{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T02:48:27Z","timestamp":1776826107026,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"Supplement1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>New technologies to support individuals living with spinal cord injury (SCI) are constantly evolving. This study explores current familiarity with and use of emerging rehabilitation technologies among individuals living with SCI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A self-report community survey for individuals living with SCI was developed by the Emerging Technology Special Interest Group within the Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems. This de-identified survey collected demographics, injury characteristics, and information on the familiarity and use of emerging rehabilitation technologies. Exploratory descriptive statistics and regression models were used to identify characteristics associated with technology familiarity and use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two hundred and forty-three participants completed the survey. Most participants were male, Caucasian, non-Hispanic, used government insurance, and experienced an incomplete SCI. Sixty-nine percent of respondents were familiar with the technologies listed in the survey. Of the technologies listed, functional electrical stimulation was used most frequently. Binary logistic regression analyses revealed that individuals with a longer time since injury were less likely to be familiar with [Exp(B): .957,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001] or use at least one of the emerging technologies [Exp(B): .931,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001].\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty-nine percent (69%) of the respondents were familiar with the listed technologies. Of those, 77% had tried at least one technology, indicating significant interest within the SCI community. However, a greater time from injury was associated with decreased familiarity with these new technologies. Further understanding of the barriers affecting familiarity and adoption is critical to developing strategies that promote using emerging clinical interventions for individuals with SCI across the continuum of care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci25-00123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T02:17:19Z","timestamp":1776824239000},"page":"58-67","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Familiarity and Use of Rehabilitation Technologies by Persons With Spinal Cord Injury: An Exploratory Quantitative Analysis"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Dirlikov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Research Center, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashraf","family":"Gorgey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders, Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia"},{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Richmond, Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas H.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shepherd Center, Hulse Spinal Cord Injury Research Lab, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karpagapriya","family":"Prabakaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Research Center, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Candace","family":"Tefertiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Craig Hospital, Denver, Colorado"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chad","family":"Swank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dannae","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor Scott & White Institute for Rehabilitation, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas N.","family":"Bryce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffery W.","family":"Rankin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathokinesiology Laboratory, Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"b1","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","first-page":"1819","article-title":"Go virtual to get real: Virtual reality as a resource for spinal cord treatment","volume":"18","author":"Leemhuis E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leemhuis E, Esposito RM, De Gennaro L, Pazzaglia M. Go virtual to get real: Virtual reality as a resource for spinal cord treatment. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1819. doi:10.3390\/ijerph18041819."},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J NeuroEng Rehabil","first-page":"191","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality rehabilitation after spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Wang L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang L, Zhang H, Ai H, Liu Y. Effects of virtual reality rehabilitation after spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J NeuroEng Rehabil. 2024;21:191. doi:10.1186\/s12984-024-01492-w."