{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T02:15:32Z","timestamp":1793153732000,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Muscle spasticity is a common sequela of spinal cord injury (SCI) that may impact daily function. Spasticity dynamically varies and is an important physiologic response to illness or other stressors. The challenge for the general practitioner is in recognizing, treating, and developing an effective plan focused on the patient\u2019s individual goals.\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To provide the general practitioner with a basic contextual, diagnostic, and therapeutic approach to spasticity management for individuals with neurologic injury such as SCI.\n                    <jats:bold>Discussion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Muscle spasticity can be disabling and can be managed effectively by using a comprehensive approach. We discuss a representative case and the assessment and planning for individuals with SCI and spasticity. Through an understanding of pathophysiology, careful history taking, and physical exam, a cause for increased spasticity can be identified, such as infection, constipation, or pregnancy. Symptomatology of these triggers is often quite different in the SCI population than in the general population. Management includes the treatment of this causative stressor as well as the thoughtful management of spasticity itself.\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Muscle spasticity is dynamic and requires a patient-centered approach. The general practitioner can play a key role in recognizing and treating spasticity in an individual with SCI. Comprehensive management to meet patient and caregiver goals involves primary care providers, specialists, and allied health practitioners.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci2603-157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]],"date-time":"2020-11-02T13:59:40Z","timestamp":1604325580000},"page":"157-165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Primary Care Provider\u2019s Guide to Spasticity Management in Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Philippines","family":"Cabahug","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Pickard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Centre for Family Medicine Family Health Team, Kitchener, Ontario"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis","family":"Edmiston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse A.","family":"Lieberman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carolinas Rehabilitation, Charlotte, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b1","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil","first-page":"5","article-title":"Spasticity: Clinical perceptions, neurological realities and meaningful measurement","volume":"27","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pandyan\n              AD\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGregoricM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBarnesMP,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpasticity: Clinical perceptions, neurological realities and meaningful measurement.\n\t\t\t\t\tDisabil 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Am","first-page":"445","article-title":"Special considerations in assessing and treating spasticity in spinal cord injury","volume":"29","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin\n              J\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChayW.\n          Special considerations in assessing and treating spasticity in spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhys Med Rehabil Clin N Am.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t29(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t445\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t453."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b10","series-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen","first-page":"970","article-title":"Spasticity following spinal cord injury","volume":"132","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rekand\n              T\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHagenEM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGronningM.\n          Spasticity following spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tTidsskr Nor Laegeforen.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t132(\n\t\t\t\t\t8):\n\t\t\t\t\t970\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t973."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b11","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"96","article-title":"Spasticity may defend skeletal muscle size and composition after incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gorgey\n              AS\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDudleyGA.\n          Spasticity may defend skeletal muscle size and composition after incomplete spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t46(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t96\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t102."},{"issue":"13","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b12","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"1080","article-title":"Spasticity and bone density after a spinal cord injury","volume":"41","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lofvenmark\n              I\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWerhagenL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNorrbrinkC.\n          Spasticity and bone density after a spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Rehabil 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,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTongB,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJutzelerCR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWarnerFM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCashmaN,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGeislerF,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKramerJLK.\n          A longitudinal study of the neurologic safety of acute baclofen use after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tNeurotherapeutics.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t16:\n\t\t\t\t\t858\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t867."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b29","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"703","article-title":"A randomized, double-blinded, crossover pilot study assessing the effect of nabilone on spasticity in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"91","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pooyania\n              S\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tEthansK,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSzturmT,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCaseyA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPerryD.\n          A randomized, double-blinded, crossover pilot study assessing the effect of nabilone on spasticity in persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t91(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t703\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t707."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b30","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"551","article-title":"The treatment of spasticity with Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"45","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hagenbach\n              U\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLuzS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGhafoorN,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tThe treatment of spasticity with Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t45(\n\t\t\t\t\t8):\n\t\t\t\t\t551\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t562."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b31","series-title":"Can Fam Physician","first-page":"111","article-title":"Simplified guideline for prescribing medical cannabinoids in primary care","volume":"64","year":"2018","unstructured":"Allan\n              GM\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRamjiJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPerryD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tSimplified guideline for prescribing medical cannabinoids in primary care.\n\t\t\t\t\tCan Fam Physician.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t64(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t111\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t120."