{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T01:43:14Z","timestamp":1790991794120,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Physiological changes that occur after spinal cord injury (SCI) are profound and affect almost every organ system in the human body. Energy balance is significantly altered due to motor paralysis, spasticity or flaccidity, neurogenic sarcopenia, neurogenic osteopenia, sympathetic nervous system disruption, and blunted anabolism. Energy expenditure is markedly reduced, whereas hypothalamic control of appetite and satiety is diminished, resulting in discordant energy intake. Ultimately, neurogenic obesity ensues as the result of a positive energy balance. Even though nutritional guidelines for persons with SCI have been available since 2009, the necessity for body composition assessment and total daily energy expenditure was insufficiently addressed such that most individuals with SCI continued in positive energy balance despite \u201cadherence\u201d to the guidelines. Macronutrients must be carefully assessed to optimize caloric intake, while micronutrient consumption may need to be supplemented in order to meet recommended daily allowances. Such a diet would emphasize foods with low caloric yet high nutrient density. This article reviews current literature regarding nutritional requirements for SCI and provides a straightforward plan for implementing more rigorous dietary interventions meant to address the obesity crisis in this especially vulnerable population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci2603-197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]],"date-time":"2020-11-02T13:59:40Z","timestamp":1604325580000},"page":"197-202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Primary Care Provider\u2019s Guide to Diet and Nutrition After Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"David R.","family":"Gater","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Bauman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Centre for Family Medicine, Waterloo Regional Medical School, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b1","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"378","article-title":"Neurogenic obesity and systemic inflammation following spinal cord injury: A review","volume":"41","year":"2018","unstructured":"Farkas\n              GJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterDR.\n          Neurogenic obesity and systemic inflammation following spinal cord injury: A review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t41(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t378\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t387."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b2","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"86","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in veterans with spinal cord injury","volume":"42","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gater\n              DR\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFarkasGJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBergAS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCastilloC.\n          Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in veterans with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t86\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t93."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b3","series-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am","first-page":"333","article-title":"Obesity after spinal cord injury","volume":"18","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gater\n              DR\n              Jr.\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Obesity after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhys Med Rehabil Clin N Am.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t18(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t333\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t351,\n\t\t\t\t\tvii."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b4","series-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metabol","first-page":"E539","article-title":"Resting energy expenditure-fat-free mass relationship: New insights provided by body composition modeling","volume":"279","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wang\n              ZM\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHeshkaS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGallagherD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBoozerCN,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKotlerDP,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHeymsfieldSB.\n          Resting energy expenditure-fat-free mass relationship: New insights provided by body composition modeling.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metabol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t279(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\tE539\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\tE45."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b5","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"6","article-title":"Relationship of spasticity to soft tissue body composition and the metabolic profile in persons with chronic motor complete spinal cord injury","volume":"33","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gorgey\n              AS\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChiodoAE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tZemperED,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHornyakJE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRodriguezGM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterDR.\n          Relationship of spasticity to soft tissue body composition and the metabolic profile in persons with chronic motor complete spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t33(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t6\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t15."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b6","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"1575","article-title":"2011 Compendium of physical activities: A second update of codes and MET values","volume":"43","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ainsworth\n              BE\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHaskellWL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHerrmannSD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011 Compendium of physical activities: A second update of codes and MET values.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sports Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t43(\n\t\t\t\t\t8):\n\t\t\t\t\t1575\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1581."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b7","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"691","article-title":"Energy cost of physical activities in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"42","year":"2010","unstructured":"Collins\n              EG\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKiratliJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tButlerJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHansonK,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLangbeinWE.\n          Energy cost of physical activities in persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sports Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t691\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t700."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b8","series-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metabol.","article-title":"A systematic review of the accuracy of estimated and measured resting metabolic rate in chronic spinal cord injury [published online ahead of print 2019]","unstructured":"Farkas\n              GJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPitotMA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterDR.\n\t\t\t\t\t.\n\t\t\t\t\tA systematic review of the accuracy of estimated and measured resting metabolic rate in chronic spinal cord injury [published online ahead of print 2019].\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metabol."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b9","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"379","article-title":"Identification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury: Clinical practice guideline for health care providers","volume":"24","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nash\n              MS\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGroahSL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterDR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tIdentification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury: Clinical practice guideline for health care providers.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t24(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t379\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t423."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b10","series-title":"Nutr Clin Pract","first-page":"430","article-title":"Energy expenditure and protein requirements after traumatic injury","volume":"21","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frankenfield\n              D.\n            \n          \n          Energy expenditure and protein requirements after traumatic injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tNutr Clin Pract.