey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren R.","family":"Malacarne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aileen","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia G.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. Lee","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Wheelchair Provision Guidelines","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Wheelchair Provision Guidelines. 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240074521."},{"key":"b2","article-title":"2020 Annual Statistical Report \u2013 Complete Public Version","author":"National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham","year":"2020","unstructured":"National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham. 2020 Annual Statistical Report \u2013 Complete Public Version. 2020. Accessed April 1, 2025. https:\/\/www.nscisc.uab.edu\/public\/2020%20Annual%20-Report%20-%20Complete%20Public%20Version.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"73","article-title":"The relationship between and predictors of quality of life after spinal cord injury at 3 and 15 months after discharge","volume":"48","author":"Mortenson W","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mortenson W, Noreau L, Miller W. The relationship between and predictors of quality of life after spinal cord injury at 3 and 15 months after discharge. Spinal Cord. 2010;48(1):73-79."},{"issue":"10","key":"b4","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1761","article-title":"Wheelchair skills capacity and performance of manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury","volume":"97","author":"Kirby RL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kirby RL, Worobey LA, Cowan R, et al. Wheelchair skills capacity and performance of manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97(10):1761-1769."},{"issue":"3","key":"b5","series-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev","first-page":"65","article-title":"Relationship between manual wheelchair skill performance and participation of persons with spinal cord injuries 1 year after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation","volume":"42","author":"Kilkens OJ","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kilkens OJ, Post MW, Dallmeijer AJ, van Asbeck FW, van der Woude LH. Relationship between manual wheelchair skill performance and participation of persons with spinal cord injuries 1 year after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2005;42(3):65."},{"issue":"12","key":"b6","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"2237","article-title":"Manual wheelchair skills capacity predicts quality of life and community integration in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"93","author":"Hosseini SM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hosseini SM, Oyster ML, Kirby RL, Harrington AL, Boninger ML. Manual wheelchair skills capacity predicts quality of life and community integration in persons with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(12):2237-2243."},{"issue":"3","key":"b7","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"237","article-title":"Associations of mode of locomotion and independence in locomotion with long-term outcomes after spinal cord injury","volume":"32","author":"Krause J","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krause J, Carter RE, Brotherton S. Associations of mode of locomotion and independence in locomotion with long-term outcomes after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2009;32(3):237-247."},{"issue":"5","key":"b8","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"302","article-title":"Client-centred assessment and the identification of meaningful treatment goals for individuals with a spinal cord injury","volume":"42","author":"Donnelly C","year":"2004","unstructured":"Donnelly C, Eng JJ, Hall J, et al. Client-centred assessment and the identification of meaningful treatment goals for individuals with a spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2004;42(5):302-307."},{"issue":"4","key":"b9","series-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev","article-title":"The consumer's perspective and the professional literature: What do persons with spinal cord injury want?","volume":"40","author":"Estores IM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Estores IM. The consumer's perspective and the professional literature: What do persons with spinal cord injury want? J Rehabil Res Dev. 2003;40(4)"},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol","first-page":"28","article-title":"Important wheelchair skills for new manual wheelchair users: Health care professional and wheelchair user perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Morgan KA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morgan KA, Engsberg JR, Gray DB. Important wheelchair skills for new manual wheelchair users: Health care professional and wheelchair user perspectives. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2017;12(1):28-38."},{"issue":"4","key":"b11","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol","first-page":"391","article-title":"Effectiveness of the Wheelchair Skills Training Program: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Keeler L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Keeler L, Kirby RL, Parker K, McLean K, Hayden J. Effectiveness of the Wheelchair Skills Training Program: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2019;14(4):391-409."},{"issue":"4","key":"b12","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"629","article-title":"Most essential wheeled mobility skills for daily life: An international survey among paralympic wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injury","volume":"93","author":"Fliess-Douer O","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fliess-Douer O, Vanlandewijck YC, Van Der Woude LH. Most essential wheeled mobility skills for daily life: An international survey among paralympic wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(4):629-635."