{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T02:15:33Z","timestamp":1793153733135,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Individuals with spinal cord injury\/disorder (SCI\/D) are at high risk for developing secondary osteoporosis. Bone loss after neurologic injury is multifactorial and is dependent on the time from and extent of neurologic injury. Most bone loss occurs in the first year after complete motor paralysis, and fractures occur most commonly in the distal femur and proximal tibia (paraplegic fracture). The 2019 International Society for Clinical Densitometry Position Statement in SCI establishes that dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can be used to both diagnose osteoporosis and predict lower extremity fracture risk in individuals with SCI\/D. Pharmacologic treatments used in primary osteoporosis have mixed results when used for SCI\/D-related osteoporosis. Ambulation, standing, and electrical stimulation may be helpful at increasing bone mineral density (BMD) in individuals with SCI\/D but do not necessarily correlate with fracture risk reduction. Clinicians caring for individuals with spinal cord\u2013related paralysis must maintain a high index of suspicion for fragility fractures and consider referral for surgical evaluation and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci2602-128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T09:42:56Z","timestamp":1601631776000},"page":"128-133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Primary Care Provider's Guide to Bone Health in Spinal Cord-Related Paralysis"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Cristina L.","family":"Sadowsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Spinal Cord Injury\/Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Mingioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Zinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b1","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"785","article-title":"NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy","volume":"285","year":"2001","unstructured":"NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA. 2001; 285:785\u2013795."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b2","series-title":"New Engl J Med","first-page":"254","article-title":"Postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"374","year":"2016","unstructured":"Black\n              DM\n            , RosenCJ.\n          Postmenopausal osteoporosis. New Engl J Med. 2016;374:254\u2013262."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b3","series-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes","first-page":"501","article-title":"Postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"20","year":"2013","unstructured":"Diab\n              D\n            , WattsN.\n          Postmenopausal osteoporosis. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2013;20(6):501\u2013509."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b4","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"269","article-title":"Cyclical etidronate: its effect on bone density in patients with acute spinal cord injury","volume":"78","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pearson\n              EG\n            , NancePW, LeslieWD, LudwigS.\n          Cyclical etidronate: its effect on bone density in patients with acute spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(3):269\u2013272."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b5","series-title":"Osteoporos Int","first-page":"3503","article-title":"Wheelchair use and lipophilic statin medications may influence bone loss in chronic spinal cord injury: Findings from the FRASCI-bone loss study","volume":"27","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morse\n              LR\n            , NguyenN, BattaglinoRA, et alWheelchair use and lipophilic statin medications may influence bone loss in chronic spinal cord injury: Findings from the FRASCI-bone loss study. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(12):3503\u20133511."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b6","series-title":"Biomed Res Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853159","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/853159","article-title":"Anatomic changes in the macroscopic morphology and microarchitecture of denervated long bone tissue after spinal cord injury in rats","volume":"2014","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zamarioli\n              A\n            , MaranhoDA, ButezloffMM, MouraPA, VolponJB, ShimanoAC.\n          Anatomic changes in the macroscopic morphology and microarchitecture of denervated long bone tissue after spinal cord injury in rats. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:853159. doi: 10.1155\/2014\/853159."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b7","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"514","article-title":"Leptin regulation of bone resorption by the sympathetic nervous system and CART","volume":"434","year":"2005","unstructured":"Elefteriou\n              F\n            , AhnJD, TakedaS, \n          et al. Leptin regulation of bone resorption by the sympathetic nervous system and CART. Nature. 2005;434:514\u2013520."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b8","series-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.17.04452-5","article-title":"Disruption in bone marrow fat may attenuate testosterone action on muscle size after spinal cord injury: A case report","volume":"53","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gorgey\n              AS\n            , MoorePD, WadeRC, GillRS, LavisT, AdlerRA.\n          Disruption in bone marrow fat may attenuate testosterone action on muscle size after spinal cord injury: A case report. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2017;53(4):625\u2013629. doi: 10.23736\/S1973-9087.17.04452-5."