{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:50:01Z","timestamp":1791589801717,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":530,"publisher":"American Spinal Injury Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.46292\/sci2702-75","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T15:41:16Z","timestamp":1621870876000},"page":"75-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Management of Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction in Adults after Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.46292","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jeffery","family":"Johns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Krogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianna M.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice","family":"Eng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Haller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malorie","family":"Heinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kansas Health Care System, Kansas City, Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafferty","family":"Laredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United Spinal Association, Houston, Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilda","family":"Montero-Colon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Caribbean Health Care System, San Juan, Puerto Rico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diplomate, American Board of Professional Psychology (RP) Private Practice, Denver, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Korsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine @ Mt Sinai, New York, New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"25425","reference":[{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b1","series-title":"AMIA Annu Symp Proc","first-page":"359","article-title":"Evaluation of PICO as a knowledge representation for clinical questions","volume":"2006","unstructured":"Huang\n X,\n \n \n Lin\n J,\n \n \n Demner-Fushman\n D.\n \n \n Evaluation of PICO as a knowledge representation for clinical questions.AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2006: 359\u2013363."},{"issue":"7650","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b2","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"924","article-title":"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyatt\n GH,\n \n \n Oxman\n AD,\n \n \n Vist\n GE,\n \n ; GRADE Working Group.\n GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations.BMJ.2008; 336( 7650): 924\u2013926."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b3","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"201","article-title":"International standards to document remaining autonomic function after spinal cord injury","volume":"35","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krassioukov\n A,\n \n \n Biering-S\u00f8rensen\n F,\n \n \n Donovan\n W,\n \n ; Autonomic Standards Committee of the American Spinal Injury Association\/International Spinal Cord Society.\n International standards to document remaining autonomic function after spinal cord injury.J Spinal Cord Med.2012; 35( 4): 201\u2013210."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b4","series-title":"Gastroenterology","first-page":"287","article-title":"Colonic dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"86","year":"1984","unstructured":"Glick\n ME,\n \n \n Meshkinpour\n H,\n \n \n Haldeman\n S,\n \n \n Hoeler\n F,\n \n \n Downey\n N,\n \n \n Bradley\n WE.\n \n \n Colonic dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury.Gastroenterology.1984; 86( 2): 287\u2013294."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b5","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"111","article-title":"Colonic compliance in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"64","year":"1983","unstructured":"Meshkinpour\n H,\n \n \n Nowroozi\n F,\n \n \n Glick\n ME.\n \n \n Colonic compliance in patients with spinal cord injury.Arch Phys Med Rehabil.1983; 64( 3): 111\u2013112."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b6","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"641","article-title":"Rectal wall properties in patients with acute and chronic spinal cord lesions","volume":"45","year":"2002","unstructured":"Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Mosdal\n C,\n \n \n Gregersen\n H,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S.\n \n \n Rectal wall properties in patients with acute and chronic spinal cord lesions.Dis Colon Rectum.2002; 45( 5): 641\u2013649."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b7","series-title":"Acta Neurol Scand","first-page":"123","article-title":"Gastric and small intestinal dysfunction in spinal cord injury patients","volume":"125","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fynne\n L,\n \n \n Wors\u00f8e\n J,\n \n \n Gregersen\n T,\n \n \n Schlageter\n V,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S,\n \n \n Krogh\n K.\n \n \n Gastric and small intestinal dysfunction in spinal cord injury patients.Acta Neurol Scand.2012; 125( 2): 123\u2013128."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b8","series-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst","first-page":"199","article-title":"Colonic transit time and anorectal manometric anomalies in 19 patients with complete transection of the spinal cord","volume":"30","year":"1990","unstructured":"Beuret-Blanquart\n F,\n \n \n Weber\n J,\n \n \n Gouverneur\n JP,\n \n \n Demangeon\n S,\n \n \n Denis\n P.\n \n \n Colonic transit time and anorectal manometric anomalies in 19 patients with complete transection of the spinal cord.J Auton Nerv Syst.1990; 30( 3): 199\u2013207."