{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:49:54Z","timestamp":1775148594827,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) are predisposed to accelerated atherogenesis, dyslipidemia, and glycemic dysregulation, although not enough is known about the etiologies or clinical consequences of these secondary effects of paralysis. While guidelines for the detection and treatment of cardiometabolic disease in SCI have recently been published, there has been a historical paucity of data-driven approaches to these conditions. This article will describe what is and not known about the cardiovascular disease and glycemic dysregulation that frequently attend SCI. It will conclude with a review of both guideline-driven and informal recommendations addressing the clinical care of people living with SCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.46292\/sci2603-203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]],"date-time":"2020-11-02T13:59:40Z","timestamp":1604325580000},"page":"203-208","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Provider\u2019s Guide to Vascular Disease, Dyslipidemia, and Glycemic Dysregulation in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Stillman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Savalan","family":"Babapoor-Farrokhran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine of University of Miami, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Gater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine of University of Miami, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b1","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity after spinal cord injury","volume":"12","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gorgey\n              AS\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterDRJr.\n\t\t\t\t\t.\n\t\t\t\t\tPrevalence of obesity after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t12(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t7."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b2","series-title":"The Physiology of Exercise in Spinal Cord Injury","first-page":"175","article-title":"Alterations in body cocmpostion after SCI and the mitigating role of exercise","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gater\n              DR\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFarkasGJ.\n          Alterations in body cocmpostion after SCI and the mitigating role of exercise.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:\n\t\t\t\t\tTaylorJA.\n\t\t\t\t\t,\n\t\t\t\t\ted.\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Physiology of Exercise in Spinal Cord Injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpringer;\n\t\t\t\t\t2016:\n\t\t\t\t\t175\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t198."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b3","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"378","article-title":"Neurogenic obesity and systemic inflammation following spinal cord injury: A review","volume":"41","year":"2018","unstructured":"Farkas\n              GJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterDR.\n          Neurogenic obesity and systemic inflammation following spinal cord injury: A review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t41(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t378\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t387."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b4","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"86","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in veterans with spinal cord injury","volume":"42","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gater\n              DR\n              Jr\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFarkasGJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBergAS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCastilloC.\n          Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in veterans with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t86\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t93."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b5","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"946","article-title":"Cardiac stress testing with thallium-201 imaging reveals silent ischemia in individuals with paraplegia","volume":"75","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bauman\n              WA\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRazaM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSpungenAM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMachacJ.\n          Cardiac stress testing with thallium-201 imaging reveals silent ischemia in individuals with paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t1994;\n\t\t\t\t\t75(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t946\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t950."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b6","series-title":"Int Heart J","first-page":"325","article-title":"Evaluating the prevalence of silent coronary artery disease in asymptomatic patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"47","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee\n              CS\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLuYH,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLeeST,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLinCC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDingHJ.\n          Evaluating the prevalence of silent coronary artery disease in asymptomatic patients with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt Heart J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t47(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t325\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t330."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b7","series-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol","first-page":"H766","article-title":"Evidence for greater burden of peripheral arterial disease in lower extremity arteries of spinal cord-injured individuals","volume":"301","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bell\n              JW\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChenD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBahlsM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNewcomerSC.\n          Evidence for greater burden of peripheral arterial disease in lower extremity arteries of spinal cord-injured individuals.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t301(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\tH766\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t72."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b8","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"775","article-title":"Measurement of coronary artery calcification by electron beam computerized tomography in persons with chronic spinal cord injury: Evidence for increased atherosclerotic burden","volume":"45","year":"2007","unstructured":"Orakzai\n              SH\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tOrakzaiRH,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAhmadiN,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tMeasurement of coronary artery calcification by electron beam computerized tomography in persons with chronic spinal cord injury: Evidence for increased atherosclerotic burden.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t45(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t775\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t779."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b9","series-title":"2016 Spinal Cord Injury Facts and Figures at a Glance.","unstructured":"National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center.\n          \n          2016 Spinal Cord Injury Facts and Figures at a Glance.\n          University of Alabama at Birmingham.\n\t\t\t\t\twww.nscisc.uab.edu. Accessed December 16, 2017."