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b9","series-title":"Endocrinology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0881","article-title":"2-Adrenergic receptor signaling in osteoblasts contributes to the catabolic effect of glucocorticoids on bone","volume":"152","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ma\n              Y\n            , NymanJS, TaoH, MossHH, YangX, ElefteriouF.\n          2-Adrenergic receptor signaling in osteoblasts contributes to the catabolic effect of glucocorticoids on bone. Endocrinology. 2011;152(4):1412\u20131422. doi: 10.1210\/en.2010-0881."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b10","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"188","article-title":"Osteoporosis in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"7","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bauman\n              WA\n            , CardozoC.\n          Osteoporosis in individuals with spinal cord injury. PM R. 2015;7:188\u2013201."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b11","series-title":"Spinal Cord Ser Cases","first-page":"3","article-title":"Effects of drugs on bone metabolism in a cohort of individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"5","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kokorelis\n              C\n            , Gonzalez-FernandezM, MorganM, SadowskyC.\n          Effects of drugs on bone metabolism in a cohort of individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2019;5:3\u20137."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b12","series-title":"Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"202","article-title":"Risk factors for osteoporosis at the knee in the spinal cord inury population","volume":"27","year":"2004","unstructured":"Garland\n              DE\n            , AdkinsRH, KushawahaV, StewartC.\n          Risk factors for osteoporosis at the knee in the spinal cord inury population. Spinal Cord Med. 2004;27:202\u2013206."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b13","series-title":"Osteoporos Int","first-page":"1726","article-title":"An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures","volume":"17","year":"2006","unstructured":"Johnell\n              O\n            , KanisJA.\n          An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17:1726\u20131733."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b14","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"701","article-title":"Long-bone fractures in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"53","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frotzler\n              A\n            , Cheikh-SarrafB, PourtehraniM, KrebsJ, LippunerK.\n          Long-bone fractures in persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2015;53(9):701\u2013704."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b15","series-title":"Osteoporos Int","first-page":"2261","article-title":"Morbidity following lower extremity fractures in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"24","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carbone\n              LD\n            , ChinAS, BurnsSP, \n          et al. Morbidity following lower extremity fractures in men with spinal cord injury. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(8):2261\u20132267."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b16","series-title":"J Clin Densitom.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j. jocd.2019.07.012","article-title":"Bone mineral density testing in spinal cord injury: The 2019 ISCD official positions [published online ahead of print August 3, 2019]","unstructured":"Morse\n              LR\n            , Biering-SoerensenF, CarboneLD, \n          et al. Bone mineral density testing in spinal cord injury: The 2019 ISCD official positions [published online ahead of print August 3, 2019]. J Clin Densitom.pii: S1094\u20136950(19)30173-8. doi: 10.1016\/j. jocd.2019.07.012."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b17","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"628","article-title":"Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry overestimates bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"47","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bauman\n              WA\n            , SchwartzE, SongIS, \n          et al. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry overestimates bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2009;47(8):628\u2013633."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b18","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"2342","article-title":"Bone mass in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: Associations with activity-based therapy, functional and neurologic status, a retrospective study","volume":"95","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hammond\n              E\n            , MetcalfH, McDonaldJ, SadowskyC.\n          Bone mass in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: Associations with activity-based therapy, functional and neurologic status, a retrospective study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95:2342\u20132349."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b19","unstructured":"National Spinal Cord Statistical Center.\n          \n          https:\/\/www.nscisc.uab.edu\n          Accessed October 4, 2019."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b20","article-title":"2015 ISCD official positions \u2013 adult","unstructured":"2015 ISCD official positions \u2013 adult. https:\/\/www.iscd.org\/official-positions\/2015-iscd-official-positions-adult\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b21","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabol","first-page":"1385","article-title":"Alendronate prevents bone loss in patients with acute spinal cord injury: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study","volume":"92","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gilchrist\n              NL\n            , FramptonCM, AclandRH, \n          et al. Alendronate prevents bone loss in patients with acute spinal cord injury: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2007;92(4):1385\u20131390."