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t21(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t430\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t437."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b11","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"599","article-title":"The metabolic response to spinal cord injury","volume":"35","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rodriguez\n              DJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBenzelEC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tClevengerFW.\n          The metabolic response to spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t35(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t599\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t604."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b12","series-title":"J Parenter Enteral Nutr","first-page":"319","article-title":"Obligatory negative nitrogen-balance following spinal-cord injury","volume":"15","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rodriguez\n              DJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tClevengerFW,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tOslerTM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDemarestGB,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFryDE.\n          Obligatory negative nitrogen-balance following spinal-cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Parenter Enteral Nutr.\n\t\t\t\t\t1991;\n\t\t\t\t\t15(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t319\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t322."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b13","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil.","article-title":"Caloric intake relative to total daily energy expenditure using a spinal cord injury-specific correction factor: An analysis by level of injury","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farkas\n              GJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGorgeyAS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDolbowDR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBergAS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterDR.\n          Caloric intake relative to total daily energy expenditure using a spinal cord injury-specific correction factor: An analysis by level of injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Phys Med Rehabil.2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0242."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b14","series-title":"Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Guidelines.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.\n          \n          Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Guidelines.\n          Chicago, IL:\n\t\t\t\t\tAuthor;\n\t\t\t\t\t2009. https:\/\/andeal.org\/topic.cfm?menu=5292&pcat=3487&cat=5448"},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b15","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1646","article-title":"Frequency of dietary recalls, nutritional assessment, and body composition assessment in men with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"96","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gorgey\n              AS\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCaudillC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSistrunS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tFrequency of dietary recalls, nutritional assessment, and body composition assessment in men with chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t96(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t1646\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1653."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b16","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"165","article-title":"Effects of resistance training on adiposity and metabolism after spinal cord injury","volume":"44","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gorgey\n              AS\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMatherKJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCuppHR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterDR.\n          Effects of resistance training on adiposity and metabolism after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sports Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t44(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t165\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t174."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b17","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"25","article-title":"Nutrient intake and body habitus after spinal cord injury: An analysis by sex and level of injury","volume":"32","year":"2009","unstructured":"Groah\n              SL\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNashMS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLjungbergIH,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tNutrient intake and body habitus after spinal cord injury: An analysis by sex and level of injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t32(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t25\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t33."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b18","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"127","article-title":"Dietary intake relative to cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: A pilot study","volume":"20","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lieberman\n              J\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDavid GoffJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHammondF,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tDietary intake relative to cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: A pilot study.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t20(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t127\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t136."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b19","series-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Activity","first-page":"14","article-title":"Energy balance components in persons with paraplegia: Daily variation and appropriate measurement duration","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nightingale\n              TE\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWilliamsS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThompsonD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBilzonJLJ.\n          Energy balance components in persons with paraplegia: Daily variation and appropriate measurement duration.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Behav Nutr Phys Activity.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t14."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b20","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"433","article-title":"Dietary pattern as identified by factorial analysis and its association with lipid profile and fasting plasma glucose among Iranian individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"39","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sabour\n              H\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSoltaniZ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLatifiS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJavidanAN.\n          Dietary pattern as identified by factorial analysis and its association with lipid profile and fasting plasma glucose among Iranian individuals with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t39(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t433\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t442."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b21","series-title":"2015\u20132020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.","year":"2015","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture.\n          \n          2015\u20132020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.\n          8th ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tDecember2015. https:\/\/health.gov\/dietaryguidelines\/2015\/guidelines\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b22","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"3","article-title":"Nutritional status in chronic spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farkas\n              GJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPitotMA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBergAS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterDR.\n          Nutritional status in chronic spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t57(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t3\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t17."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b23","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"188","article-title":"Nutritional health considerations for persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"23","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bigford\n              G\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNashMS.\n          Nutritional health considerations for persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t23(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t188\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t206."