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b10","series-title":"Spinal Cord.","first-page":"408","article-title":"A prospective assessment of mortality in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"43","year":"2005","unstructured":"Garshick\n              E\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKelleyA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCohenSA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tA prospective assessment of mortality in chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.200543(\n\t\t\t\t\t7):\n\t\t\t\t\t408\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t416."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b11","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"784","article-title":"Predictors of mortality in veterans with traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"51","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rabadi\n              MH\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMayannaSK,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVincentAS.\n          Predictors of mortality in veterans with traumatic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t51(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t784\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t788."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b12","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"80","article-title":"Spinal cord injury and aging: Challenges and recommendations for future research","volume":"91","year":"2012","unstructured":"Groah\n              SL\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCharlifueS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTateD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal cord injury and aging: Challenges and recommendations for future research.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t91(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t80\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t93."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b13","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"298","article-title":"Mortality benefit of statin use in traumatic spinal cord injury: A retrospective analysis","volume":"54","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stillman\n              MD\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAstonCE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRabadiMH.\n          Mortality benefit of statin use in traumatic spinal cord injury: A retrospective analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t54(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t298\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t302."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b14","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"697","article-title":"Depressed serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in veterans with spinal cord injury","volume":"30","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bauman\n              WA\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSpungenAM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tZhongYG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRothsteinJL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPetryC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGordonSK.\n          Depressed serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in veterans with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tParaplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\t1992;\n\t\t\t\t\t30(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t697\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t703."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b15","series-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev","first-page":"73","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk in community-dwelling persons with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"31","year":"2011","unstructured":"Groah\n              SL\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNashMS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWardEA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tCardiometabolic risk in community-dwelling persons with chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t31(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t73\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t80."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b16","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"183","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk clustering in spinal cord injury: Results of exploratory factor analysis","volume":"19","year":"2013","unstructured":"Libin\n              A\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTinsleyEA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNashMS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tCardiometabolic risk clustering in spinal cord injury: Results of exploratory factor analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t19(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t183\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t194."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b17","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"751","article-title":"A guideline-driven assessment of need for cardiovascular disease risk intervention in persons with chronic paraplegia","volume":"88","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nash\n              MS\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMendezAJ.\n          A guideline-driven assessment of need for cardiovascular disease risk intervention in persons with chronic paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t88(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t751\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t757."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b18","series-title":"J Clin Lipidol","first-page":"325","article-title":"Prevalence of lipid abnormalities in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003\u20132006","volume":"6","year":"2012","unstructured":"Toth\n              PP\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPotterD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMingEE.\n          Prevalence of lipid abnormalities in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003\u20132006.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Lipidol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t6(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t325\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t330."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b19","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"399","article-title":"Safety, tolerance, and efficacy of extended-release niacin monotherapy for treating dyslipidemia risks in persons with chronic tetraplegia: A randomized multicenter controlled trial","volume":"92","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nash\n              MS\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLewisJE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDyson-HudsonTA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tSafety, tolerance, and efficacy of extended-release niacin monotherapy for treating dyslipidemia risks in persons with chronic tetraplegia: A randomized multicenter controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t92(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t399\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t410."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b20","series-title":"Diabetes","first-page":"906","article-title":"Glucose intolerance due to insulin resistance in patients with spinal cord injuries","volume":"29","year":"1980","unstructured":"Duckworth\n              WC\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSolomonSS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJallepalliP,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHeckemeyerC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFinnernJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPowersA.\n          Glucose intolerance due to insulin resistance in patients with spinal cord injuries.