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Biomed Eng Online","first-page":"34","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation therapy for restoration of motor function after spinal cord injury and stroke: A review","volume":"19","author":"Marquez-Chin C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marquez-Chin C, Popovic MR. Functional electrical stimulation therapy for restoration of motor function after spinal cord injury and stroke: A review. Biomed Eng Online. 2020;19:34. doi:10.1186\/s12938-020-00773-4."},{"issue":"5","key":"b4","series-title":"Artif Organs","first-page":"729","article-title":"Consumer views of functional electrical stimulation and robotic exoskeleton in SCI rehabilitation: A mini review","volume":"49","author":"Pei Y","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pei Y, Tobita M, Dirlikov B, Arnold D, Tefertiller C, Gorgey A. Consumer views of functional electrical stimulation and robotic exoskeleton in SCI rehabilitation: A mini review. Artif Organs. 2025;49(5):729-748. doi:10.1111\/aor.14925."},{"issue":"3","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neural Eng","first-page":"031001","article-title":"Powered exoskeletons for bipedal locomotion after spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Contreras-Vidal JL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Contreras-Vidal JL, A Bhagat N, Brantley J, et al. Powered exoskeletons for bipedal locomotion after spinal cord injury. J Neural Eng. 2016;13(3):031001. doi:10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/3\/031001."},{"issue":"8","key":"b6","series-title":"Glob Spine J","first-page":"822","article-title":"The effectiveness and safety of exoskeletons as assistive and rehabilitation devices in the treatment of neurologic gait disorders in patients with spinal cord injury: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Fisahn C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fisahn C, Aach M, Jansen O, et al. The effectiveness and safety of exoskeletons as assistive and rehabilitation devices in the treatment of neurologic gait disorders in patients with spinal cord injury: A systematic review. Glob Spine J. 2016;6(8):822-841. doi:10.1055\/s-0036-1593805."},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"2064","article-title":"A case study of percutaneous epidural stimulation to enable motor control in two men after spinal cord injury","volume":"14","author":"Gorgey AS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gorgey AS, Trainer R, Sutor TW, et al. A case study of percutaneous epidural stimulation to enable motor control in two men after spinal cord injury. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):2064. doi:10.1038\/s41467-023-37845-7."},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"J NeuroEng Rehabil","first-page":"115","article-title":"A framework for clinical utilization of robotic exoskeletons in rehabilitation","volume":"19","author":"Hohl K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hohl K, Giffhorn M, Jackson S, Jayaraman A. A framework for clinical utilization of robotic exoskeletons in rehabilitation. J NeuroEng Rehabil. 2022;19(1):115. doi:10.1186\/s12984-022-01083-7."},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"1254760","article-title":"Effects of two different paradigms of electrical stimulation exercise on cardio-metabolic risk factors after spinal cord injury. A randomized clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Gorgey AS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gorgey AS, Khalil RE, Carter W, et al. Effects of two different paradigms of electrical stimulation exercise on cardio-metabolic risk factors after spinal cord injury. A randomized clinical trial. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1254760. doi:10.3389\/fneur.2023.1254760."},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Front Rehabil Sci","first-page":"789422","article-title":"Exoskeleton training and trans-spinal stimulation for physical activity enhancement after spinal cord injury (EXTra-SCI): An exploratory study","volume":"2","author":"Sutor TW","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sutor TW, Ghatas MP, Goetz LL, Lavis TD, Gorgey AS. Exoskeleton training and trans-spinal stimulation for physical activity enhancement after spinal cord injury (EXTra-SCI): An exploratory study. Front Rehabil Sci. 2022;2:789422. doi:10.3389\/fresc.2021.789422."},{"issue":"18","key":"b11","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"5429","article-title":"Virtual reality as a therapeutic tool in spinal cord injury rehabilitation: A comprehensive evaluation and systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Scalise M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scalise M, Bora TS, Zancanella C, Safa A, Stefini R, Cannizzaro D. Virtual reality as a therapeutic tool in spinal cord injury rehabilitation: A comprehensive evaluation and systematic review. J Clin Med. 2024;13(18):5429. doi:10.3390\/jcm13185429."},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Front Physiol","first-page":"12","article-title":"the effect and dose-response of functional electrical stimulation cycling training on spasticity in individuals with spinal cord injury: A systematic review with meta-analysis","author":"Fang CY","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fang CY, Lien ASY, Tsai JL, et al. the effect and dose-response of functional electrical stimulation cycling training on spasticity in individuals with spinal cord injury: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Front Physiol. 