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b22","series-title":"Osteoporos Int","first-page":"405","article-title":"Denosumab increases sublesional bone mass in osteoporotic individuals with recent spinal cord injury","volume":"27","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gifre\n              L\n            , VidalJ, CarrascoJL, \n          et al. Denosumab increases sublesional bone mass in osteoporotic individuals with recent spinal cord injury. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(1):405\u2013410."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b23","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"341","article-title":"Effect of alendronate on bone mineral density in spinal cord injury patients: A pilot study","volume":"43","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moran de Brito\n              CM\n            , BattistellaLR, SaitoET, SakamotoH.\n          Effect of alendronate on bone mineral density in spinal cord injury patients: A pilot study. Spinal Cord. 2005;43(6):341\u2013348."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b24","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-017-5114-7","article-title":"Evidence-based prevention and treatment of osteoporosis after spinal cord injury: A systematic review","volume":"27","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soleyman-Jahi\n              S\n            , YousefianA, MaheronnaghshR, \n          et al. Evidence-based prevention and treatment of osteoporosis after spinal cord injury: A systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2018;27(8):1798\u20131814. doi: 10.1007\/s00586-017-5114-7."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b25","series-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev","first-page":"305","article-title":"Effect of pamidronate administration on bone in patients with acute spinal cord injury","volume":"42","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bauman\n              WA\n            , WechtJM, KirshblumS, \n          et al. Effect of pamidronate administration on bone in patients with acute spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2005;42(3):305\u2013313."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b26","series-title":"J Bone Mineral Res Plus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10167","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10167","article-title":"Combination therapy with zoledronic acid and FES-row training mitigates bone loss in paralyzed legs: Results of a randomized comparative clinical trial","volume":"3","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morse\n              LR\n            , TroyKL, FangY, \n          et al. Combination therapy with zoledronic acid and FES-row training mitigates bone loss in paralyzed legs: Results of a randomized comparative clinical trial. J Bone Mineral Res Plus. 2019;3(5):e10167. doi: 10.1002\/jbm4.10167."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b27","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650100116","article-title":"Effects of tiludronate on bone loss in paraplegic patients","volume":"10","year":"1995","unstructured":"Chappard\n              D\n            , MinaireP, PrivatC, \n          et al. Effects of tiludronate on bone loss in paraplegic patients. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;10(1):112\u2013118. doi: 10.1002\/jbmr.5650100116."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b28","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","first-page":"1729","article-title":"Effects of teriparatide and vibration on bone mass and bone strength in people with bone loss and spinal cord injury: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"33","year":"2018","unstructured":"Edwards\n              WB\n            , SimonianN, HaiderIT, \n          et al. Effects of teriparatide and vibration on bone mass and bone strength in people with bone loss and spinal cord injury: A randomized, controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33(10):1729\u20131740."},{"issue":"15","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b29","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1592","article-title":"Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults. US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement","volume":"319","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults. US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2018;319(15):1592\u20131599."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b30","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"428","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in individuals with a spinal cord injury: A literature review","volume":"55","year":"2017","unstructured":"Flueck\n              JL\n            , PerretC.\n          Vitamin D deficiency in individuals with a spinal cord injury: A literature review. Spinal Cord. 2017;55(5):428\u2013434."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b31","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.177","article-title":"Nonpharmacological treatment and prevention of bone loss after spinal cord injury: A systematic review","volume":"47","year":"2009","unstructured":"Biering-S\u00f8rensen\n              F\n            , HansenB, LeeBS.\n          Nonpharmacological treatment and prevention of bone loss after spinal cord injury: A systematic review. Spinal Cord. 2009;47(7):508\u2013518. doi: 10.1038\/sc.2008.177."