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes.\n\t\t\t\t\t1980;\n\t\t\t\t\t29(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t906\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t910."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b21","series-title":"Metabolism","first-page":"749","article-title":"Disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in veterans with paraplegia or quadriplegia: A model of premature aging","volume":"43","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bauman\n              WA\n  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Spinal Cord Injury.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nash,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGroah,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS..\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Identification and Management of Cardiometabolic Risk after Spinal Cord Injury.\n          2018.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/www.pva.org\/publications\/clinical-practice-guidelines. Accessed November 23, 2018."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b24","series-title":"Transl Res","first-page":"57","article-title":"Cardiovascular consequences of metabolic syndrome","volume":"183","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tune\n              JD\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGoodwillAG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSassoonDJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMatherKJ.\n          Cardiovascular consequences of metabolic syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tTransl Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t183:\n\t\t\t\t\t57\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t70."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b25","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"711","article-title":"Intramuscular fat and glucose tolerance after spinal cord injury--a cross-sectional study","volume":"42","year":"2004","unstructured":"Elder\n              CP\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAppleDF,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBickelCS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMeyerRA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDudleyGA.\n          Intramuscular fat and glucose tolerance after spinal cord injury--a cross-sectional study.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t711\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t716."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b26","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"277","article-title":"Prediction of peak oxygen consumption from the ratings of perceived exertion during a graded exercise test and ramp exercise test in able-bodied participants and paraplegic persons","volume":"92","year":"2011","unstructured":"Al-Rahamneh\n              HQ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tEstonRG.\n          Prediction of peak oxygen consumption from the ratings of perceived exertion during a graded exercise test and ramp exercise test in able-bodied participants and paraplegic persons.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t92(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t277\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t283."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b27","series-title":"Auton Neurosci","first-page":"4","article-title":"Alterations in cardiac autonomic control in spinal cord injury","volume":"209","year":"2018","unstructured":"Biering-Sorensen\n              F\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBiering-SorensenT,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLiuN,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMalmqvistL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWechtJM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKrassioukovA.\n          Alterations in cardiac autonomic control in spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tAuton Neurosci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t209:\n\t\t\t\t\t4\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t18."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b28","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"292","article-title":"Relationships of oxygen uptake, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion in persons with paraplegia during functional neuromuscular stimulation assisted ambulation","volume":"35","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jacobs\n              PL\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKloseKJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGuestR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNeedham-ShropshireB,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBrotonJG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGreenBA.\n          Relationships of oxygen uptake, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion in persons with paraplegia during functional neuromuscular stimulation assisted ambulation.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t35(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t292\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t298."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b29","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"727","article-title":"Exercise recommendations for individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"34","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jacobs\n              PL\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNashMS.\n          Exercise recommendations for individuals with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t34(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t727\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t751."},{"issue":"18","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b30","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"2631","article-title":"Low-dose testosterone and evoked resistance exercise after spinal cord injury on cardio-metabolic risk factors: An open-label randomized clinical trial","volume":"36","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gorgey\n              AS\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKhalilRE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGillR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tLow-dose testosterone and evoked resistance exercise after spinal cord injury on cardio-metabolic risk factors: An open-label randomized clinical trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Neurotrauma.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t36(\n\t\t\t\t\t18):\n\t\t\t\t\t2631\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2645."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b31","series-title":"Clinical Exercise Physiology.","first-page":"489","article-title":"Spinal cord injury","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gater\n              DR\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFigoniSF.\n\t\t\t\t\t.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:\n\t\t\t\t\tEhrmanJK,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGordonPM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVisichPS.\n\t\t\t\t\t,\n\t\t\t\t\teds.\n\t\t\t\t\tClinical Exercise Physiology.3rd ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tChampaign, IL:\n\t\t\t\t\tHuman Kinetics;\n\t\t\t\t\t2013:\n\t\t\t\t\t489\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t510."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b32","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"691","article-title":"Energy cost of physical activities in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"42","year":"2010","unstructured":"Collins\n              EG\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKiratliJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tButlerJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHansonK,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLangbeinWE.\n          Energy cost of physical activities in persons with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sports Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t691\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t700."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b33","series-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metabol","first-page":"548","article-title":"DR","volume":"29","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farkas\n              GJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPitotMA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterJr.\n          DR.\n\t\t\t\t\tA systematic review of the accuracy of estimated and measured resting metabolic rate in chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metabol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t29(\n\t\t\t\t\t5):\n\t\t\t\t\t548\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t558."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b34","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"3","article-title":"Nutritional status in chronic spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farkas\n              GJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPitotMA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBergAS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterDR.\n          Nutritional status in chronic spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t57(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t3\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t17."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b35","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"608","article-title":"Current coronary heart disease risk assessment tools may underestimate risk in community-dwelling persons with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Finnie\n              AK\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBuchholzAC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMartin GinisKA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSHAPE SCI Research Group.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Current coronary heart disease risk assessment tools may underestimate risk in community-dwelling persons with chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t46(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t608\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t615."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b36","series-title":"Circulation.","article-title":"2018 AHA\/ACC\/AACVPR\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/ADA\/AGS\/APhA\/ASPC\/NLA\/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol","volume":"10","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grundy\n              SM\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tStoneNJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBaileyAL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018 AHA\/ACC\/AACVPR\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/ADA\/AGS\/APhA\/ASPC\/NLA\/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol.\n\t\t\t\t\tCirculation.2018Nov10:\n\t\t\t\t\tCIR0000000000000625."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b1","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity after spinal cord injury","volume":"12","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gorgey\n              AS\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterDRJr.\n\t\t\t\t\t.\n\t\t\t\t\tPrevalence of obesity after spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t12(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t7."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b2","series-title":"The Physiology of Exercise in Spinal Cord Injury","first-page":"175","article-title":"Alterations in body cocmpostion after SCI and the mitigating role of exercise","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gater\n              DR\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFarkasGJ.\n          Alterations in body cocmpostion after SCI and the mitigating role of exercise.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:\n\t\t\t\t\tTaylorJA.\n\t\t\t\t\t,\n\t\t\t\t\ted.\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Physiology of Exercise in Spinal Cord Injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpringer;\n\t\t\t\t\t2016:\n\t\t\t\t\t175\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t198."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b3","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"378","article-title":"Neurogenic obesity and systemic inflammation following spinal cord injury: A review","volume":"41","year":"2018","unstructured":"Farkas\n              GJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGaterDR.\n          Neurogenic obesity and systemic inflammation following spinal cord injury: A review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t41(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t378\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t387."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b4","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"86","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in veterans with spinal cord injury","volume":"42","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gater\n              DR\n              Jr\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFarkasGJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBergAS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCastilloC.\n          Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in veterans with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Spinal Cord Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t86\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t93."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b5","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"946","article-title":"Cardiac stress testing with thallium-201 imaging reveals silent ischemia in individuals with paraplegia","volume":"75","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bauman\n              WA\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRazaM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSpungenAM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMachacJ.\n          Cardiac stress testing with thallium-201 imaging reveals silent ischemia in individuals with paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t1994;\n\t\t\t\t\t75(\n\t\t\t\t\t9):\n\t\t\t\t\t946\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t950."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b6","series-title":"Int Heart J","first-page":"325","article-title":"Evaluating the prevalence of silent coronary artery disease in asymptomatic patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"47","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee\n              CS\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLuYH,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLeeST,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLinCC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDingHJ.\n          Evaluating the prevalence of silent coronary artery disease in asymptomatic patients with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt Heart J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t47(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t325\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t330."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b7","series-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol","first-page":"H766","article-title":"Evidence for greater burden of peripheral arterial disease in lower extremity arteries of spinal cord-injured individuals","volume":"301","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bell\n              JW\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChenD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBahlsM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNewcomerSC.\n          Evidence for greater burden of peripheral arterial disease in lower extremity arteries of spinal cord-injured individuals.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t301(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\tH766\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t72."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b8","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"775","article-title":"Measurement of coronary artery calcification by electron beam computerized tomography in persons with chronic spinal cord injury: Evidence for increased atherosclerotic burden","volume":"45","year":"2007","unstructured":"Orakzai\n              SH\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tOrakzaiRH,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAhmadiN,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tMeasurement of coronary artery calcification by electron beam computerized tomography in persons with chronic spinal cord injury: Evidence for increased atherosclerotic burden.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t45(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t775\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t779."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b9","series-title":"2016 Spinal Cord Injury Facts and Figures at a Glance.","unstructured":"National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center.\n          \n          2016 Spinal Cord Injury Facts and Figures at a Glance.\n          University of Alabama at Birmingham.\n\t\t\t\t\twww.nscisc.uab.edu. Accessed December 16, 2017."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b10","series-title":"Spinal Cord.","first-page":"408","article-title":"A prospective assessment of mortality in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"43","year":"2005","unstructured":"Garshick\n              E\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKelleyA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCohenSA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tA prospective assessment of mortality in chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.200543(\n\t\t\t\t\t7):\n\t\t\t\t\t408\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t416."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b11","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"784","article-title":"Predictors of mortality in veterans with traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"51","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rabadi\n              MH\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMayannaSK,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVincentAS.\n          Predictors of mortality in veterans with traumatic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t51(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t784\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t788."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b12","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"80","article-title":"Spinal cord injury and aging: Challenges and recommendations for future research","volume":"91","year":"2012","unstructured":"Groah\n              SL\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCharlifueS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTateD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal cord injury and aging: Challenges and recommendations for future research.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t91(\n\t\t\t\t\t1):\n\t\t\t\t\t80\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t93."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b13","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"298","article-title":"Mortality benefit of statin use in traumatic spinal cord injury: A retrospective analysis","volume":"54","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stillman\n              MD\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAstonCE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRabadiMH.\n          Mortality benefit of statin use in traumatic spinal cord injury: A retrospective analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t54(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t298\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t302."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b14","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"697","article-title":"Depressed serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in veterans with spinal cord injury","volume":"30","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bauman\n              WA\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSpungenAM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tZhongYG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRothsteinJL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPetryC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGordonSK.\n          Depressed serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in veterans with spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tParaplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\t1992;\n\t\t\t\t\t30(\n\t\t\t\t\t10):\n\t\t\t\t\t697\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t703."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b15","series-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev","first-page":"73","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk in community-dwelling persons with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"31","year":"2011","unstructured":"Groah\n              SL\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNashMS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWardEA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tCardiometabolic risk in community-dwelling persons with chronic spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t31(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t73\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t80."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b16","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"183","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk clustering in spinal cord injury: Results of exploratory factor analysis","volume":"19","year":"2013","unstructured":"Libin\n              A\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTinsleyEA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNashMS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tCardiometabolic risk clustering in spinal cord injury: Results of exploratory factor analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t19(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t183\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t194."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b17","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"751","article-title":"A guideline-driven assessment of need for cardiovascular disease risk intervention in persons with chronic paraplegia","volume":"88","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nash\n              MS\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMendezAJ.\n          A guideline-driven assessment of need for cardiovascular disease risk intervention in persons with chronic paraplegia.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t88(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t751\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t757."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b18","series-title":"J Clin Lipidol","first-page":"325","article-title":"Prevalence of lipid abnormalities in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003\u20132006","volume":"6","year":"2012","unstructured":"Toth\n              PP\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPotterD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMingEE.\n          Prevalence of lipid abnormalities in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003\u20132006.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Lipidol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t6(\n\t\t\t\t\t4):\n\t\t\t\t\t325\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t330."