2021;12. doi:10.3389\/fphys.2021.756200."},{"issue":"4","key":"b13","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"517","article-title":"Hybrid assistive limb (HAL) treatment for patients with severe thoracic myelopathy due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) in the postoperative acute\/subacute phase: A clinical trial","volume":"42","author":"Kubota S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kubota S, Abe T, Kadone H, et al. Hybrid assistive limb (HAL) treatment for patients with severe thoracic myelopathy due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) in the postoperative acute\/subacute phase: A clinical trial. J Spinal Cord Med. 2019;42(4):517-525. doi:10.1080\/10790268.2018.1525975."},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Med Devices Auckl NZ","first-page":"455","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness and safety of powered exoskeleton-assisted walking in patients with spinal cord injury: Systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Miller LE","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller LE, Zimmermann AK, Herbert WG. Clinical effectiveness and safety of powered exoskeleton-assisted walking in patients with spinal cord injury: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Med Devices Auckl NZ. 2016;9:455-466. doi:10.2147\/MDER.S103102."},{"issue":"3","key":"b15","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"42","article-title":"Virtual reality exercise for anxiety and depression: A preliminary review of current research in an emerging field","volume":"7","author":"Zeng N","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zeng N, Pope Z, Lee JE, Gao Z. Virtual reality exercise for anxiety and depression: A preliminary review of current research in an emerging field. J Clin Med. 2018;7(3):42. doi:10.3390\/jcm7030042."},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Complement Ther Med","first-page":"102480","article-title":"Virtual reality in psychiatric disorders: A systematic review of reviews","volume":"52","author":"Cie lik B","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cie lik B, Mazurek J, Rutkowski S, Kiper P, Turolla A, Szczepaska-Gieracha J. Virtual reality in psychiatric disorders: A systematic review of reviews. Complement Ther Med. 2020;52:102480. doi:10.1016\/j.ctim.2020.102480."},{"issue":"1","key":"b17","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"6","article-title":"Effects of robot-assisted gait training on cardiopulmonary function and lower extremity strength in individuals with spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Wan C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wan C, Huang S, Wang X, et al. Effects of robot-assisted gait training on cardiopulmonary function and lower extremity strength in individuals with spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Spinal Cord Med. 2023;47(1):6-14. doi:10.1080\/10790268.2023.2188392."},{"key":"b18","series-title":"J NeuroEng Rehabil","first-page":"99","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation cycling exercise after spinal cord injury: A systematic review of health and fitness-related outcomes","volume":"18","author":"van der Scheer JW","year":"2021","unstructured":"van der Scheer JW, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Valentino SE, Davis GM, Ho CH. Functional electrical stimulation cycling exercise after spinal cord injury: A systematic review of health and fitness-related outcomes. J NeuroEng Rehabil. 2021;18:99. doi:10.1186\/s12984-021-00882-8."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"J NeuroEngineering Rehabil","first-page":"80","article-title":"Factors that influence the adoption of rehabilitation technologies: A multi-disciplinary qualitative exploration","volume":"20","author":"Mitchell J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mitchell J, Shirota C, Clanchy K. Factors that influence the adoption of rehabilitation technologies: A multi-disciplinary qualitative exploration. J NeuroEngineering Rehabil. 2023;20:80. doi:10.1186\/s12984-023-01194-9."},{"key":"b20","series-title":"J NeuroEng Rehabil","first-page":"124","article-title":"Users with spinal cord injury experience of robotic Locomotor exoskeletons: A qualitative study of the benefits, limitations, and recommendations","volume":"17","author":"Kinnett-Hopkins D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kinnett-Hopkins D, Mummidisetty CK, Ehrlich-Jones L, et al. Users with spinal cord injury experience of robotic Locomotor exoskeletons: A qualitative study of the benefits, limitations, and recommendations. J NeuroEng Rehabil. 2020;17:124. doi:10.1186\/s12984-020-00752-9."},{"issue":"4","key":"b21","series-title":"Ann Rehabil Med","first-page":"187","article-title":"Wearable robots for rehabilitation and assistance of gait: A narrative review","volume":"49","author":"Cha JM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cha JM, Hong J, Yoo J, Rha D wook. Wearable robots for rehabilitation and assistance of gait: A narrative review. Ann Rehabil Med. 2025;49(4):187-195. doi:10.5535\/arm.250093."