},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b32","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"214","article-title":"Changes of tibia bone properties after spinal cord injury: Effects of early intervention","volume":"80","year":"1999","unstructured":"de Bruin\n              ED\n            , Frey-RindovaP, HerzogRE, DietzV, DambacherMA, StussiE.\n          Changes of tibia bone properties after spinal cord injury: Effects of early intervention. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(suppl 2):214\u2013220."},{"issue":"suppl 8","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b33","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil.","first-page":"1090","article-title":"Electrical stimulation: Can it increase muscle strength and reverse osteopenia in spinal cord injured individuals?","volume":"81","year":"2000","unstructured":"Belanger\n              M\n            , SteinRB, WheelerGD, GordonT, LeducB.\n          Electrical stimulation: Can it increase muscle strength and reverse osteopenia in spinal cord injured individuals?\n          Arch Phys Med Rehabil.\n          2000;81(suppl 8):1090\u20131098."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b34","series-title":"Bone","first-page":"61","article-title":"Bone mass and endocrine adaptations to training in spinal cord injured individuals","volume":"19","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bloomfield\n              SA\n            , MysiwWJ, JacksonRD.\n          Bone mass and endocrine adaptations to training in spinal cord injured individuals. Bone. 1996;19(1):61\u201368."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b35","series-title":"Bone","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.03.004","article-title":"High-volume FES-cycling partially reverses bone loss in people with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"43","year":"2008","unstructured":"Frotzler\n              A\n            , CoupaudS, PerretC, \n          et al. High-volume FES-cycling partially reverses bone loss in people with chronic spinal cord injury. Bone. 2008;43(1):169\u2013176. doi: 10.1016\/j.bone.2008.03.004."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b36","series-title":"Bone","first-page":"431","article-title":"Efficacy of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in the prevention of osteoporosis following spinal cord injury","volume":"29","year":"2001","unstructured":"Warden\n              SJ\n            , BennellKL, MatthewsB, BrownDJ, McMeekenJM, WarkJD.\n          Efficacy of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in the prevention of osteoporosis following spinal cord injury. Bone. 2001;29:431\u2013436."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b37","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1404-112","article-title":"Detection and treatment of sublesional osteoporosis among patients with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"14","year":"2009","unstructured":"Craven\n              R\n            , McGillivrayA.\n          Detection and treatment of sublesional osteoporosis among patients with chronic spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2009;14(4):1\u201322. doi: 10.1310\/sci1404-112."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b38","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101139","article-title":"Osteoporosis and risk of fracture in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"39","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lazo\n              MG\n            , ShiraziP, SamM, Giobbie-HurderA, BlacconiereMJ, MuppidiM.\n          Osteoporosis and risk of fracture in men with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2001;39(4):208\u2013214. doi: 10.1038\/sj.sc.3101139."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b39","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1301-123","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of bone loss after a spinal cord injury: A systematic review","volume":"13","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ashe\n              MC\n            , CravenC, EngJJ, KrassioukovA, the SCIRE Research Team. \n          Prevention and treatment of bone loss after a spinal cord injury: A systematic review. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2007;13(1):123\u2013145. doi: 10.1310\/sci1301-123."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b40","series-title":"Calcif Tissue Int","first-page":"316","article-title":"Treatment with zoledronic acid ameliorates negative geometric changes in the proximal femur following acute spinal cord injury","volume":"80","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shapiro\n              J\n            , SmithB, BeckT, \n          et al. Treatment with zoledronic acid ameliorates negative geometric changes in the proximal femur following acute spinal cord injury. Calcif Tissue Int. 2007; 80(5):316\u2013322."},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b41","series-title":"Endocr Pract","first-page":"1","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis - 2016","volume":"22","year":"2016","unstructured":"Camacho\n              PM\n            , PetakSM, BinkleyN, \n          et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis - 2016. Endocr Pract. 2016;22(suppl 4):1\u201342."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b42","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"985","article-title":"Agreement between fragility fracture risk assessment algorithms as applied to adults with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"55","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cervinka\n              T\n            , LynchCL, GiangregorioL, AdachiJD, PapaioannouA, ThabaneL, CravenBC.\n          Agreement between fragility fracture risk assessment algorithms as applied to adults with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2017;55(11):985\u2013993."