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b9","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"240","article-title":"Cisapride for constipation in spinal cord injured patients: a preliminary report","volume":"18","year":"1995","unstructured":"Longo\n WE,\n \n \n Woolsey\n RM,\n \n \n Vernava\n AM,\n \n \n Virgo\n KS,\n \n \n McKirgan\n L,\n \n \n Johnson\n FE.\n \n \n Cisapride for constipation in spinal cord injured patients: a preliminary report.J Spinal Cord Med.1995; 18( 4): 240\u2013244."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b10","series-title":"Gastroenterology","first-page":"1372","article-title":"Anorectal function in incontinent patients with cerebrospinal disease","volume":"99","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sun\n WM,\n \n \n Read\n NW,\n \n \n Donnelly\n TC.\n \n \n Anorectal function in incontinent patients with cerebrospinal disease.Gastroenterology.1990; 99( 5): 1372\u20131379."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b11","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"256","article-title":"An investigation on the nervous control of defaecation","volume":"58","year":"1935","unstructured":"Denny-Brown\n D,\n \n \n Graeme Robertson\n E.\n \n \n An investigation on the nervous control of defaecation.Brain.1935; 58: 256\u2013310."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b12","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"615","article-title":"Gastrointestinal & segmental colonic transit times in patients with acute and chronic spinal cord lesions","volume":"38","year":"2000","unstructured":"Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Mosdal\n C,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S.\n \n \n Gastrointestinal & segmental colonic transit times in patients with acute and chronic spinal cord lesions.Spinal Cord.2000; 38( 10): 615\u2013621."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b13","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"924","article-title":"Large-bowel transit in paraplegic patients","volume":"30","year":"1987","unstructured":"Menardo\n G,\n \n \n Bausano\n G,\n \n \n Corazziari\n E,\n \n .\n Large-bowel transit in paraplegic patients.Dis Colon Rectum.1987; 30( 12): 924\u2013928."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b14","series-title":"Invest Radiol","first-page":"109","article-title":"Colonic transit in spinal cord-injured patients","volume":"25","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nino-Murcia\n M,\n \n \n Stone\n JM,\n \n \n Chang\n PJ,\n \n \n Perkash\n I.\n \n \n Colonic transit in spinal cord-injured patients.Invest Radiol.1990; 25( 2): 109\u2013112."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b15","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"72","article-title":"Reproducibility and validity of radiographically determined gastrointestinal and segmental colonic transit times in spinal cord-injured patients","volume":"47","year":"2009","unstructured":"Media\n S,\n \n \n Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Lauge\n I,\n \n \n Al-Hashimi\n M,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S,\n \n \n Krogh\n K.\n \n \n Reproducibility and validity of radiographically determined gastrointestinal and segmental colonic transit times in spinal cord-injured patients.Spinal Cord.2009; 47( 1): 72\u201375."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b16","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"683","article-title":"Colorectal transport during defecation in subjects with supraconal spinal cord injury","volume":"51","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rasmussen\n MM,\n \n \n Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Clemmensen\n D,\n \n \n Bluhme\n H,\n \n \n Rawashdeh\n Y,\n \n \n Christensen\n P.\n \n \n Colorectal transport during defecation in subjects with supraconal spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2013; 51( 9): 683\u2013687."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b17","series-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil","first-page":"25","article-title":"Colorectal transport during defecation in patients with lesions of the sacral spinal cord","volume":"15","year":"2003","unstructured":"Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Olsen\n N,\n \n \n Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Madsen\n JL,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S.\n \n \n Colorectal transport during defecation in patients with lesions of the sacral spinal cord.Neurogastroenterol Motil.2003; 15( 1): 25\u201331."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b18","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"81","article-title":"SmartPill technology provides safe and effective assessment of gastrointestinal function in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"50","year":"2012","unstructured":"Williams\n RE\n 3rd\n ,BaumanWA,SpungenAM,.\n SmartPill technology provides safe and effective assessment of gastrointestinal function in persons with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2012; 50( 1): 81\u201384."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b19","series-title":"Dig Dis Sci","first-page":"1512","article-title":"Gastric emptying in spinal cord injury patients","volume":"44","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kao\n CH,\n \n \n Ho\n YJ,\n \n \n Changlai\n SP,\n \n \n Ding\n HJ.\n \n \n Gastric emptying in spinal cord injury patients.Dig Dis Sci.1999; 44( 8): 1512\u20131515."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b20","series-title":"Gut","first-page":"488","article-title":"Anal pressure studies in spinal patients","volume":"18","year":"1977","unstructured":"Wheatley\n IC,\n \n \n Hardy\n KJ,\n \n \n Dent\n J.