{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:11:33Z","timestamp":1792131093055,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in several ways, most notably by causing impairment of colonic motility and sphincter dysfunction. Altered GI function in the setting of neurological injury\u2014also known as \u201cneurogenic bowel dysfunction\u201d (NBD) \u2014strongly impacts the quality of life (QOL) of individuals living with SCI. Characterizing the severity of NBD, its impact on an individual\u2019s QOL, and which interventions have been successful or ineffective is integral to the routine care of people living with SCI. Treatment of NBD is generally multimodal and includes attention to diet, pharmacologic and mechanical stimulation, and possibly surgery. This article discusses the pathophysiology of NBD and specific approaches to its management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci2603-172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]],"date-time":"2020-11-02T13:59:40Z","timestamp":1604325580000},"page":"172-176","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Primary Care Provider\u2019s Guide to Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction in Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Philip","family":"Durney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Stillman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilda","family":"Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Health Sciences School, Ana G. Mendez University, Orlando, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance","family":"Goetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b1","series-title":"Paraplegia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1995.70","article-title":"The Stockholm Spinal Cord Injury Study: 1. Medical problems in a regional SCI population","volume":"33","year":"1995","unstructured":"Levi\n              R\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHultlingC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNashMS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSeigerA.\n          The Stockholm Spinal Cord Injury Study: 1. Medical problems in a regional SCI population.\n\t\t\t\t\tParaplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t33(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t308\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t315.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:\n\t\t\t\t\t10.1038\/sc.1995.70[doi]."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b2","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101119","article-title":"Bowel dysfunction following spinal cord injury","volume":"39","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lynch\n              AC\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAntonyA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDobbsBR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFrizelleFA.\n          Bowel dysfunction following spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001;\n\t\t\t\t\t39(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t193\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t203.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:\n\t\t\t\t\t10.1038\/sj.sc.3101119[doi]."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b3","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1007\/DCR.0b013e3181a873f3","article-title":"Pathophysiology of bowel dysfunction in patients with motor incomplete spinal cord injury: Comparison with patients with motor complete spinal cord injury","volume":"52","year":"2009","unstructured":"Valles\n              M\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMearinF.\n          Pathophysiology of bowel dysfunction in patients with motor incomplete spinal cord injury: Comparison with patients with motor complete spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tDis Colon Rectum.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t52(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t1589\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1597.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:\n\t\t\t\t\t10.1007\/DCR.0b013e3181a873f3."},{"issue":"9016","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b4","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1651","article-title":"Bowel dysfunction in spinal-cord-injury patients","volume":"347","year":"1996","unstructured":"Glickman\n              S\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKammMA.\n          Bowel dysfunction in spinal-cord-injury patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tLancet.\n\t\t\t\t\t1996;\n\t\t\t\t\t347(\n\t\t\t\t\t9016):\n\t\t\t\t\t1651\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1653.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:S0140-6736(96)91487\u20137[pii]."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b5","series-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529709011203","article-title":"Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time","volume":"32","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lewis\n              SJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHeatonKW.\n          Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time.\n\t\t\t\t\tScand J Gastroenterol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t32(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t920\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t924.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:\n\t\t\t\t\t10.3109\/00365529709011203."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b6","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"625","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel dysfunction score","volume":"44","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krogh\n              K\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChristensenP,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSabroeS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLaurbergS.\n          Neurogenic bowel dysfunction score.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t44(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t625\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t631.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:3101887[pii]."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b7","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"234","article-title":"The pattern of colorectal dysfunction changes with time since spinal cord injury","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Faaborg\n              PM\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChristensenP,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFinnerupN,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLaurbergS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKroghK.\n          The pattern of colorectal dysfunction changes with time since spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t46(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t234\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t238.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:3102121[pii]."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b8","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"198","article-title":"Abdominal pain in long-term spinal cord injury","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Finnerup\n              NB\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFaaborgP,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKroghK,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJensenTS.\n          Abdominal pain in long-term spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t46(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t198\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t203.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:3102097[pii]."