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b43","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surgical management of lower limb fractures in patients with spinal cord injury less associated with complications than nonoperative management: A retrospective series of cases","volume":"42","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fouasson-Chailloux\n              A\n            , GrossR, DautyM, \n          et al. Surgical management of lower limb fractures in patients with spinal cord injury less associated with complications than nonoperative management: A retrospective series of cases. J Spinal Cord Med. 2019;42:1,39\u201344."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b1","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"785","article-title":"NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy","volume":"285","year":"2001","unstructured":"NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA. 2001; 285:785\u2013795."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b2","series-title":"New Engl J Med","first-page":"254","article-title":"Postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"374","year":"2016","unstructured":"Black\n              DM\n            , RosenCJ.\n          Postmenopausal osteoporosis. New Engl J Med. 2016;374:254\u2013262."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b3","series-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes","first-page":"501","article-title":"Postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"20","year":"2013","unstructured":"Diab\n              D\n            , WattsN.\n          Postmenopausal osteoporosis. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2013;20(6):501\u2013509."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b4","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"269","article-title":"Cyclical etidronate: its effect on bone density in patients with acute spinal cord injury","volume":"78","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pearson\n              EG\n            , NancePW, LeslieWD, LudwigS.\n          Cyclical etidronate: its effect on bone density in patients with acute spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(3):269\u2013272."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b5","series-title":"Osteoporos Int","first-page":"3503","article-title":"Wheelchair use and lipophilic statin medications may influence bone loss in chronic spinal cord injury: Findings from the FRASCI-bone loss study","volume":"27","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morse\n              LR\n            , NguyenN, BattaglinoRA, et alWheelchair use and lipophilic statin medications may influence bone loss in chronic spinal cord injury: Findings from the FRASCI-bone loss study. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(12):3503\u20133511."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b6","series-title":"Biomed Res Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853159","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/853159","article-title":"Anatomic changes in the macroscopic morphology and microarchitecture of denervated long bone tissue after spinal cord injury in rats","volume":"2014","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zamarioli\n              A\n            , MaranhoDA, ButezloffMM, MouraPA, VolponJB, ShimanoAC.\n          Anatomic changes in the macroscopic morphology and microarchitecture of denervated long bone tissue after spinal cord injury in rats. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:853159. doi: 10.1155\/2014\/853159."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b7","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"514","article-title":"Leptin regulation of bone resorption by the sympathetic nervous system and CART","volume":"434","year":"2005","unstructured":"Elefteriou\n              F\n            , AhnJD, TakedaS, \n          et al. Leptin regulation of bone resorption by the sympathetic nervous system and CART. Nature. 2005;434:514\u2013520."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b8","series-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.17.04452-5","article-title":"Disruption in bone marrow fat may attenuate testosterone action on muscle size after spinal cord injury: A case report","volume":"53","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gorgey\n              AS\n            , MoorePD, WadeRC, GillRS, LavisT, AdlerRA.\n          Disruption in bone marrow fat may attenuate testosterone action on muscle size after spinal cord injury: A case report. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2017;53(4):625\u2013629. doi: 10.23736\/S1973-9087.17.04452-5."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b9","series-title":"Endocrinology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0881","article-title":"2-Adrenergic receptor signaling in osteoblasts contributes to the catabolic effect of glucocorticoids on bone","volume":"152","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ma\n              Y\n            , NymanJS, TaoH, MossHH, YangX, ElefteriouF.\n          2-Adrenergic receptor signaling in osteoblasts contributes to the catabolic effect of glucocorticoids on bone. Endocrinology. 2011;152(4):1412\u20131422. doi: 10.1210\/en.2010-0881."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b10","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"188","article-title":"Osteoporosis in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"7","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bauman\n              WA\n            , CardozoC.\n          Osteoporosis in individuals with spinal cord injury. PM R. 2015;7:188\u2013201."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b11","series-title":"Spinal Cord Ser Cases","first-page":"3","article-title":"Effects of drugs on bone metabolism in a cohort of individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"5","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kokorelis\n              C\n            , Gonzalez-FernandezM, MorganM, SadowskyC.