\n \n \n Anal pressure studies in spinal patients.Gut.1977; 18( 6): 488\u2013490."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b21","series-title":"Dig DisSci","first-page":"1908","article-title":"Morphological abnormalities of the recto-anal inhibitory reflex reflects symptom pattern in neurogenic bowel","volume":"57","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thiruppathy\n K,\n \n \n Roy\n A,\n \n \n Preziosi\n G,\n \n \n Pannicker\n J,\n \n \n Emmanuel\n A.\n \n \n Morphological abnormalities of the recto-anal inhibitory reflex reflects symptom pattern in neurogenic bowel.Dig DisSci.2012; 57( 7): 1908\u20131914."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b22","series-title":"Gut","first-page":"638","article-title":"Function of the anal sphincters in spinal man","volume":"16","year":"1975","unstructured":"Freckner\n B.\n \n \n Function of the anal sphincters in spinal man.Gut.1975; 16( 8): 638\u2013644."},{"issue":"9016","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b23","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1651","article-title":"Bowel dysfunction in spinal-cord-injury patients","volume":"347","year":"1996","unstructured":"Glickman\n S,\n \n \n Kamm\n MA.\n \n \n Bowel dysfunction in spinal-cord-injury patients.Lancet.1996; 347( 9016): 1651\u20131653."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b24","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"1233","article-title":"Colorectal function in patients with spinal cord lesions","volume":"40","year":"1997","unstructured":"Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Nielsen\n J,\n \n \n Djurhuus\n JC,\n \n \n Mosd9.al\n C,\n \n \n Sabroe\n S,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S.\n \n \n Colorectal function in patients with spinal cord lesions.Dis Colon Rectum.1997; 40( 10): 1233\u2013123"},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b25","series-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","first-page":"2290","article-title":"Bowel dysfunction in patients with motor complete spinal cord injury: clinical, neurological, and pathophysiological associations","volume":"101","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vall\u00e8s\n M,\n \n \n Vidal\n J,\n \n \n Clav\u00e9\n P,\n \n \n Mearin\n F.\n \n \n Bowel dysfunction in patients with motor complete spinal cord injury: clinical, neurological, and pathophysiological associations.Am J Gastroenterol.2006; 101( 10): 2290\u20132299."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b26","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"234","article-title":"The pattern of colorectal dysfunction changes with time since spinal cord injury","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Faaborg\n PM,\n \n \n Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Finnerup\n N,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S,\n \n \n Krogh\n K.\n \n \n The pattern of colorectal dysfunction changes with time since spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2008; 46( 3): 234\u2013238."},{"issue":"22","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b27","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil","first-page":"1381","article-title":"Health problems of persons with spinal cord injury living in the Netherlands","volume":"27","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bloemen-Vrencken\n JHA,\n \n \n Post\n MWM,\n \n \n Hendriks\n JMS,\n \n \n De Reus\n ECE,\n \n \n De Witte\n LP.\n \n \n Health problems of persons with spinal cord injury living in the Netherlands.Disabil Rehabil.2005; 27( 22): 1381\u20131389."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b28","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"323","article-title":"Management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in the community after spinal cord injury: a postal survey in the United Kingdom","volume":"47","year":"2009","unstructured":"Coggrave\n MJ,\n \n \n Norton\n C,\n \n \n Wilson-Barnett\n J.\n \n \n Management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in the community after spinal cord injury: a postal survey in the United Kingdom.Spinal Cord.2009; 47( 4): 323\u2013330."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b29","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"63","article-title":"Constipation and other chronic gastrointestinal problems in spinal cord injury patients","volume":"36","year":"1998","unstructured":"De Looze\n D,\n \n \n Van Laere\n M,\n \n \n De Muynck\n M,\n \n \n Beke\n R,\n \n \n Elewaut\n A.\n \n \n Constipation and other chronic gastrointestinal problems in spinal cord injury patients.Spinal Cord.1998; 36( 1): 63\u201366."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b30","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"485","article-title":"Chronic gastrointestinal problems and bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"36","year":"1998","unstructured":"Han\n TR,\n \n \n Kim\n JH,\n \n \n Kwon\n BS.\n \n \n Chronic gastrointestinal problems and bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.1998; 36( 7): 485\u2013490."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b31","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"545","article-title":"Secondary health complications in an aging Canadian spinal cord injury sample","volume":"87","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hitzig\n SL,\n \n \n Tonack\n M,\n \n \n Campbell\n KA,\n \n .\n Secondary health complications in an aging Canadian spinal cord injury sample.Am J Phys Med Rehabil.2008; 87( 7): 545\u2013555."