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b9","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"248","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines: Neurogenic bowel management in adults with spinal cord injury. 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Spinal Cord Medicine Consortium.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t1998;\n\t\t\t\t\t21(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t248\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t293."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b10","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1062","article-title":"Pharmacologically initiated defecation for persons with spinal cord injury: Effectiveness of three agents","volume":"78","year":"1997","unstructured":"House\n              JG\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tStiensSA.\n          Pharmacologically initiated defecation for persons with spinal cord injury: Effectiveness of three agents.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t78(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t1062\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1065.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:S0003-9993(97)90128-3[pii]."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b11","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.157","article-title":"Sacral neuromodulation for neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction with multiple symptoms secondary to spinal cord disease","volume":"53","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen\n              G\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLiaoL.\n          Sacral neuromodulation for neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction with multiple symptoms secondary to spinal cord disease.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t53(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t204\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t208.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:\n\t\t\t\t\t10.1038\/sc.2014.157[doi]."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b12","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.101","article-title":"Clinical outcome of sacral neuromodulation in incomplete spinal cord-injured patients suffering from neurogenic bowel dysfunctions","volume":"48","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lombardi\n              G\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDel PopoloG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCecconiF,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSurrentiE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMacchiarellaA.\n          Clinical outcome of sacral 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Epidemiol","first-page":"1445","article-title":"Colon related symptoms in a 70-year-old Danish population","volume":"46","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kay\n              L\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJorgensenT,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSchultz-LarsenK.\n          Colon related symptoms in a 70-year-old Danish population.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Epidemiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1993;\n\t\t\t\t\t46(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t1445\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1449.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:0895-4356(93)90144-P[pii]."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b15","series-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-3150.2004.00469.x","article-title":"Neurodegeneration: A key factor in the ageing gut","volume":"16","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wade\n              PR\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCowenT.\n          Neurodegeneration: A key factor in the ageing gut.\n\t\t\t\t\tNeurogastroenterol Motil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t16(\n\t\t\t\t\tSuppl 1):\n\t\t\t\t\t19\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t23.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:\n\t\t\t\t\t10.1111\/j.1743-3150.2004.00469.x[doi]."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b16","series-title":"Neurobiol Aging","first-page":"1124","article-title":"Age-related neuronal loss in the submucosal plexus of the colon of Fischer 344 rats","volume":"28","year":"2007","unstructured":"Phillips\n              RJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPairitzJC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPowleyTL.\n          Age-related neuronal loss in the submucosal plexus of the colon of Fischer 344 rats.\n\t\t\t\t\tNeurobiol Aging.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t28(\n\t\t\t\t\t7):\n\t\t\t\t\t1124\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1137.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:S0197-4580(06)00178-3[pii]."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b17","series-title":"Am J Surg","first-page":"437","article-title":"Which stoma works better for colonic dysmotility in the spinal cord injured patient?","volume":"186","year":"2003","unstructured":"Safadi\n              BY\n            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Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t41(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t680\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t683.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:\n\t\t\t\t\t10.1038\/sj.sc.3101529[doi]."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b19","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.14","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel management after spinal cord injury: A systematic review of the evidence","volume":"48","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krassioukov\n              A\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tEngJJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tClaxtonG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSakakibaraBM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tShumS.\n          Neurogenic bowel management after spinal cord injury: A systematic review of the evidence.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t48(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t718\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t733.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:\n\t\t\t\t\t10.1038\/sc.2010.14[doi]."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b20","series-title":"Urology","first-page":"502","article-title":"Long-term results for malone antegrade 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methods.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t38(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t255\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t261."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b1","series-title":"Paraplegia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1995.70","article-title":"The Stockholm Spinal Cord Injury Study: 1. 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Medical problems in a regional SCI population.\n\t\t\t\t\tParaplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t33(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t308\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t315.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:\n\t\t\t\t\t10.1038\/sc.1995.70[doi]."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b2","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101119","article-title":"Bowel dysfunction following spinal cord injury","volume":"39","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lynch\n              AC\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAntonyA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDobbsBR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFrizelleFA.\n          Bowel dysfunction following spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001;\n\t\t\t\t\t39(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t193\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t203.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:\n\t\t\t\t\t10.1038\/sj.sc.3101119[doi]."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b3","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1007\/DCR.0b013e3181a873f3","article-title":"Pathophysiology of bowel dysfunction in patients with motor incomplete spinal cord injury: Comparison with patients with motor complete spinal cord injury","volume":"52","year":"2009","unstructured":"Valles\n              M\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMearinF.\n          Pathophysiology of bowel dysfunction in patients with motor incomplete spinal cord injury: Comparison with patients with motor complete spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tDis Colon Rectum.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t52(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t1589\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1597.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:\n\t\t\t\t\t10.1007\/DCR.0b013e3181a873f3."},{"issue":"9016","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b4","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1651","article-title":"Bowel dysfunction in spinal-cord-injury patients","volume":"347","year":"1996","unstructured":"Glickman\n              S\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKammMA.\n          Bowel dysfunction in spinal-cord-injury patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tLancet.\n\t\t\t\t\t1996;\n\t\t\t\t\t347(\n\t\t\t\t\t9016):\n\t\t\t\t\t1651\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1653.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:S0140-6736(96)91487\u20137[pii]."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b5","series-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529709011203","article-title":"Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time","volume":"32","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lewis\n              SJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHeatonKW.\n          Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time.\n\t\t\t\t\tScand J Gastroenterol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t32(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t920\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t924.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:\n\t\t\t\t\t10.3109\/00365529709011203."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b6","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"625","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel dysfunction score","volume":"44","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krogh\n              K\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChristensenP,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSabroeS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLaurbergS.\n          Neurogenic bowel dysfunction score.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t44(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t625\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t631.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:3101887[pii]."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b7","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"234","article-title":"The pattern of colorectal dysfunction changes with time since spinal cord injury","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Faaborg\n              PM\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChristensenP,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFinnerupN,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLaurbergS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKroghK.\n          The pattern of colorectal dysfunction changes with time since spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t46(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t234\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t238.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:3102121[pii]."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b8","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"198","article-title":"Abdominal pain in long-term spinal cord injury","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Finnerup\n              NB\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFaaborgP,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKroghK,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJensenTS.\n          Abdominal pain in long-term spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t46(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t198\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t203.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:3102097[pii]."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b9","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"248","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines: Neurogenic bowel management in adults with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Medicine Consortium","volume":"21","year":"1998","unstructured":"Clinical practice guidelines: Neurogenic bowel management in adults with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Medicine Consortium.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t1998;\n\t\t\t\t\t21(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t248\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t293."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b10","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1062","article-title":"Pharmacologically initiated defecation for persons with spinal cord injury: Effectiveness of three agents","volume":"78","year":"1997","unstructured":"House\n              JG\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tStiensSA.\n          Pharmacologically initiated defecation for persons with spinal cord injury: Effectiveness of three agents.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t78(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t1062\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1065.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:S0003-9993(97)90128-3[pii]."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b11","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.157","article-title":"Sacral neuromodulation for neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction with multiple symptoms secondary to spinal cord disease","volume":"53","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen\n              G\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLiaoL.\n          Sacral neuromodulation for neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction with multiple symptoms secondary to spinal cord disease.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t53(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t204\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t208.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:\n\t\t\t\t\t10.1038\/sc.2014.157[doi]."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b12","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.101","article-title":"Clinical outcome of sacral neuromodulation in incomplete spinal cord-injured patients suffering from neurogenic bowel dysfunctions","volume":"48","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lombardi\n              G\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDel PopoloG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCecconiF,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSurrentiE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMacchiarellaA.\n          Clinical outcome of sacral neuromodulation in incomplete spinal cord-injured patients suffering from neurogenic bowel dysfunctions.