},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Top Geriatr Rehabil","first-page":"58","article-title":"Proportion of wheelchair users who receive wheelchair skills training during an admission to a Canadian rehabilitation center","volume":"31","author":"Kirby RL KL","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kirby RL KL, Wang S, et al.. Proportion of wheelchair users who receive wheelchair skills training during an admission to a Canadian rehabilitation center. Top Geriatr Rehabil. 2015;31:58-66."},{"issue":"5","key":"b14","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol","first-page":"393","article-title":"A description of manual wheelchair skills training: current practices in Canadian rehabilitation centers","volume":"10","author":"Best KL","year":"2015","unstructured":"Best KL, Routhier F, Miller WC. A description of manual wheelchair skills training: current practices in Canadian rehabilitation centers. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2015;10(5):393-400. doi:10.3109\/17483107.2014.907367."},{"issue":"7","key":"b15","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol","first-page":"773","article-title":"Practices and views of occupational therapists in Nova Scotia regarding wheelchair-skills training for clients and their caregivers: An online survey","volume":"15","author":"Kirby RL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kirby RL, Smith C, Parker K, Han L, Theriault CJ, Doucette SP. Practices and views of occupational therapists in Nova Scotia regarding wheelchair-skills training for clients and their caregivers: An online survey. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2020;15(7):773-780. doi:10.1080\/17483107.2020.1749890."},{"issue":"7","key":"b16","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol","first-page":"1146","article-title":"Practices and views of wheelchair service providers regarding wheelchair-skills training for clients and their caregivers: A global online survey","volume":"18","author":"Kirby RL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kirby RL, Smith C, Parker K, Theriault CJ, Sandila N. Practices and views of wheelchair service providers regarding wheelchair-skills training for clients and their caregivers: A global online survey. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2023;18(7):1146-1153. doi:10.1080\/17483107.2021.1989505."},{"issue":"5","key":"b17","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol","first-page":"401","article-title":"A description of manual wheelchair skills training curriculum in entry-to-practice occupational and physical therapy programs in Canada","volume":"10","author":"Best KL","year":"2015","unstructured":"Best KL, Miller WC, Routhier F. A description of manual wheelchair skills training curriculum in entry-to-practice occupational and physical therapy programs in Canada. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2015;10(5):401-406. doi:10.3109\/17483107.2014.907368."},{"issue":"7","key":"b18","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol","first-page":"1154","article-title":"Perspectives of inpatient rehabilitation clinicians on the state of manual wheelchair training: A qualitative analysis","volume":"18","author":"Rusek CT","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rusek CT, Kleven M, Walker C, Walker K, Heeb R, Morgan KA. Perspectives of inpatient rehabilitation clinicians on the state of manual wheelchair training: A qualitative analysis. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2023;18(7):1154-1162."},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"197","article-title":"A wheelchair workshop for medical students improves knowledge and skills: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"90","author":"Kirby RL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kirby RL, Crawford KA, Smith C, Thompson KJ, Sargeant JM. A wheelchair workshop for medical students improves knowledge and skills: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;90(3):197-206. doi:10.1097\/PHM.0b013e318206398a."},{"issue":"1","key":"b20","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","first-page":"21","article-title":"Wheelchair Skills Test outcomes across multiple wheelchair skills training bootcamp cohorts","volume":"19","author":"Giesbrecht E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Giesbrecht E. Wheelchair Skills Test outcomes across multiple wheelchair skills training bootcamp cohorts. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;19(1):21. doi:10.3390\/ijerph19010021."},{"issue":"4","key":"b21","series-title":"Arch PhysMed Rehabil","first-page":"798","article-title":"Efficacy of a remote train-the-trainer model for wheelchair skills training administered by clinicians: A cohort study with pre- vs posttraining comparisons","volume":"103","author":"Worobey LA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Worobey LA, Kirby RL, Cowan RE, et al. Efficacy of a remote train-the-trainer model for wheelchair skills training administered by clinicians: A cohort study with pre- vs posttraining comparisons. Arch PhysMed Rehabil. 2022;103(4):798-806. doi:10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.03.042."},{"issue":"4","key":"b22","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol","first-page":"1729","article-title":"A remote-learning course can improve the subjective wheelchair-skills performance and confidence of wheelchair service providers: An observational cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Kirby RL","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kirby RL, Smith C, Osmond D, Moore SA, Theriault CJ, Sandila N. A remote-learning course can improve the subjective wheelchair-skills performance and confidence of wheelchair service providers: An observational cohort study. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2024;19(4):1729-1738. doi:10.1080\/1748-3107.2023.2230259."