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b24","series-title":"The Physiology of Exercise in Spinal Cord Injury","first-page":"175","article-title":"Alterations in body composition after SCI and the mitigating role of exercise","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gater\n              DR\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFarkasGJ.\n          Alterations in body composition after SCI and the mitigating role of exercise.\n\t\t\t\t\tInTaylorJ,\n\t\t\t\t\ted.\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Physiology of Exercise in Spinal Cord Injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tNew York:\n\t\t\t\t\tSpringer;\n\t\t\t\t\t2016:\n\t\t\t\t\t175\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t198."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b1","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"378","article-title":"Neurogenic obesity and systemic inflammation following spinal cord injury: A review","volume":"41","year":"2018","unstructured":"Farkas\n              GJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterDR.\n          Neurogenic obesity and systemic inflammation following spinal cord injury: A review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t41(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t378\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t387."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b2","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"86","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in veterans with spinal cord injury","volume":"42","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gater\n              DR\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFarkasGJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBergAS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCastilloC.\n          Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in veterans with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t86\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t93."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b3","series-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am","first-page":"333","article-title":"Obesity after spinal cord injury","volume":"18","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gater\n              DR\n              Jr.\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Obesity after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhys Med Rehabil Clin N Am.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t18(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t333\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t351,\n\t\t\t\t\tvii."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b4","series-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metabol","first-page":"E539","article-title":"Resting energy expenditure-fat-free mass relationship: New insights provided by body composition modeling","volume":"279","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wang\n              ZM\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHeshkaS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGallagherD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBoozerCN,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKotlerDP,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHeymsfieldSB.\n          Resting energy expenditure-fat-free mass relationship: New insights provided by body composition modeling.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metabol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t279(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\tE539\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\tE45."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b5","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"6","article-title":"Relationship of spasticity to soft tissue body composition and the metabolic profile in persons with chronic motor complete spinal cord injury","volume":"33","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gorgey\n              AS\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChiodoAE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tZemperED,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHornyakJE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRodriguezGM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterDR.\n          Relationship of spasticity to soft tissue body composition and the metabolic profile in persons with chronic motor complete spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t33(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t6\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t15."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b6","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"1575","article-title":"2011 Compendium of physical activities: A second update of codes and MET values","volume":"43","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ainsworth\n              BE\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHaskellWL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHerrmannSD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011 Compendium of physical activities: A second update of codes and MET values.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sports Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t43(\n\t\t\t\t\t8):\n\t\t\t\t\t1575\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1581."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b7","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"691","article-title":"Energy cost of physical activities in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"42","year":"2010","unstructured":"Collins\n              EG\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKiratliJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tButlerJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHansonK,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLangbeinWE.\n          Energy cost of physical activities in persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sports Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t691\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t700."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b8","series-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metabol.","article-title":"A systematic review of the accuracy of estimated and measured resting metabolic rate in chronic spinal cord injury [published online ahead of print 2019]","unstructured":"Farkas\n              GJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPitotMA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterDR.\n\t\t\t\t\t.\n\t\t\t\t\tA systematic review of the accuracy of estimated and measured resting metabolic rate in chronic spinal cord injury [published online ahead of print 2019].\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metabol."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b9","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"379","article-title":"Identification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury: Clinical practice guideline for health care providers","volume":"24","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nash\n              MS\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGroahSL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterDR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tIdentification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury: Clinical practice guideline for health care providers.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t24(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t379\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t423."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b10","series-title":"Nutr Clin Pract","first-page":"430","article-title":"Energy expenditure and protein requirements after traumatic injury","volume":"21","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frankenfield\n              D.\n            \n          \n          Energy expenditure and protein requirements after traumatic injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tNutr Clin Pract.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t21(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t430\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t437."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b11","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"599","article-title":"The metabolic response to spinal cord injury","volume":"35","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rodriguez\n              DJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBenzelEC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tClevengerFW.\n          The metabolic response to spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t35(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t599\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t604."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b12","series-title":"J Parenter Enteral Nutr","first-page":"319","article-title":"Obligatory negative nitrogen-balance following spinal-cord injury","volume":"15","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rodriguez\n              DJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tClevengerFW,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tOslerTM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDemarestGB,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFryDE.\n          Obligatory negative nitrogen-balance following spinal-cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Parenter Enteral Nutr.