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b32","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"303","article-title":"Management of bowel dysfunction in the community after spinal cord injury: a postal survey in the Republic of Korea","volume":"50","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim\n JY,\n \n \n Koh\n ES,\n \n \n Leigh\n J,\n \n \n Shin\n H.\n \n \n Management of bowel dysfunction in the community after spinal cord injury: a postal survey in the Republic of Korea.Spinal Cord.2012; 50( 4): 303\u2013308."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b33","series-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med","first-page":"873","article-title":"Assessment of neurogenic bowel dysfunction impact after spinal cord injury using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health","volume":"54","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pires\n JM,\n \n \n Ferreira\n AM,\n \n \n Rocha\n F,\n \n .\n Assessment of neurogenic bowel dysfunction impact after spinal cord injury using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.Eur J Phys Rehabil Med.2018; 54( 6): 873\u2013879."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b34","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"665","article-title":"Secondary conditions in a community sample of people with spinal cord damage","volume":"39","year":"2016","unstructured":"New\n PW.\n \n \n Secondary conditions in a community sample of people with spinal cord damage.J Spinal Cord Med.2016; 39( 6): 665\u2013670."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b35","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"717","article-title":"Bowel dysfunction following spinal cord injury: a description of bowel function in a spinal cord-injured population and comparison with age and gender matched controls","volume":"38","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lynch\n AC,\n \n \n Wong\n C,\n \n \n Anthony\n A,\n \n \n Dobbs\n BR,\n \n \n Frizelle\n FA.\n \n \n Bowel dysfunction following spinal cord injury: a description of bowel function in a spinal cord-injured population and comparison with age and gender matched controls.Spinal Cord.2000; 38( 12): 717\u2013723."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b36","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"35","article-title":"Relationship between neurogenic bowel dysfunction and health-related quality of life in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"41","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu\n CW,\n \n \n Huang\n CC,\n \n \n Yang\n YH,\n \n \n Chen\n SC,\n \n \n Weng\n MC,\n \n \n Huang\n MH.\n \n \n Relationship between neurogenic bowel dysfunction and health-related quality of life in persons with spinal cord injury.J Rehabil Med.2009; 41( 1): 35\u201340."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b37","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"625","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel dysfunction score","volume":"44","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Sabroe\n S,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S.\n \n \n Neurogenic bowel dysfunction score.Spinal Cord.2006; 44( 10): 625\u2013631."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b38","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"554","article-title":"Prediction of severe neurogenic bowel dysfunction in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"48","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu\n CW,\n \n \n Huang\n CC,\n \n \n Chen\n CH,\n \n \n Yang\n YH,\n \n \n Chen\n TW,\n \n \n Huang\n MH.\n \n \n Prediction of severe neurogenic bowel dysfunction in persons with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2010; 48( 7): 554\u2013559."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b39","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1679","article-title":"Risk factors associated with neurogenic bowel complications and dysfunction in spinal cord injury","volume":"97","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tate\n DG,\n \n \n Forchheimer\n M,\n \n \n Rodriguez\n G,\n \n .\n Risk factors associated with neurogenic bowel complications and dysfunction in spinal cord injury.Arch Phys Med Rehabil.2016; 97( 10): 1679\u20131686."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b40","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"356","article-title":"Secondary health conditions, activity limitations, and life satisfaction in older adults with long-term spinal cord injury","volume":"9","year":"2017","unstructured":"J\u00f6rgensen\n S,\n \n \n Iwarsson\n S,\n \n \n Lexell\n J.\n \n \n Secondary health conditions, activity limitations, and life satisfaction in older adults with long-term spinal cord injury.PM R.2017; 9( 4): 356\u2013366."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b41","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"769","article-title":"Ageing with neurogenic bowel dysfunction","volume":"55","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nielsen\n SD,\n \n \n Faaborg\n PM,\n \n \n Finnerup\n NB,\n \n \n Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Krogh\n K.\n \n \n Ageing with neurogenic bowel dysfunction.Spinal Cord.2017; 55( 8): 769\u2013773."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b42","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"853","article-title":"Secondary health conditions and quality of life in persons living with spinal cord injury for at least ten years","volume":"48","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adriaansen\n JJ,\n \n \n Ruijs\n LE,\n \n \n van Koppenhagen\n CF,\n \n .\n Secondary health conditions and quality of life in persons living with spinal cord injury for at least ten years.J Rehabil Med.2016; 48( 10): 853\u2013860."