\n          Effects of drugs on bone metabolism in a cohort of individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2019;5:3\u20137."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b12","series-title":"Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"202","article-title":"Risk factors for osteoporosis at the knee in the spinal cord inury population","volume":"27","year":"2004","unstructured":"Garland\n              DE\n            , AdkinsRH, KushawahaV, StewartC.\n          Risk factors for osteoporosis at the knee in the spinal cord inury population. Spinal Cord Med. 2004;27:202\u2013206."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b13","series-title":"Osteoporos Int","first-page":"1726","article-title":"An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures","volume":"17","year":"2006","unstructured":"Johnell\n              O\n            , KanisJA.\n          An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17:1726\u20131733."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b14","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"701","article-title":"Long-bone fractures in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"53","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frotzler\n              A\n            , Cheikh-SarrafB, PourtehraniM, KrebsJ, LippunerK.\n          Long-bone fractures in persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2015;53(9):701\u2013704."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b15","series-title":"Osteoporos Int","first-page":"2261","article-title":"Morbidity following lower extremity fractures in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"24","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carbone\n              LD\n            , ChinAS, BurnsSP, \n          et al. Morbidity following lower extremity fractures in men with spinal cord injury. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(8):2261\u20132267."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b16","series-title":"J Clin Densitom.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j. jocd.2019.07.012","article-title":"Bone mineral density testing in spinal cord injury: The 2019 ISCD official positions [published online ahead of print August 3, 2019]","unstructured":"Morse\n              LR\n            , Biering-SoerensenF, CarboneLD, \n          et al. Bone mineral density testing in spinal cord injury: The 2019 ISCD official positions [published online ahead of print August 3, 2019]. J Clin Densitom.pii: S1094\u20136950(19)30173-8. doi: 10.1016\/j. jocd.2019.07.012."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b17","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"628","article-title":"Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry overestimates bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"47","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bauman\n              WA\n            , SchwartzE, SongIS, \n          et al. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry overestimates bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2009;47(8):628\u2013633."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b18","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"2342","article-title":"Bone mass in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: Associations with activity-based therapy, functional and neurologic status, a retrospective study","volume":"95","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hammond\n              E\n            , MetcalfH, McDonaldJ, SadowskyC.\n          Bone mass in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: Associations with activity-based therapy, functional and neurologic status, a retrospective study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95:2342\u20132349."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b19","unstructured":"National Spinal Cord Statistical Center.\n          \n          https:\/\/www.nscisc.uab.edu\n          Accessed October 4, 2019."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b20","article-title":"2015 ISCD official positions \u2013 adult","unstructured":"2015 ISCD official positions \u2013 adult. https:\/\/www.iscd.org\/official-positions\/2015-iscd-official-positions-adult\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b21","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabol","first-page":"1385","article-title":"Alendronate prevents bone loss in patients with acute spinal cord injury: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study","volume":"92","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gilchrist\n              NL\n            , FramptonCM, AclandRH, \n          et al. Alendronate prevents bone loss in patients with acute spinal cord injury: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2007;92(4):1385\u20131390."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b22","series-title":"Osteoporos Int","first-page":"405","article-title":"Denosumab increases sublesional bone mass in osteoporotic individuals with recent spinal cord injury","volume":"27","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gifre\n              L\n            , VidalJ, CarrascoJL, \n          et al. Denosumab increases sublesional bone mass in osteoporotic individuals with recent spinal cord injury. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(1):405\u2013410."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b23","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"341","article-title":"Effect of alendronate on bone mineral density in spinal cord injury patients: A pilot study","volume":"43","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moran de Brito\n              CM\n            , BattistellaLR, SaitoET, SakamotoH.