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b1","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil","first-page":"5","article-title":"Spasticity: Clinical perceptions, neurological realities and meaningful measurement","volume":"27","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pandyan\n              AD\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGregoricM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBarnesMP,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpasticity: Clinical perceptions, neurological realities and meaningful measurement.\n\t\t\t\t\tDisabil Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t27(\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u20132):\n\t\t\t\t\t5."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b2","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"2222","article-title":"Optimizing the management of disabling spasticity following spinal cord damage: The ability network \u2013 an international initiative","volume":"97","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burns\n              AS\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLanigI,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGrabljevecK,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tOptimizing the management of disabling spasticity following spinal cord damage: The ability network \u2013 an international initiative.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t97(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t2222\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2228."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b3","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"577","article-title":"Spasticity after spinal cord injury","volume":"43","year":"2005","unstructured":"Adams\n              MM\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHicksAL.\n          Spasticity after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t43(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t577\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t586."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b4","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1132","article-title":"Prevalence and effect of problematic spasticity after traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"98","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holtz\n              KA\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLipsonR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNoonanVK,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKwonBK,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMillsPB.\n          Prevalence and effect of problematic spasticity after traumatic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t98(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t1132\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1138."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b5","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"383","article-title":"Spinal shock revisited: A four-phase model","volume":"42","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ditunno\n              JF\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLittleJW,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTesslerA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBurnsAS.\n          Spinal shock revisited: A four-phase model.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t7):\n\t\t\t\t\t383\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t395."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b6","series-title":"Front Integr Neurosci","first-page":"36","article-title":"Recovery of neuronal and network excitability after spinal cord injury and implications for spasticity","volume":"8","year":"2014","unstructured":"D\u2019Amico\n              JM\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCondliffeEG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMartinsKJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBennettDJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGorassiniMA.\n          Recovery of neuronal and network excitability after spinal cord injury and implications for spasticity.\n\t\t\t\t\tFront Integr Neurosci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t8:\n\t\t\t\t\t36."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b7","series-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair","first-page":"23","article-title":"Management of spasticity after spinal cord injury: Current techniques and future directions","volume":"24","year":"2010","unstructured":"Elbasiouny\n              SM\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMorozD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBakrMM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMushahwarVK.\n          Management of spasticity after spinal cord injury: Current techniques and future directions.\n\t\t\t\t\tNeurorehabil Neural Repair.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t24(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t23\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t33."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b8","series-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am","first-page":"633","article-title":"Emerging therapies for spastic movement disorders","volume":"29","year":"2018","unstructured":"Raghavan\n              P.\n            \n          \n          Emerging therapies for spastic movement disorders.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhys Med Rehabil Clin N Am.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t29(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t633\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t644."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b9","series-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am","first-page":"445","article-title":"Special considerations in assessing and treating spasticity in spinal cord injury","volume":"29","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin\n              J\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChayW.\n          Special considerations in assessing and treating spasticity in spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhys Med Rehabil Clin N Am.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t29(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t445\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t453."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b10","series-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen","first-page":"970","article-title":"Spasticity following spinal cord injury","volume":"132","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rekand\n              T\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHagenEM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGronningM.\n          Spasticity following spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tTidsskr Nor Laegeforen.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t132(\n\t\t\t\t\t8):\n\t\t\t\t\t970\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t973."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b11","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"96","article-title":"Spasticity may defend skeletal muscle size and composition after incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gorgey\n              AS\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDudleyGA.\n          Spasticity may defend skeletal muscle size and composition after incomplete spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t46(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t96\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t102."},{"issue":"13","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b12","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"1080","article-title":"Spasticity and bone density after a spinal cord injury","volume":"41","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lofvenmark\n              I\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWerhagenL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNorrbrinkC.\n          Spasticity and bone density after a spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Rehabil Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t41(\n\t\t\t\t\t13):\n\t\t\t\t\t1080\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1084."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b13","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"378","article-title":"Severe spasticity in lower extremities is associated with reduced adiposity and lower fasting plasma glucose level in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"55","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jung\n              IY\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKimHR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChunSM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLeighJH,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tShinHI.