},{"issue":"23","key":"b22","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"7197","article-title":"Neurogenic aging after spinal cord injury: Highlighting the unique characteristics of aging after spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Tretter BL","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tretter BL, Dolbow DR, Ooi V, et al. Neurogenic aging after spinal cord injury: Highlighting the unique characteristics of aging after spinal cord injury. J Clin Med. 2024;13(23):7197. doi:10.3390\/jcm13237197."},{"issue":"9","key":"b23","series-title":"Biomedicines","first-page":"2581","article-title":"Rehabilitation: Neurogenic bone loss after spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"Leone GE","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leone GE, Shields DC, Haque A, Banik NL. Rehabilitation: Neurogenic bone loss after spinal cord injury. Biomedicines. 2023;11(9):2581. doi:10.3390\/biomedicines11092581."},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"28","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation in spinal cord injury","volume":"18","author":"Martin R","year":"2012","unstructured":"Martin R, Sadowsky C, Obst K, Meyer B, McDonald J. Functional electrical stimulation in spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2012;18(1):28-33. doi:10.1310\/sci1801-28."},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"559024","article-title":"The time burden of specialty clinic visits in persons with neurologic disease: A case for universal telemedicine coverage","volume":"12","author":"Solomon DL","year":"2021","unstructured":"Solomon DL, Dirlikov B, Shem KL, Elliott CS. The time burden of specialty clinic visits in persons with neurologic disease: A case for universal telemedicine coverage. Front Neurol. 2021;12:559024. doi:10.3389\/fneur.2021.559024."},{"issue":"2","key":"b26","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"106","article-title":"Motor and gait improvement in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury induced by high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"18","author":"Benito J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Benito J, Kumru H, Murillo N, et al. Motor and gait improvement in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury induced by high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2012;18(2):106-112. doi:10.1310\/sci1802-106."},{"issue":"1","key":"b27","series-title":"J Neurol Phys Ther","first-page":"23","article-title":"Improvements in hand function in adults with chronic tetraplegia following a multiday 10-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation intervention combined with repetitive task practice","volume":"39","author":"Gomes-Osman J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gomes-Osman J, Field-Fote EC. Improvements in hand function in adults with chronic tetraplegia following a multiday 10-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation intervention combined with repetitive task practice. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2015;39(1):23-30. doi:10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000062."},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Front Hum Neurosci","first-page":"16","article-title":"Walking and balance outcomes are improved following brief intensive locomotor skill training but are not augmented by transcranial direct current stimulation in persons with chronic spinal cord injury","author":"Evans NH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Evans NH, Suri C, Field-Fote EC. Walking and balance outcomes are improved following brief intensive locomotor skill training but are not augmented by transcranial direct current stimulation in persons with chronic spinal cord injury. Front Hum Neurosci. 2022;16. doi:10.3389\/fnhum.2022.849297."},{"issue":"8","key":"b29","series-title":"Clin Rehabil","first-page":"771","article-title":"Cortical vs. afferent stimulation as an adjunct to functional task practice training: A randomized, comparative pilot study in people with cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"29","author":"Gomes-Osman J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gomes-Osman J, Field-Fote EC. Cortical vs. afferent stimulation as an adjunct to functional task practice training: A randomized, comparative pilot study in people with cervical spinal cord injury. Clin Rehabil. 2015;29(8):771-782. doi:10.1177\/0269215514556087."},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Neurosci Lett","first-page":"143","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation is not effective in the motor strength and gait recovery following motor incomplete spinal cord injury during Lokomat(\u00ae) gait training","volume":"620","author":"Kumru H","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumru H, Murillo N, Benito-Penalva J, Tormos JM, Vidal J. Transcranial direct current stimulation is not effective in the motor strength and gait recovery following motor incomplete spinal cord injury during Lokomat(\u00ae) gait training. Neurosci Lett. 2016;620:143-147. doi:10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.03.056."