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b43","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"301","article-title":"Ageing with spinal cord injury: cross-sectional and longitudinal effects","volume":"39","year":"2001","unstructured":"Weitzenkamp\n DA,\n \n \n Jones\n RH,\n \n \n Whiteneck\n GG,\n \n \n Young\n DA.\n \n \n Ageing with spinal cord injury: cross-sectional and longitudinal effects.Spinal Cord.2001; 39( 6): 301\u2013309."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b44","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"905","article-title":"Outcomes of neurogenic bowel management in individuals living with a spinal cord injury for at least 10 years","volume":"96","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adriaansen\n JJ,\n \n \n van Asbeck FW van Kuppevelt\n MD,\n \n \n Snoek\n GJ,\n \n \n Post\n MW.\n \n \n Outcomes of neurogenic bowel management in individuals living with a spinal cord injury for at least 10 years.Arch Phys Med Rehabil.2015; 96( 5): 905\u2013912."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b45","series-title":"International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI)","unstructured":"American Spinal Injury Association.\n International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI). https:\/\/asia-spinalinjury.org\/product\/international-standards-for-neurological-classification-of-spinal-cord-injury-isncsci-revised-2019. Revised 2019. Accessed April 29,2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b46","series-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","first-page":"33","article-title":"Epidemiology of fecal incontinence: the silent affliction","volume":"91","year":"1996","unstructured":"Johanson\n JF,\n \n \n Lafferty\n J.\n \n \n Epidemiology of fecal incontinence: the silent affliction.Am J Gastroenterol.1996; 91( 1): 33\u201336."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b47","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"1010","article-title":"Development and validation of a bowel-routine-based self-report questionnaire for sacral sparing after spinal cord injury","volume":"55","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu\n N,\n \n \n Xing\n H,\n \n \n Zhou\n MW,\n \n \n Biering-S\u00f8rensen\n F.\n \n \n Development and validation of a bowel-routine-based self-report questionnaire for sacral sparing after spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2017; 55( 11): 1010\u20131015."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b48","series-title":"Neurourol Urodyn","first-page":"8","article-title":"Patient reported outcomes measures in neurogenic bladder and bowel: a systematic review of the current literature","volume":"35","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patel\n DP,\n \n \n Elliott\n SP,\n \n \n Stoffel\n JT,\n \n \n Brant\n WO,\n \n \n Hotaling\n JM,\n \n \n Myers\n JB.\n \n \n Patient reported outcomes measures in neurogenic bladder and bowel: a systematic review of the current literature.Neurourol Urodyn.2016; 35( 1): 8\u201314."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b49","series-title":"World J Urol","first-page":"1587","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel management for the adult spinal cord injury patient","volume":"36","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stoffel\n JT,\n \n \n Van der Aa\n F,\n \n \n Wittmann\n D,\n \n \n Yande\n S,\n \n \n Elliott\n S.\n \n \n Neurogenic bowel management for the adult spinal cord injury patient.World J Urol.2018; 36( 10): 1587\u20131592."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b50","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"77","article-title":"Etiology and management of fecal incontinence","volume":"36","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jorge\n JM,\n \n \n Wexner\n SD.\n \n \n Etiology and management of fecal incontinence.Dis Colon Rectum.1993; 36( 1): 77\u201397."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b51","series-title":"Gut","first-page":"77","article-title":"Prospective comparison of faecal incontinence grading systems","volume":"44","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vaizey\n CJ,\n \n \n Carapeti\n E,\n \n \n Cahill\n JA,\n \n \n Kamm\n MA.\n \n \n Prospective comparison of faecal incontinence grading systems.Gut.1999; 44( 1): 77\u201380."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b52","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"681","article-title":"A constipation scoring system to simplify evaluation and management of constipated patients","volume":"39","year":"1996","unstructured":"Agachan\n F,\n \n \n Chen\n T,\n \n \n Pfeifer\n J,\n \n \n Reissman\n P,\n \n \n Wexner\n SD.\n \n \n A constipation scoring system to simplify evaluation and management of constipated patients.Dis Colon Rectum.1996; 39( 6): 681\u2013685."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b53","series-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol","first-page":"920","article-title":"Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time","volume":"32","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lewis\n SJ,\n \n \n Heaton\n KW.\n \n \n Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time.Scand J Gastroenterol.1997; 32( 9): 920\u2013924."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b54","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"288","article-title":"Development and psychometric characteristics of the SCI-QOL Bladder Management Difficulties and Bowel Management Difficulties item banks and short forms and the SCI-QOL Bladder Complications scale","volume":"38","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tulsky\n DS,\n \n \n Kisala\n PA,\n \n \n Tate\n DG,\n \n \n Spungen\n AM,\n \n \n Kirshblum\n SC.