\n          Effect of alendronate on bone mineral density in spinal cord injury patients: A pilot study. Spinal Cord. 2005;43(6):341\u2013348."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b24","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-017-5114-7","article-title":"Evidence-based prevention and treatment of osteoporosis after spinal cord injury: A systematic review","volume":"27","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soleyman-Jahi\n              S\n            , YousefianA, MaheronnaghshR, \n          et al. Evidence-based prevention and treatment of osteoporosis after spinal cord injury: A systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2018;27(8):1798\u20131814. doi: 10.1007\/s00586-017-5114-7."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b25","series-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev","first-page":"305","article-title":"Effect of pamidronate administration on bone in patients with acute spinal cord injury","volume":"42","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bauman\n              WA\n            , WechtJM, KirshblumS, \n          et al. Effect of pamidronate administration on bone in patients with acute spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2005;42(3):305\u2013313."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b26","series-title":"J Bone Mineral Res Plus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10167","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10167","article-title":"Combination therapy with zoledronic acid and FES-row training mitigates bone loss in paralyzed legs: Results of a randomized comparative clinical trial","volume":"3","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morse\n              LR\n            , TroyKL, FangY, \n          et al. Combination therapy with zoledronic acid and FES-row training mitigates bone loss in paralyzed legs: Results of a randomized comparative clinical trial. J Bone Mineral Res Plus. 2019;3(5):e10167. doi: 10.1002\/jbm4.10167."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b27","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650100116","article-title":"Effects of tiludronate on bone loss in paraplegic patients","volume":"10","year":"1995","unstructured":"Chappard\n              D\n            , MinaireP, PrivatC, \n          et al. Effects of tiludronate on bone loss in paraplegic patients. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;10(1):112\u2013118. doi: 10.1002\/jbmr.5650100116."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b28","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","first-page":"1729","article-title":"Effects of teriparatide and vibration on bone mass and bone strength in people with bone loss and spinal cord injury: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"33","year":"2018","unstructured":"Edwards\n              WB\n            , SimonianN, HaiderIT, \n          et al. Effects of teriparatide and vibration on bone mass and bone strength in people with bone loss and spinal cord injury: A randomized, controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33(10):1729\u20131740."},{"issue":"15","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b29","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1592","article-title":"Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults. US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement","volume":"319","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults. US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2018;319(15):1592\u20131599."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b30","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"428","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in individuals with a spinal cord injury: A literature review","volume":"55","year":"2017","unstructured":"Flueck\n              JL\n            , PerretC.\n          Vitamin D deficiency in individuals with a spinal cord injury: A literature review. Spinal Cord. 2017;55(5):428\u2013434."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b31","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.177","article-title":"Nonpharmacological treatment and prevention of bone loss after spinal cord injury: A systematic review","volume":"47","year":"2009","unstructured":"Biering-S\u00f8rensen\n              F\n            , HansenB, LeeBS.\n          Nonpharmacological treatment and prevention of bone loss after spinal cord injury: A systematic review. Spinal Cord. 2009;47(7):508\u2013518. doi: 10.1038\/sc.2008.177."},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b32","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"214","article-title":"Changes of tibia bone properties after spinal cord injury: Effects of early intervention","volume":"80","year":"1999","unstructured":"de Bruin\n              ED\n            , Frey-RindovaP, HerzogRE, DietzV, DambacherMA, StussiE.\n          Changes of tibia bone properties after spinal cord injury: Effects of early intervention. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(suppl 2):214\u2013220."},{"issue":"suppl 8","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b33","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil.","first-page":"1090","article-title":"Electrical stimulation: Can it increase muscle strength and reverse osteopenia in spinal cord injured individuals?","volume":"81","year":"2000","unstructured":"Belanger\n              M\n            , SteinRB, WheelerGD, GordonT, LeducB.\n          Electrical stimulation: Can it increase muscle strength and reverse osteopenia in spinal cord injured individuals?\n          Arch Phys Med Rehabil.\n          2000;81(suppl 8):1090\u20131098."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b34","series-title":"Bone","first-page":"61","article-title":"Bone mass and endocrine adaptations to training in spinal cord injured individuals","volume":"19","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bloomfield\n              SA\n            , MysiwWJ, JacksonRD.