},{"issue":"1","key":"b31","series-title":"NeuroRehabilitation","first-page":"15","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation and robot-assisted gait training after incomplete spinal cord injury: A randomized pilot study","volume":"38","author":"Raithatha R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raithatha R, Carrico C, Powell ES, et al. Non-invasive brain stimulation and robot-assisted gait training after incomplete spinal cord injury: A randomized pilot study. NeuroRehabilitation. 2016;38(1):15-25. doi:10.3233\/NRE-151291."},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) for Spinal Cord Injury","author":"Gorgey AS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gorgey AS, Tobita M, Barman A, et al. Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) for Spinal Cord Injury. SCI Model System Knowledge Translation Center. Published online 2024. https:\/\/msktc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-05\/SCI-FES-Factsheet-508.pdf."},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Robotic Exoskeletons for Overground Walking for People with Spinal Cord Injury","author":"Tsai CY","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tsai CY, Huang V, Bryce TN, et al. Robotic Exoskeletons for Overground Walking for People with Spinal Cord Injury. SCI Model System Knowledge Translation Center. Published online 2025. https:\/\/msktc.org\/sci\/factsheets\/exoskeleton-and-spinal-cord-injury."},{"issue":"4","key":"b1","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","first-page":"1819","article-title":"Go virtual to get real: Virtual reality as a resource for spinal cord treatment","volume":"18","author":"Leemhuis E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leemhuis E, Esposito RM, De Gennaro L, Pazzaglia M. Go virtual to get real: Virtual reality as a resource for spinal cord treatment. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1819. doi:10.3390\/ijerph18041819."},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J NeuroEng Rehabil","first-page":"191","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality rehabilitation after spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Wang L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang L, Zhang H, Ai H, Liu Y. Effects of virtual reality rehabilitation after spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J NeuroEng Rehabil. 2024;21:191. doi:10.1186\/s12984-024-01492-w."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Biomed Eng Online","first-page":"34","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation therapy for restoration of motor function after spinal cord injury and stroke: A review","volume":"19","author":"Marquez-Chin C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marquez-Chin C, Popovic MR. Functional electrical stimulation therapy for restoration of motor function after spinal cord injury and stroke: A review. Biomed Eng Online. 2020;19:34. doi:10.1186\/s12938-020-00773-4."},{"issue":"5","key":"b4","series-title":"Artif Organs","first-page":"729","article-title":"Consumer views of functional electrical stimulation and robotic exoskeleton in SCI rehabilitation: A mini review","volume":"49","author":"Pei Y","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pei Y, Tobita M, Dirlikov B, Arnold D, Tefertiller C, Gorgey A. Consumer views of functional electrical stimulation and robotic exoskeleton in SCI rehabilitation: A mini review. Artif Organs. 2025;49(5):729-748. doi:10.1111\/aor.14925."},{"issue":"3","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neural Eng","first-page":"031001","article-title":"Powered exoskeletons for bipedal locomotion after spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Contreras-Vidal JL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Contreras-Vidal JL, A Bhagat N, Brantley J, et al. Powered exoskeletons for bipedal locomotion after spinal cord injury. J Neural Eng. 2016;13(3):031001. doi:10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/3\/031001."},{"issue":"8","key":"b6","series-title":"Glob Spine J","first-page":"822","article-title":"The effectiveness and safety of exoskeletons as assistive and rehabilitation devices in the treatment of neurologic gait disorders in patients with spinal cord injury: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Fisahn C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fisahn C, Aach M, Jansen O, et al. The effectiveness and safety of exoskeletons as assistive and rehabilitation devices in the treatment of neurologic gait disorders in patients with spinal cord injury: A systematic review. Glob Spine J. 2016;6(8):822-841. doi:10.1055\/s-0036-1593805."},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"2064","article-title":"A case study of percutaneous epidural stimulation to enable motor control in two men after spinal cord injury","volume":"14","author":"Gorgey AS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gorgey AS, Trainer R, Sutor TW, et al. A case study of percutaneous epidural stimulation to enable motor control in two men after spinal cord injury. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):2064. doi:10.1038\/s41467-023-37845-7."},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"J NeuroEng Rehabil","first-page":"115","article-title":"A framework for clinical utilization of robotic exoskeletons in rehabilitation","volume":"19","author":"Hohl K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hohl K, Giffhorn M, Jackson S, Jayaraman A. A framework for clinical utilization of robotic exoskeletons in rehabilitation. J NeuroEng Rehabil. 2022;19(1):115. doi:10.1186\/s12984-022-01083-7."},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"1254760","article-title":"Effects of two different paradigms of electrical stimulation exercise on cardio-metabolic risk factors after spinal cord injury. A randomized clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Gorgey AS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gorgey AS, Khalil RE, Carter W, et al. Effects of two different paradigms of electrical stimulation exercise on cardio-metabolic risk factors after spinal cord injury. A randomized clinical trial. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1254760. doi:10.3389\/fneur.2023.1254760."},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Front Rehabil Sci","first-page":"789422","article-title":"Exoskeleton training and trans-spinal stimulation for physical activity enhancement after spinal cord injury (EXTra-SCI): An exploratory study","volume":"2","author":"Sutor TW","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sutor TW, Ghatas MP, Goetz LL, Lavis TD, Gorgey AS. Exoskeleton training and trans-spinal stimulation for physical activity enhancement after spinal cord injury (EXTra-SCI): An exploratory study. Front Rehabil Sci. 2022;2:789422. doi:10.3389\/fresc.2021.789422."},{"issue":"18","key":"b11","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"5429","article-title":"Virtual reality as a therapeutic tool in spinal cord injury rehabilitation: A comprehensive evaluation and systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Scalise M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scalise M, Bora TS, Zancanella C, Safa A, Stefini R, Cannizzaro D. Virtual reality as a therapeutic tool in spinal cord injury rehabilitation: A comprehensive evaluation and systematic review. J Clin Med. 2024;13(18):5429. doi:10.3390\/jcm13185429."},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Front Physiol","first-page":"12","article-title":"the effect and dose-response of functional electrical stimulation cycling training on spasticity in individuals with spinal cord injury: A systematic review with meta-analysis","author":"Fang CY","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fang CY, Lien ASY, Tsai JL, et al. the effect and dose-response of functional electrical stimulation cycling training on spasticity in individuals with spinal cord injury: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Front Physiol. 2021;12. doi:10.3389\/fphys.2021.756200."},{"issue":"4","key":"b13","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"517","article-title":"Hybrid assistive limb (HAL) treatment for patients with severe thoracic myelopathy due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) in the postoperative acute\/subacute phase: A clinical trial","volume":"42","author":"Kubota S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kubota S, Abe T, Kadone H, et al. Hybrid assistive limb (HAL) treatment for patients with severe thoracic myelopathy due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) in the postoperative acute\/subacute phase: A clinical trial. J Spinal Cord Med. 2019;42(4):517-525. doi:10.1080\/10790268.2018.1525975."},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Med Devices Auckl NZ","first-page":"455","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness and safety of powered exoskeleton-assisted walking in patients with spinal cord injury: Systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Miller LE","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller LE, Zimmermann AK, Herbert WG. Clinical effectiveness and safety of powered exoskeleton-assisted walking in patients with spinal cord injury: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Med Devices Auckl NZ. 2016;9:455-466. doi:10.2147\/MDER.S103102."},{"issue":"3","key":"b15","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"42","article-title":"Virtual reality exercise for anxiety and depression: A preliminary review of current research in an emerging field","volume":"7","author":"Zeng N","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zeng N, Pope Z, Lee JE, Gao Z. Virtual reality exercise for anxiety and depression: A preliminary review of current research in an emerging field. J Clin Med. 2018;7(3):42. doi:10.3390\/jcm7030042."},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Complement Ther Med","first-page":"102480","article-title":"Virtual reality in psychiatric disorders: A systematic review of reviews","volume":"52","author":"Cie lik B","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cie lik B, Mazurek J, Rutkowski S, Kiper P, Turolla A, Szczepaska-Gieracha J. Virtual reality in psychiatric disorders: A systematic review of reviews. Complement Ther Med. 2020;52:102480. doi:10.1016\/j.ctim.2020.102480."