\n \n \n Development and psychometric characteristics of the SCI-QOL Bladder Management Difficulties and Bowel Management Difficulties item banks and short forms and the SCI-QOL Bladder Complications scale.J Spinal Cord Med.2015; 38( 3): 288\u2013302."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b55","series-title":"Gastroenterology","first-page":"738","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of transanal irrigation versus conservative bowel management in spinal cord injured patients","volume":"131","year":"2006","unstructured":"Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Bazzocchi\n G,\n \n \n Coggrave\n M,\n \n .\n A randomized, controlled trial of transanal irrigation versus conservative bowel management in spinal cord injured patients.Gastroenterology.2006; 131( 3): 738\u2013747."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b56","series-title":"Prog Urol","first-page":"553","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD) translation and linguistic validation to classical Arabic","volume":"26","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mallek\n A,\n \n \n Elleuch\n MH,\n \n \n Ghroubi\n S.\n \n \n Neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD) translation and linguistic validation to classical Arabic.Prog Urol.2016; 26( 10): 553\u2013557."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b57","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"1084","article-title":"Reliability, validity and sensitivity to change of neurogenic bowel dysfunction score in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"55","year":"2017","unstructured":"Erdem\n D,\n \n \n Hava\n D,\n \n \n Keskinoglu\n P,\n \n .\n Reliability, validity and sensitivity to change of neurogenic bowel dysfunction score in patients with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2017; 55( 12): 1084\u20131087."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b58","series-title":"J Pediatr Rehabil Med","first-page":"325","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel and continence programs for the individual with spina bifida","volume":"1","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leibold\n S.\n \n \n Neurogenic bowel and continence programs for the individual with spina bifida.J Pediatr Rehabil Med.2008; 1( 4): 325\u2013336."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b59","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"692","article-title":"International spinal cord injury bowel function basic data set (Version 2.0)","volume":"55","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Emmanuel\n A,\n \n \n Perrouin-Verbe\n B,\n \n \n Korsten\n MA,\n \n \n Mulcahey\n MJ,\n \n \n Biering-S\u00f8rensen\n F.\n \n \n International spinal cord injury bowel function basic data set (Version 2.0).Spinal Cord.2017; 55( 7): 692\u2013698."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b60","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"230","article-title":"International bowel function basic spinal cord injury data set","volume":"47","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Perkash\n I,\n \n \n Stiens\n SA,\n \n \n Biering-S\u00f8rensen\n F.\n \n \n International bowel function basic spinal cord injury data set.Spinal Cord.2009; 47( 3): 230\u2013234."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b61","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"235","article-title":"International bowel function extended spinal cord injury data set","volume":"47","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Perkash\n I,\n \n \n Stiens\n SA,\n \n \n Biering-S\u00f8rensen\n F.\n \n \n International bowel function extended spinal cord injury data set.Spinal Cord.2009; 47( 3): 235\u2013241."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b62","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"886","article-title":"Reliability of the international spinal cord injury bowel function basic and extended data sets","volume":"49","year":"2011","unstructured":"Juul\n T,\n \n \n Bazzocchi\n G,\n \n \n Coggrave\n M,\n \n .\n Reliability of the international spinal cord injury bowel function basic and extended data sets.Spinal Cord.2011; 49( 8): 886\u2013891."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b63","series-title":"Neurourol Urodyn","first-page":"46","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel dysfunction: clinical management recommendations of the Neurologic Incontinence Committee of the Fifth International Consultation on Incontinence 2013","volume":"37","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cotterill\n N,\n \n \n Madersbacher\n H,\n \n \n Wyndaele\n JJ,\n \n .\n Neurogenic bowel dysfunction: clinical management recommendations of the Neurologic Incontinence Committee of the Fifth International Consultation on Incontinence 2013.Neurourol Urodyn.2018; 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109( 8): 1141\u20131157."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b73","series-title":"Ann Rehabil Med","first-page":"547","article-title":"Plain abdominal radiograph as an evaluation method of bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"37","year":"2013","unstructured":"Park\n HJ,\n \n \n Noh\n SE,\n \n \n Kim\n GD,\n \n \n Joo\n MC.\n \n \n Plain abdominal radiograph as an evaluation method of bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury.Ann Rehabil Med.2013; 37( 4): 547\u2013555."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b74","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"651","article-title":"Large-bowel obstruction in the adult: classic radiographic and CT findings, etiology, and mimics","volume":"275","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jaffe\n T,\n \n \n Thompson\n WM.