},{"issue":"7","key":"b23","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol","first-page":"752","article-title":"Using remote learning to teach clinicians manual wheelchair skills: A cohort study with pre- vs post-training comparisons","volume":"17","author":"Worobey LA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Worobey LA, Kirby RL, Cowan RE, et al. Using remote learning to teach clinicians manual wheelchair skills: A cohort study with pre- vs post-training comparisons. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2022;17(7):752-759. doi:10.1080\/1748-3107.2020.1804633."},{"issue":"10","key":"b24","series-title":"Arch PhysMed Rehabil","first-page":"1777","article-title":"Effectiveness of group wheelchair skills training for people with spinal cord injury: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"97","author":"Worobey LA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Worobey LA, Kirby RL, Heinemann AW, et al. Effectiveness of group wheelchair skills training for people with spinal cord injury: A randomized controlled trial. Arch PhysMed Rehabil. 2016;97(10):1777-1784.e3. doi:10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.006."},{"issue":"3","key":"b25","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol","first-page":"250","article-title":"Reliability and responsiveness of the Self-Efficacy in Assessing, Training and Spotting wheelchair skills (SEATS) outcome measure","volume":"14","author":"Rushton PW","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rushton PW, Smith EM, Miller WC, Kirby RL, Daoust G. Reliability and responsiveness of the Self-Efficacy in Assessing, Training and Spotting wheelchair skills (SEATS) outcome measure. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2019;14(3):250-254. doi:10.1080\/174831-07.2018.1428370."},{"issue":"5","key":"b26","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"794","article-title":"The Wheelchair Skills Test (version 2.4): Measurement properties","volume":"85","author":"Kirby RL","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kirby RL, Dupuis DJ, MacPhee AH, et al. The Wheelchair Skills Test (version 2.4): Measurement properties. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(5):794-804."},{"issue":"7","key":"b27","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol","first-page":"1154","article-title":"Perspectives of inpatient rehabilitation clinicians on the state of manual wheelchair training: A qualitative analysis","volume":"18","author":"Rusek CT","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rusek CT, Kleven M, Walker C, Walker K, Heeb R, Morgan KA. Perspectives of inpatient rehabilitation clinicians on the state of manual wheelchair training: A qualitative analysis. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2023;18(7):1154-1162. doi:10.1080\/17483107.2021.1993359."},{"issue":"8","key":"b28","series-title":"Arch PhysMed Rehabil","first-page":"1591","article-title":"Gait training in acute spinal cord injury rehabilitation\u2014utilization and outcomes among nonambulatory individuals: Findings from the SCIRehab Project","volume":"99","author":"Rigot S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rigot S, Worobey L, Boninger ML. Gait training in acute spinal cord injury rehabilitation\u2014utilization and outcomes among nonambulatory individuals: Findings from the SCIRehab Project. Arch PhysMed Rehabil. 2018;99(8):1591-1598."},{"issue":"7","key":"b29","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol","first-page":"1221","article-title":"A cross-sectional survey investigating wheelchair skills training in Ireland","volume":"18","author":"Mathis K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mathis K, Gowran RJ. A cross-sectional survey investigating wheelchair skills training in Ireland. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2023;18(7):1221-1228. doi:10.1080\/17483107.2021.2001058"},{"issue":"12","key":"b30","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"2316","article-title":"Wheelchair skills training for community-based manual wheelchair users: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"86","author":"Best KL","year":"2005","unstructured":"Best KL, Kirby RL, Smith C, MacLeod DA. Wheelchair skills training for community-based manual wheelchair users: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(12):2316-2323."},{"issue":"25","key":"b31","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil","first-page":"7739","article-title":"Interventions to promote independent participation among community-dwelling middle-aged adults with long-term physical disabilities: A systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Kehrer AL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kehrer AL, Barkocy B, Downs B, Rice S, Chen S-W, Stark S. 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Accessed April 1, 2025. https:\/\/www.nscisc.uab.edu\/public\/2020%20Annual%20-Report%20-%20Complete%20Public%20Version.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"73","article-title":"The relationship between and predictors of quality of life after spinal cord injury at 3 and 15 months after discharge","volume":"48","author":"Mortenson W","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mortenson W, Noreau L, Miller W. The relationship between and predictors of quality of life after spinal cord injury at 3 and 15 months after discharge. Spinal Cord. 2010;48(1):73-79."},{"issue":"10","key":"b4","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1761","article-title":"Wheelchair skills capacity and performance of manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury","volume":"97","author":"Kirby RL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kirby RL, Worobey LA, Cowan R, et al. Wheelchair skills capacity and performance of manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97(10):1761-1769."