\n\t\t\t\t\t1991;\n\t\t\t\t\t15(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t319\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t322."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b13","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil.","article-title":"Caloric intake relative to total daily energy expenditure using a spinal cord injury-specific correction factor: An analysis by level of injury","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farkas\n              GJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGorgeyAS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDolbowDR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBergAS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterDR.\n          Caloric intake relative to total daily energy expenditure using a spinal cord injury-specific correction factor: An analysis by level of injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Phys Med Rehabil.2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0242."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b14","series-title":"Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Guidelines.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.\n          \n          Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Guidelines.\n          Chicago, IL:\n\t\t\t\t\tAuthor;\n\t\t\t\t\t2009. https:\/\/andeal.org\/topic.cfm?menu=5292&pcat=3487&cat=5448"},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b15","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1646","article-title":"Frequency of dietary recalls, nutritional assessment, and body composition assessment in men with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"96","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gorgey\n              AS\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCaudillC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSistrunS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tFrequency of dietary recalls, nutritional assessment, and body composition assessment in men with chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t96(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t1646\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1653."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b16","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"165","article-title":"Effects of resistance training on adiposity and metabolism after spinal cord injury","volume":"44","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gorgey\n              AS\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMatherKJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCuppHR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterDR.\n          Effects of resistance training on adiposity and metabolism after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sports Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t44(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t165\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t174."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b17","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"25","article-title":"Nutrient intake and body habitus after spinal cord injury: An analysis by sex and level of injury","volume":"32","year":"2009","unstructured":"Groah\n              SL\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNashMS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLjungbergIH,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tNutrient intake and body habitus after spinal cord injury: An analysis by sex and level of injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t32(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t25\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t33."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b18","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"127","article-title":"Dietary intake relative to cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: A pilot study","volume":"20","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lieberman\n              J\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDavid GoffJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHammondF,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tDietary intake relative to cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: A pilot study.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t20(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t127\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t136."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b19","series-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Activity","first-page":"14","article-title":"Energy balance components in persons with paraplegia: Daily variation and appropriate measurement duration","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nightingale\n              TE\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWilliamsS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThompsonD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBilzonJLJ.\n          Energy balance components in persons with paraplegia: Daily variation and appropriate measurement duration.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Behav Nutr Phys Activity.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t14."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b20","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"433","article-title":"Dietary pattern as identified by factorial analysis and its association with lipid profile and fasting plasma glucose among Iranian individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"39","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sabour\n              H\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSoltaniZ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLatifiS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJavidanAN.\n          Dietary pattern as identified by factorial analysis and its association with lipid profile and fasting plasma glucose among Iranian individuals with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t39(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t433\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t442."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b21","series-title":"2015\u20132020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.","year":"2015","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture.\n          \n          2015\u20132020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.\n          8th ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tDecember2015. https:\/\/health.gov\/dietaryguidelines\/2015\/guidelines\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b22","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"3","article-title":"Nutritional status in chronic spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farkas\n              GJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPitotMA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBergAS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterDR.\n          Nutritional status in chronic spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t57(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t3\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t17."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b23","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"188","article-title":"Nutritional health considerations for persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"23","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bigford\n              G\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNashMS.\n          Nutritional health considerations for persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t23(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t188\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t206."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-197-b24","series-title":"The Physiology of Exercise in Spinal Cord Injury","first-page":"175","article-title":"Alterations in body composition after SCI and the mitigating role of exercise","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gater\n              DR\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFarkasGJ.\n          Alterations in body composition after SCI and the mitigating role of exercise.\n\t\t\t\t\tInTaylorJ,\n\t\t\t\t\ted.\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Physiology of Exercise in Spinal Cord Injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tNew York:\n\t\t\t\t\tSpringer;\n\t\t\t\t\t2016:\n\t\t\t\t\t175\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t198."}],"container-title":["Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/tscr\/26\/3\/article-p197.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/tscir\/article-pdf\/26\/3\/197\/3068832\/sci2603-197.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tscr\/26\/3\/article-p197.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tscr\/26\/3\/article-p197.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T15:50:18Z","timestamp":1775145018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/tscr\/26\/3\/article-p197.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46292\/sci2603-197","relation":{},"ISSN":["1082-0744"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1082-0744","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}}}