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t48(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t154\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t159.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:\n\t\t\t\t\t10.1038\/sc.2009.101[doi]."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b13","series-title":"Br J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5499","article-title":"Sacral nerve stimulation for neurogenic faecal incontinence","volume":"94","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holzer\n              B\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRosenHR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNoviG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAuschC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHolblingN,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSchiesselR.\n          Sacral nerve stimulation for neurogenic faecal incontinence.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t94(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t749\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t753.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:\n\t\t\t\t\t10.1002\/bjs.5499[doi]."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b14","series-title":"J Clin Epidemiol","first-page":"1445","article-title":"Colon related symptoms in a 70-year-old Danish population","volume":"46","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kay\n              L\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJorgensenT,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSchultz-LarsenK.\n          Colon related symptoms in a 70-year-old Danish population.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Epidemiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1993;\n\t\t\t\t\t46(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t1445\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1449.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:0895-4356(93)90144-P[pii]."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b15","series-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-3150.2004.00469.x","article-title":"Neurodegeneration: A key factor in the ageing gut","volume":"16","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wade\n              PR\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCowenT.\n          Neurodegeneration: A key factor in the ageing gut.\n\t\t\t\t\tNeurogastroenterol Motil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t16(\n\t\t\t\t\tSuppl 1):\n\t\t\t\t\t19\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t23.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:\n\t\t\t\t\t10.1111\/j.1743-3150.2004.00469.x[doi]."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b16","series-title":"Neurobiol Aging","first-page":"1124","article-title":"Age-related neuronal loss in the submucosal plexus of the colon of Fischer 344 rats","volume":"28","year":"2007","unstructured":"Phillips\n              RJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPairitzJC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPowleyTL.\n          Age-related neuronal loss in the submucosal plexus of the colon of Fischer 344 rats.\n\t\t\t\t\tNeurobiol Aging.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t28(\n\t\t\t\t\t7):\n\t\t\t\t\t1124\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1137.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:S0197-4580(06)00178-3[pii]."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b17","series-title":"Am J Surg","first-page":"437","article-title":"Which stoma works better for colonic dysmotility in the spinal cord injured patient?","volume":"186","year":"2003","unstructured":"Safadi\n              BY\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRositoO,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNino-MurciaM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWolfeVA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPerkashI.\n          Which stoma works better for colonic dysmotility in the spinal cord injured patient?\n          Am J Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t186(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t437\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t442.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:S0002961003003301[pii]."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b18","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101529","article-title":"Effect of stoma formation on bowel care and quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"41","year":"2003","unstructured":"Branagan\n              G\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTromansA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFinnisD.\n          Effect of stoma formation on bowel care and quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t41(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t680\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t683.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:\n\t\t\t\t\t10.1038\/sj.sc.3101529[doi]."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b19","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.14","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel management after spinal cord injury: A systematic review of the evidence","volume":"48","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krassioukov\n              A\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tEngJJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tClaxtonG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSakakibaraBM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tShumS.\n          Neurogenic bowel management after spinal cord injury: A systematic review of the evidence.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t48(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t718\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t733.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:\n\t\t\t\t\t10.1038\/sc.2010.14[doi]."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b20","series-title":"Urology","first-page":"502","article-title":"Long-term results for malone antegrade continence enema for adults with neurogenic bowel disease","volume":"61","year":"2003","unstructured":"Teichman\n              JM\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tZabihiN,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKrausSR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHarrisJM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBarberDB.\n          Long-term results for malone antegrade continence enema for adults with neurogenic bowel disease.\n\t\t\t\t\tUrology.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t61(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t502\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t506.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:S0090429502022823[pii]."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-172-b21","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"255","article-title":"Neurogenic colorectal dysfunction - use of new antegrade and retrograde colonic wash-out methods","volume":"38","year":"2000","unstructured":"Christensen\n              P\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKvitzauB,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKroghK,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBuntzenS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLaurbergS.\n          Neurogenic colorectal dysfunction - use of new antegrade and retrograde colonic wash-out methods.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t38(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t255\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t261."}],"container-title":["Topics in Spinal Cord Injury 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