},{"issue":"1","key":"b17","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"6","article-title":"Effects of robot-assisted gait training on cardiopulmonary function and lower extremity strength in individuals with spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Wan C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wan C, Huang S, Wang X, et al. Effects of robot-assisted gait training on cardiopulmonary function and lower extremity strength in individuals with spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Spinal Cord Med. 2023;47(1):6-14. doi:10.1080\/10790268.2023.2188392."},{"key":"b18","series-title":"J NeuroEng Rehabil","first-page":"99","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation cycling exercise after spinal cord injury: A systematic review of health and fitness-related outcomes","volume":"18","author":"van der Scheer JW","year":"2021","unstructured":"van der Scheer JW, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Valentino SE, Davis GM, Ho CH. Functional electrical stimulation cycling exercise after spinal cord injury: A systematic review of health and fitness-related outcomes. J NeuroEng Rehabil. 2021;18:99. doi:10.1186\/s12984-021-00882-8."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"J NeuroEngineering Rehabil","first-page":"80","article-title":"Factors that influence the adoption of rehabilitation technologies: A multi-disciplinary qualitative exploration","volume":"20","author":"Mitchell J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mitchell J, Shirota C, Clanchy K. Factors that influence the adoption of rehabilitation technologies: A multi-disciplinary qualitative exploration. J NeuroEngineering Rehabil. 2023;20:80. doi:10.1186\/s12984-023-01194-9."},{"key":"b20","series-title":"J NeuroEng Rehabil","first-page":"124","article-title":"Users with spinal cord injury experience of robotic Locomotor exoskeletons: A qualitative study of the benefits, limitations, and recommendations","volume":"17","author":"Kinnett-Hopkins D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kinnett-Hopkins D, Mummidisetty CK, Ehrlich-Jones L, et al. Users with spinal cord injury experience of robotic Locomotor exoskeletons: A qualitative study of the benefits, limitations, and recommendations. J NeuroEng Rehabil. 2020;17:124. doi:10.1186\/s12984-020-00752-9."},{"issue":"4","key":"b21","series-title":"Ann Rehabil Med","first-page":"187","article-title":"Wearable robots for rehabilitation and assistance of gait: A narrative review","volume":"49","author":"Cha JM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cha JM, Hong J, Yoo J, Rha D wook. Wearable robots for rehabilitation and assistance of gait: A narrative review. Ann Rehabil Med. 2025;49(4):187-195. doi:10.5535\/arm.250093."},{"issue":"23","key":"b22","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"7197","article-title":"Neurogenic aging after spinal cord injury: Highlighting the unique characteristics of aging after spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Tretter BL","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tretter BL, Dolbow DR, Ooi V, et al. Neurogenic aging after spinal cord injury: Highlighting the unique characteristics of aging after spinal cord injury. J Clin Med. 2024;13(23):7197. doi:10.3390\/jcm13237197."},{"issue":"9","key":"b23","series-title":"Biomedicines","first-page":"2581","article-title":"Rehabilitation: Neurogenic bone loss after spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"Leone GE","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leone GE, Shields DC, Haque A, Banik NL. Rehabilitation: Neurogenic bone loss after spinal cord injury. Biomedicines. 2023;11(9):2581. doi:10.3390\/biomedicines11092581."},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"28","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation in spinal cord injury","volume":"18","author":"Martin R","year":"2012","unstructured":"Martin R, Sadowsky C, Obst K, Meyer B, McDonald J. Functional electrical stimulation in spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2012;18(1):28-33. doi:10.1310\/sci1801-28."},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"559024","article-title":"The time burden of specialty clinic visits in persons with neurologic disease: A case for universal telemedicine coverage","volume":"12","author":"Solomon DL","year":"2021","unstructured":"Solomon DL, Dirlikov B, Shem KL, Elliott CS. The time burden of specialty clinic visits in persons with neurologic disease: A case for universal telemedicine coverage. Front Neurol. 2021;12:559024. doi:10.3389\/fneur.2021.559024."},{"issue":"2","key":"b26","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"106","article-title":"Motor and gait improvement in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury induced by high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"18","author":"Benito J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Benito J, Kumru H, Murillo N, et al. Motor and gait improvement in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury induced by high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2012;18(2):106-112. doi:10.1310\/sci1802-106."