\n \n \n Large-bowel obstruction in the adult: classic radiographic and CT findings, etiology, and mimics.Radiology.2015; 275( 3): 651\u2013663."},{"issue":"1305","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b75","series-title":"N Z Med J","first-page":"57","article-title":"The use of computed tomography in the detection and characterisation of large bowel obstruction","volume":"122","year":"2009","unstructured":"Godfrey\n EM,\n \n \n Addley\n HC,\n \n \n Shaw\n AS.\n \n \n The use of computed tomography in the detection and characterisation of large bowel obstruction.N Z Med J.2009; 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New Delhi, India: Wolters Kluwer;2015: 423\u2013432."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b91","series-title":"Neural Regen Res","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Outcomes of bowel program in spinal cord injury patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction","volume":"10","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ozisler\n Z,\n \n \n Koklu\n K,\n \n \n Ozel\n S,\n \n \n Unsal-Delialioglu\n S.\n \n \n Outcomes of bowel program in spinal cord injury patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction.Neural Regen Res.2015; 10( 7): 1153\u20131158."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b92","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"301","article-title":"Clinical evaluation and management of neurogenic bowel after spinal cord injury","volume":"38","year":"2000","unstructured":"Correa\n GI,\n \n \n Rotter\n KP.\n \n \n Clinical evaluation and management of neurogenic bowel after spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2000; 38( 5): 301\u2013308."},{"issue":"20","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b93","series-title":"Br J Nurs","first-page":"1108","article-title":"Progressive protocol in the bowel management of spinal cord injuries","volume":"15","year":"2006","unstructured":"Coggrave\n M,\n \n \n Burrows\n D,\n \n \n Durand\n MA.\n \n \n Progressive protocol in the bowel management of spinal cord injuries.Br J Nurs2006; 15( 20): 1108\u20131113."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b94","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"116","article-title":"Sequential treatment of chronic constipation in paraplegic subjects","volume":"35","year":"1997","unstructured":"Badiali\n D,\n \n \n Bracci\n F,\n \n \n Castellano\n V,\n \n .\n Sequential treatment of chronic constipation in paraplegic subjects.Spinal Cord.1997; 35( 2): 116\u2013120."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b95","series-title":"Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Evidence. Version 5.0","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bowel dysfunction and management following spinal cord injury","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coggrave\n M,\n \n \n Mills\n P,\n \n \n Willms\n R,\n \n \n Eng\n JJ.\n \n \n Bowel dysfunction and management following spinal cord injury. In:EngJJ,TeasellRW,MillerWC,., eds.Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Evidence. Version 5.0. Vancouver, BC: Spinal Cord Injury Research Evidence (SCIRE) Project;2014: 1\u201348."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b96","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"905","article-title":"Outcomes of neurogenic bowel management in individuals living with a spinal cord injury for at least 10 years","volume":"96","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adriaasen\n JJ,\n \n \n van Asbeck\n FW,\n \n \n van Kuppevelt\n D,\n \n \n Snoek\n GJ,\n \n \n Post\n MW.\n \n \n Outcomes of neurogenic bowel management in individuals living with a spinal cord injury for at least 10 years.Arch Phys Med Rehabil.2015; 96( 5): 905\u2013912."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b97","series-title":"Rehabil Nurs","first-page":"128","article-title":"Characteristics of neurogenic bowel in spinal cord injury and perceived quality of life","volume":"37","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pardee\n C,\n \n \n Bricker\n D,\n \n \n Rundquist\n J,\n \n \n MacRae\n C,\n \n \n Tebben\n C.\n \n \n Characteristics of neurogenic bowel in spinal cord injury and perceived quality of life.Rehabil Nurs.2012; 37( 3): 128\u2013135."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b98","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"241","article-title":"Long-term outcomes and longitudinal changes of neurogenic bowel management in adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury","volume":"98","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hwang\n M,\n \n \n Zebracki\n K,\n \n \n Vogel\n LC.\n \n \n Long-term outcomes and longitudinal changes of neurogenic bowel management in adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury.Arch Phys Med Rehabil.2017; 98( 2): 241\u2013248."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b99","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"724","article-title":"Bowel management in patients with spinal cord injury: a multicenter study of the German speaking society of paraplegia (DMGP)","volume":"43","year":"2005","unstructured":"Haas\n U,\n \n \n Geng\n V,\n \n \n Evers\n GC,\n \n \n Knecht\n H.\n \n \n Bowel management in patients with spinal cord injury: a multicenter study of the German speaking society of paraplegia (DMGP).Spinal Cord.2005; 43( 12): 724\u2013730."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b100","series-title":"Acta Med Okayama","first-page":"211","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia during a bowel program in patients with cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"61","year":"2007","unstructured":"Furusawa\n K,\n \n \n Sugiyama\n H,\n \n \n Ikeda\n A,\n \n .