},{"issue":"3","key":"b5","series-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev","first-page":"65","article-title":"Relationship between manual wheelchair skill performance and participation of persons with spinal cord injuries 1 year after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation","volume":"42","author":"Kilkens OJ","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kilkens OJ, Post MW, Dallmeijer AJ, van Asbeck FW, van der Woude LH. Relationship between manual wheelchair skill performance and participation of persons with spinal cord injuries 1 year after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2005;42(3):65."},{"issue":"12","key":"b6","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"2237","article-title":"Manual wheelchair skills capacity predicts quality of life and community integration in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"93","author":"Hosseini SM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hosseini SM, Oyster ML, Kirby RL, Harrington AL, Boninger ML. 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Client-centred assessment and the identification of meaningful treatment goals for individuals with a spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2004;42(5):302-307."},{"issue":"4","key":"b9","series-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev","article-title":"The consumer's perspective and the professional literature: What do persons with spinal cord injury want?","volume":"40","author":"Estores IM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Estores IM. The consumer's perspective and the professional literature: What do persons with spinal cord injury want? J Rehabil Res Dev. 2003;40(4)"},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol","first-page":"28","article-title":"Important wheelchair skills for new manual wheelchair users: Health care professional and wheelchair user perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Morgan KA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morgan KA, Engsberg JR, Gray DB. 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Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2019;14(4):391-409."},{"issue":"4","key":"b12","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"629","article-title":"Most essential wheeled mobility skills for daily life: An international survey among paralympic wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injury","volume":"93","author":"Fliess-Douer O","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fliess-Douer O, Vanlandewijck YC, Van Der Woude LH. Most essential wheeled mobility skills for daily life: An international survey among paralympic wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(4):629-635."},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Top Geriatr Rehabil","first-page":"58","article-title":"Proportion of wheelchair users who receive wheelchair skills training during an admission to a Canadian rehabilitation center","volume":"31","author":"Kirby RL KL","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kirby RL KL, Wang S, et al.. Proportion of wheelchair users who receive wheelchair skills training during an admission to a Canadian rehabilitation center. Top Geriatr Rehabil. 2015;31:58-66."},{"issue":"5","key":"b14","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol","first-page":"393","article-title":"A description of manual wheelchair skills training: current practices in Canadian rehabilitation centers","volume":"10","author":"Best KL","year":"2015","unstructured":"Best KL, Routhier F, Miller WC. A description of manual wheelchair skills training: current practices in Canadian rehabilitation centers. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2015;10(5):393-400. doi:10.3109\/17483107.2014.907367."},{"issue":"7","key":"b15","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol","first-page":"773","article-title":"Practices and views of occupational therapists in Nova Scotia regarding wheelchair-skills training for clients and their caregivers: An online survey","volume":"15","author":"Kirby RL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kirby RL, Smith C, Parker K, Han L, Theriault CJ, Doucette SP. Practices and views of occupational therapists in Nova Scotia regarding wheelchair-skills training for clients and their caregivers: An online survey. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2020;15(7):773-780. doi:10.1080\/17483107.2020.1749890."},{"issue":"7","key":"b16","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol","first-page":"1146","article-title":"Practices and views of wheelchair service providers regarding wheelchair-skills training for clients and their caregivers: A global online survey","volume":"18","author":"Kirby RL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kirby RL, Smith C, Parker K, Theriault CJ, Sandila N. Practices and views of wheelchair service providers regarding wheelchair-skills training for clients and their caregivers: A global online survey. 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Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2015;10(5):401-406. doi:10.3109\/17483107.2014.907368."},{"issue":"7","key":"b18","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol","first-page":"1154","article-title":"Perspectives of inpatient rehabilitation clinicians on the state of manual wheelchair training: A qualitative analysis","volume":"18","author":"Rusek CT","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rusek CT, Kleven M, Walker C, Walker K, Heeb R, Morgan KA. Perspectives of inpatient rehabilitation clinicians on the state of manual wheelchair training: A qualitative analysis. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2023;18(7):1154-1162."},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"197","article-title":"A wheelchair workshop for medical students improves knowledge and skills: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"90","author":"Kirby RL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kirby RL, Crawford KA, Smith C, Thompson KJ, Sargeant JM. 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