},{"issue":"1","key":"b27","series-title":"J Neurol Phys Ther","first-page":"23","article-title":"Improvements in hand function in adults with chronic tetraplegia following a multiday 10-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation intervention combined with repetitive task practice","volume":"39","author":"Gomes-Osman J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gomes-Osman J, Field-Fote EC. Improvements in hand function in adults with chronic tetraplegia following a multiday 10-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation intervention combined with repetitive task practice. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2015;39(1):23-30. doi:10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000062."},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Front Hum Neurosci","first-page":"16","article-title":"Walking and balance outcomes are improved following brief intensive locomotor skill training but are not augmented by transcranial direct current stimulation in persons with chronic spinal cord injury","author":"Evans NH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Evans NH, Suri C, Field-Fote EC. Walking and balance outcomes are improved following brief intensive locomotor skill training but are not augmented by transcranial direct current stimulation in persons with chronic spinal cord injury. Front Hum Neurosci. 2022;16. doi:10.3389\/fnhum.2022.849297."},{"issue":"8","key":"b29","series-title":"Clin Rehabil","first-page":"771","article-title":"Cortical vs. afferent stimulation as an adjunct to functional task practice training: A randomized, comparative pilot study in people with cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"29","author":"Gomes-Osman J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gomes-Osman J, Field-Fote EC. Cortical vs. afferent stimulation as an adjunct to functional task practice training: A randomized, comparative pilot study in people with cervical spinal cord injury. Clin Rehabil. 2015;29(8):771-782. doi:10.1177\/0269215514556087."},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Neurosci Lett","first-page":"143","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation is not effective in the motor strength and gait recovery following motor incomplete spinal cord injury during Lokomat(\u00ae) gait training","volume":"620","author":"Kumru H","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumru H, Murillo N, Benito-Penalva J, Tormos JM, Vidal J. Transcranial direct current stimulation is not effective in the motor strength and gait recovery following motor incomplete spinal cord injury during Lokomat(\u00ae) gait training. Neurosci Lett. 2016;620:143-147. doi:10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.03.056."},{"issue":"1","key":"b31","series-title":"NeuroRehabilitation","first-page":"15","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation and robot-assisted gait training after incomplete spinal cord injury: A randomized pilot study","volume":"38","author":"Raithatha R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raithatha R, Carrico C, Powell ES, et al. Non-invasive brain stimulation and robot-assisted gait training after incomplete spinal cord injury: A randomized pilot study. NeuroRehabilitation. 2016;38(1):15-25. doi:10.3233\/NRE-151291."},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) for Spinal Cord Injury","author":"Gorgey AS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gorgey AS, Tobita M, Barman A, et al. Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) for Spinal Cord Injury. SCI Model System Knowledge Translation Center. Published online 2024. https:\/\/msktc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-05\/SCI-FES-Factsheet-508.pdf."},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Robotic Exoskeletons for Overground Walking for People with Spinal Cord Injury","author":"Tsai CY","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tsai CY, Huang V, Bryce TN, et al. Robotic Exoskeletons for Overground Walking for People with Spinal Cord Injury. SCI Model System Knowledge Translation Center. Published online 2025. https:\/\/msktc.org\/sci\/factsheets\/exoskeleton-and-spinal-cord-injury."}],"container-title":["Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/tscr\/32\/Supplement1\/article-p58.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tscr\/32\/Supplement1\/article-p58.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tscr\/32\/Supplement1\/article-p58.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T02:17:27Z","timestamp":1776824247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/tscr\/32\/Supplement1\/article-p58.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46292\/sci25-00123","relation":{},"ISSN":["1082-0744","1945-5763"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1082-0744","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-5763","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}