\n          Severe spasticity in lower extremities is associated with reduced adiposity and lower fasting plasma glucose level in persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t55(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t378\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t382."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b14","series-title":"Neurol Clin","first-page":"269","article-title":"Management of spasticity from spinal cord dysfunction","volume":"31","year":"2013","unstructured":"Strommen\n              JA.\n            \n          \n          Management of spasticity from spinal cord dysfunction.\n\t\t\t\t\tNeurol Clin.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t31(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t269\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t286."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b15","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"478","article-title":"The experience of spasticity after spinal cord injury: Perceived characteristics and impact on daily life","volume":"56","year":"2018","unstructured":"McKay\n              WB\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSweatmanWM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tField-FoteEC.\n          The experience of spasticity after spinal cord injury: Perceived characteristics and impact on daily life.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t56(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t478\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t486."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b16","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"339","article-title":"Antidepressant exacerbation of spasticity","volume":"80","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stolp-Smith\n              KA\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWainbergMC.\n          Antidepressant exacerbation of spasticity.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t80(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t339\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t342."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b17","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1917","article-title":"Clinical assessment of spasticity in people with spinal cord damage: Recommendations from the ability network, an international initiative","volume":"99","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nene\n              AV\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRainha CamposA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGrabljevecK,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLopesA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSkoogB,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBurnsAS.\n          Clinical assessment of spasticity in people with spinal cord damage: Recommendations from the ability network, an international initiative.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t99(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t1917\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1926."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b18","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1681","article-title":"Optimizing the management of spasticity in people with spinal cord damage: A clinical care pathway for assessment and treatment decision making from the ability network, an international initiative","volume":"99","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lanig\n              IS\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNewPW,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBurnsAS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tOptimizing the management of spasticity in people with spinal cord damage: A clinical care pathway for assessment and treatment decision making from the ability network, an international initiative.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t99(\n\t\t\t\t\t8):\n\t\t\t\t\t1681\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1687."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b19","series-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med","first-page":"423","article-title":"Rehabilitation procedures in the management of spasticity","volume":"46","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smania\n              N\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPicelliA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMunariD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tRehabilitation procedures in the management of spasticity.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Phys Rehabil Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t46(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t423\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t438."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b20","series-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med.","article-title":"Nonpharmacological interventions for spasticity in adults: An overview of systematic reviews [published online ahead of print October 16, 2017]","unstructured":"Khan\n              F\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAmatyaB,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBensmailD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tYelnikA..\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Nonpharmacological interventions for spasticity in adults: An overview of systematic reviews [published online ahead of print October 16, 2017].\n\t\t\t\t\tAnn Phys Rehabil Med."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b21","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6588","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation induces temporary attenuation of spasticity in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"37","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hofstoetter\n              US\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFreundlB,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDannerSM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKrennMJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMayrW,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBinderH,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMinassianK.\n          Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation induces temporary attenuation of spasticity in individuals with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Neurotrauma.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t37:\n\t\t\t\t\t481\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t493doi:\n\t\t\t\t\t10.1089\/neu.2019.6588."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b22","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"202","article-title":"Modification of spasticity by transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"37","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hofstoetter\n              US\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMcKayWB,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTanseyKE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMayrW,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKernH,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMinassianK.\n          Modification of spasticity by transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord 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Part II: General and regional treatments","volume":"6","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gracies\n              JM\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNanceP,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tElovicE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMcGuireJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSimpsonDM.\n          Traditional pharmacological treatments for spasticity. Part II: General and regional treatments.\n\t\t\t\t\tMuscle Nerve Suppl.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t6:\n\t\t\t\t\tS92\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t120."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b25","article-title":"Micromedex\u00ae (electronic version)","unstructured":"Micromedex\u00ae (electronic version).\n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/www.micromedexsolutions.com.ezp.welch.jhmi.edu\/. Updated April 2019. Accessed April 20, 2019."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-157-b26","article-title":"Spasticity following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Evidence. 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