{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T06:10:10Z","timestamp":1792822210235,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Respiratory complications following spinal cord injury (SCI) have remained the leading cause of death across the lifespan and are one of the most common reasons for hospitalization. Complications from altered respiratory physiology after SCI include atelectasis, pneumonia, venous thromboembolic disease, and sleep-disordered breathing. The risk for complications is greater with higher SCI levels and severity, and mortality from pneumonia is heightened compared to the general population. Optimal primary care for individuals with SCI includes appropriate surveillance for SCI-specific respiratory disease, key preventive care including promotion of influenza immunization and respiratory muscle training, and early identification and treatment of pneumonia with institution of aggressive secretion management strategies. The respiratory physiology and specific management of respiratory complications after SCI is reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci2602-116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T09:42:56Z","timestamp":1601631776000},"page":"116-122","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Primary Care Provider\u2019s Guide to Managing Respiratory Health in Subacute and Chronic Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Maria Regina L.","family":"Reyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Jo","family":"Elmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Menachem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Mercedes","family":"Granda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-116-b1","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"408","article-title":"A prospective assessment of mortality in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"43","year":"2005","unstructured":"Garshick\n              E\n            , KelleyA, CohenSA, \n          et al. A prospective assessment of mortality in chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2005;43(7):408\u2013416."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-116-b2","series-title":"Annual Statistical Report for the Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems. Public Version.","year":"2018","unstructured":"National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center.\n          Annual Statistical Report for the Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems. Public Version.\n          Birmingham, AL: University of Alabama at Birmingham; 2018."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-116-b3","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1757","article-title":"Etiology and incidence of rehospitalization after traumatic spinal cord injury: A multicenter analysis","volume":"85","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cardenas\n              DD\n            , HoffmanJM, KirshblumS, McKinleyW.\n          Etiology and incidence of rehospitalization after traumatic spinal cord injury: A multicenter analysis. 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Arch Phys Med Rehabil.2010Jun;91(6)857\u201361."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-116-b14","series-title":"Phys Ther","first-page":"1709","article-title":"Resistive inspiratory muscle training in people with spinal cord injury during inpatient rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"94","year":"2014","unstructured":"Postma\n              K\n            , HaismaJA, HopmanMT, BergenMT, StamHJ, BussmanJB.\n          Resistive inspiratory muscle training in people with spinal cord injury during inpatient rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial. 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Chest. 2002;121:1548\u20131554."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-116-b6","series-title":"Murray & Nadels Textbook of Respiratory Medicine.","first-page":"1691","article-title":"The respiratory system and neuromuscular diseases","volume":"Vol 2","year":"2016","unstructured":"Benditt\n              JO\n            , McCoolFD.\n          The respiratory system and neuromuscular diseases. In: Murray & Nadels Textbook of Respiratory Medicine.Vol 2. 6th ed. Elsevier Saunders; 2016: 1691\u20131707."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-116-b7","series-title":"Transl Stroke Res","first-page":"463","article-title":"Respiratory motor control disrupted by spinal cord injury: Mechanisms, evaluation, and restoration","volume":"2","year":"2011","unstructured":"Terson de Paleville\n              DG\n            , McKayWB, FolzRJ, OvechkinAV.\n          Respiratory motor control disrupted by spinal cord injury: Mechanisms, evaluation, and restoration. Transl Stroke Res. 2011;2(4):463\u2013473."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-116-b8","series-title":"Clin Chest Med","first-page":"411","article-title":"Traumatic spinal cord injury pulmonary physiologic principles and management","volume":"39","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schilero\n              GJ\n            , BaumanWA, RadulovicM.\n          Traumatic spinal cord injury pulmonary physiologic principles and management. Clin Chest Med. 2018;39(2):411\u2013425."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-116-b9","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"72","article-title":"Predictors of ventilatory weaning in individuals with high cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"31","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chiodo\n              AE\n            , ScelzaW, ForchheimerM.\n          Predictors of ventilatory weaning in individuals with high cervical spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2008;31:72\u201377."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-116-b10","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"404","article-title":"Pulmonary obstruction in individuals with cervical spinal cord lesions unmasked by bronchodilator administration","volume":"31","year":"1993","unstructured":"Spungen\n              AM\n            , DicpinigaitisPV, BaumanWA.\n          Pulmonary obstruction in individuals with cervical spinal cord lesions unmasked by bronchodilator administration. Paraplegia. 1993;31:404\u2013407."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-116-b11","series-title":"Amer Rev Respir Dis","first-page":"640","article-title":"Bronchial mucus hypersecretion in acute quadriplegia","volume":"43","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bhaskar\n              KR\n            , BrownR, O\u2019SullivanDD, MeliaS, DugganM, ReidL.\n          Bronchial mucus hypersecretion in acute quadriplegia. 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Arch Phys Med Rehabil.2010Jun;91(6)857\u201361."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-116-b14","series-title":"Phys Ther","first-page":"1709","article-title":"Resistive inspiratory muscle training in people with spinal cord injury during inpatient rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"94","year":"2014","unstructured":"Postma\n              K\n            , HaismaJA, HopmanMT, BergenMT, StamHJ, BussmanJB.\n          Resistive inspiratory muscle training in people with spinal cord injury during inpatient rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial. 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