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b19","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"399","article-title":"Safety, tolerance, and efficacy of extended-release niacin monotherapy for treating dyslipidemia risks in persons with chronic tetraplegia: A randomized multicenter controlled trial","volume":"92","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nash\n              MS\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLewisJE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDyson-HudsonTA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\tSafety, tolerance, and efficacy of extended-release niacin monotherapy for treating dyslipidemia risks in persons with chronic tetraplegia: A randomized multicenter controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t92(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t399\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t410."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b20","series-title":"Diabetes","first-page":"906","article-title":"Glucose intolerance due to insulin resistance in patients with spinal cord injuries","volume":"29","year":"1980","unstructured":"Duckworth\n              WC\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSolomonSS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJallepalliP,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHeckemeyerC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFinnernJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPowersA.\n          Glucose intolerance due to insulin resistance in patients with spinal cord injuries.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes.\n\t\t\t\t\t1980;\n\t\t\t\t\t29(\n\t\t\t\t\t11):\n\t\t\t\t\t906\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t910."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b21","series-title":"Metabolism","first-page":"749","article-title":"Disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in veterans with paraplegia or quadriplegia: A model of premature aging","volume":"43","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bauman\n              WA\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSpungenAM.\n          Disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in veterans with paraplegia or quadriplegia: A model of premature aging.\n\t\t\t\t\tMetabolism.\n\t\t\t\t\t1994;\n\t\t\t\t\t43(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t749\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t756."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b22","series-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Int","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel, disordered glycemic control and chronic spinal cord injury: A preliminary investigation","volume":"4","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stillman\n              M\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGravesD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLennemanC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWilliamsS.\n          Neurogenic bowel, disordered glycemic control and chronic spinal cord injury: A preliminary investigation.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhys Med Rehabil Int.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t4(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t3."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b23","series-title":"Identification and Management of Cardiometabolic Risk after Spinal Cord Injury.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nash,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGroah,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS..\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Identification and Management of Cardiometabolic Risk after Spinal Cord Injury.\n          2018.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/www.pva.org\/publications\/clinical-practice-guidelines. Accessed November 23, 2018."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b24","series-title":"Transl Res","first-page":"57","article-title":"Cardiovascular consequences of metabolic syndrome","volume":"183","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tune\n              JD\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGoodwillAG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSassoonDJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMatherKJ.\n          Cardiovascular consequences of metabolic syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tTransl Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t183:\n\t\t\t\t\t57\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t70."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b25","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"711","article-title":"Intramuscular fat and glucose tolerance after spinal cord injury--a cross-sectional study","volume":"42","year":"2004","unstructured":"Elder\n              CP\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAppleDF,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBickelCS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMeyerRA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDudleyGA.\n          Intramuscular fat and glucose tolerance after spinal cord injury--a cross-sectional study.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpinal Cord.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t711\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t716."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b26","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"277","article-title":"Prediction of peak oxygen consumption from the ratings of perceived exertion during a graded exercise test and ramp exercise test in able-bodied participants and paraplegic persons","volume":"92","year":"2011","unstructured":"Al-Rahamneh\n              HQ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tEstonRG.\n          Prediction of peak oxygen consumption from the ratings of perceived exertion during a graded exercise test and ramp exercise test in able-bodied participants and paraplegic persons.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t92(\n\t\t\t\t\t2):\n\t\t\t\t\t277\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t283."},{"key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b27","series-title":"Auton Neurosci","first-page":"4","article-title":"Alterations in cardiac autonomic control in spinal cord injury","volume":"209","year":"2018","unstructured":"Biering-Sorensen\n              F\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBiering-SorensenT,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLiuN,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMalmqvistL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWechtJM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKrassioukovA.\n          Alterations in cardiac autonomic control in spinal cord injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tAuton Neurosci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t209:\n\t\t\t\t\t4\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t18."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-26-3-203-b28","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"292","article-title":"Relationships of oxygen uptake, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion in persons with paraplegia during functional neuromuscular stimulation assisted ambulation","volume":"35","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jacobs\n              PL\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKloseKJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGuestR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNeedham-ShropshireB,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBrotonJG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGreenBA.\n          Relationships of oxygen uptake, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion in persons with paraplegia 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