\n          Bone mass and endocrine adaptations to training in spinal cord injured individuals. Bone. 1996;19(1):61\u201368."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b35","series-title":"Bone","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.03.004","article-title":"High-volume FES-cycling partially reverses bone loss in people with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"43","year":"2008","unstructured":"Frotzler\n              A\n            , CoupaudS, PerretC, \n          et al. High-volume FES-cycling partially reverses bone loss in people with chronic spinal cord injury. Bone. 2008;43(1):169\u2013176. doi: 10.1016\/j.bone.2008.03.004."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b36","series-title":"Bone","first-page":"431","article-title":"Efficacy of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in the prevention of osteoporosis following spinal cord injury","volume":"29","year":"2001","unstructured":"Warden\n              SJ\n            , BennellKL, MatthewsB, BrownDJ, McMeekenJM, WarkJD.\n          Efficacy of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in the prevention of osteoporosis following spinal cord injury. Bone. 2001;29:431\u2013436."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b37","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1404-112","article-title":"Detection and treatment of sublesional osteoporosis among patients with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"14","year":"2009","unstructured":"Craven\n              R\n            , McGillivrayA.\n          Detection and treatment of sublesional osteoporosis among patients with chronic spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2009;14(4):1\u201322. doi: 10.1310\/sci1404-112."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b38","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101139","article-title":"Osteoporosis and risk of fracture in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"39","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lazo\n              MG\n            , ShiraziP, SamM, Giobbie-HurderA, BlacconiereMJ, MuppidiM.\n          Osteoporosis and risk of fracture in men with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2001;39(4):208\u2013214. doi: 10.1038\/sj.sc.3101139."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b39","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1301-123","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of bone loss after a spinal cord injury: A systematic review","volume":"13","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ashe\n              MC\n            , CravenC, EngJJ, KrassioukovA, the SCIRE Research Team. \n          Prevention and treatment of bone loss after a spinal cord injury: A systematic review. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2007;13(1):123\u2013145. doi: 10.1310\/sci1301-123."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b40","series-title":"Calcif Tissue Int","first-page":"316","article-title":"Treatment with zoledronic acid ameliorates negative geometric changes in the proximal femur following acute spinal cord injury","volume":"80","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shapiro\n              J\n            , SmithB, BeckT, \n          et al. Treatment with zoledronic acid ameliorates negative geometric changes in the proximal femur following acute spinal cord injury. Calcif Tissue Int. 2007; 80(5):316\u2013322."},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b41","series-title":"Endocr Pract","first-page":"1","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis - 2016","volume":"22","year":"2016","unstructured":"Camacho\n              PM\n            , PetakSM, BinkleyN, \n          et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis - 2016. Endocr Pract. 2016;22(suppl 4):1\u201342."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b42","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"985","article-title":"Agreement between fragility fracture risk assessment algorithms as applied to adults with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"55","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cervinka\n              T\n            , LynchCL, GiangregorioL, AdachiJD, PapaioannouA, ThabaneL, CravenBC.\n          Agreement between fragility fracture risk assessment algorithms as applied to adults with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2017;55(11):985\u2013993."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-2-128-b43","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surgical management of lower limb fractures in patients with spinal cord injury less associated with complications than nonoperative management: A retrospective series of cases","volume":"42","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fouasson-Chailloux\n              A\n            , GrossR, DautyM, \n          et al. Surgical management of lower limb fractures in patients with spinal cord injury less associated with complications than nonoperative management: A retrospective series of cases. J Spinal Cord Med. 2019;42:1,39\u201344."}],"container-title":["Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/tscr\/26\/2\/article-p128.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tscr\/26\/2\/article-p128.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tscr\/26\/2\/article-p128.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T15:50:22Z","timestamp":1775145022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/tscr\/26\/2\/article-p128.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46292\/sci2602-128","relation":{},"ISSN":["1082-0744"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1082-0744","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}}}