\n Autonomic dysreflexia during a bowel program in patients with cervical spinal cord injury.Acta Med Okayama.2007; 61( 4): 211\u2013227."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b101","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"494","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia during bowel evacuation procedures and bladder filling in subjects with spinal cord injury","volume":"52","year":"2014","unstructured":"Faaborg\n PM,\n \n \n Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Krassioukov\n A,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S,\n \n \n Frandsen\n E,\n \n \n Krogh\n K.\n \n \n Autonomic dysreflexia during bowel evacuation procedures and bladder filling in subjects with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2014; 52( 6): 494\u2013498."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b102","article-title":"Bowel program: upper motor neuron injury","unstructured":"Craig Hospital Spinal Cord Injury Resource Library.\n \n Bowel program: upper motor neuron injury. https:\/\/craighospital.org\/resources\/bowel-program-upper-motor-neuron-injury. Revised January 2015. Accessed April 28,2020."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b103","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"270","article-title":"Physiologic basis of digital-rectal stimulation for bowel evacuation in patients with spinal cord injury: identification of an anorectal excitatory reflex","volume":"23","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shafik\n A,\n \n \n El-Sibai\n O,\n \n \n Shafik\n IA.\n \n \n Physiologic basis of digital-rectal stimulation for bowel evacuation in patients with spinal cord injury: identification of an anorectal excitatory reflex.J Spinal Cord Med.2000; 23( 4): 270\u2013275."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b104","series-title":"Paralyzed Veterans of America","article-title":"Evaluation and management of autonomic dysreflexia and other autonomic dysfunctions: preventing the highs and lows: clinical practice guidelines","unstructured":"Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine.\n \n Evaluation and management of autonomic dysreflexia and other autonomic dysfunctions: preventing the highs and lows: clinical practice guidelines.Paralyzed Veterans of America;in press."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b105","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"144","article-title":"Topical anesthesia blunts the pressor response induced by bowel manipulation in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"47","year":"2009","unstructured":"Furusawa\n K,\n \n \n Sugiyama\n H,\n \n \n Tokuhior\n A,\n \n \n Takahashi\n M,\n \n \n Nakamura\n T,\n \n \n Tajima\n F.\n \n \n Topical anesthesia blunts the pressor response induced by bowel manipulation in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2009; 47( 2): 144\u2013148."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b106","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"49","article-title":"Incidence of symptomatic autonomic dysreflexia varies according to the bowel and bladder management techniques in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"49","year":"2011","unstructured":"Furusawa\n K,\n \n \n Tokuhiro\n A,\n \n \n Sugiyama\n H,\n \n .\n Incidence of symptomatic autonomic dysreflexia varies according to the bowel and bladder management techniques in patients with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2011; 49( 1): 49\u201354."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b107","series-title":"Br J Neurosci Nurs","first-page":"216","article-title":"Digital removal of faeces in the bowel management of patients with spinal cord injury: a review","volume":"9","year":"2013","unstructured":"Solomons\n J,\n \n \n Woodward\n S.\n \n \n Digital removal of faeces in the bowel management of patients with spinal cord injury: a review.Br J Neurosci Nurs.2013; 9( 5): 216\u2013222."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b108","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1091","article-title":"A community perspective on bowel management and quality of life after spinal cord injury: the influence of autonomic dysreflexia","volume":"35","year":"2018","unstructured":"Inskip\n JA,\n \n \n Lucci\n VM,\n \n \n McGrath\n MS,\n \n \n Willms\n R,\n \n \n Claydon\n VE.\n \n \n A community perspective on bowel management and quality of life after spinal cord injury: the influence of autonomic dysreflexia.J Neurotrauma.2018; 35( 9): 1091\u20131105."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b109","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"693","article-title":"Electromechanical abdominal massage and colonic function in individuals with a spinal cord injury and chronic bowel problems","volume":"52","year":"2014","unstructured":"Janssen\n TWJ,\n \n \n Prakken\n ES,\n \n \n Heniks\n JM,\n \n \n Lourens\n C,\n \n \n van der Vlist\n J,\n \n \n Smit\n CA.\n \n \n Electromechanical abdominal massage and colonic function in individuals with a spinal cord injury and chronic bowel problems.Spinal Cord.2014; 52( 9): 693\u2013696."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b110","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"951","article-title":"The effect of abdominal massage on bowel function in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"85","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ayas\n S,\n \n \n Leblebici\n B,\n \n \n Sozay\n S,\n \n \n Bayramoglu\n M,\n \n \n Niron\n EA.\n \n \n The effect of abdominal massage on bowel function in patients with spinal cord injury.Am J Phys Med Rehabil.2006; 85( 12): 951\u2013955."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b111","series-title":"J Phys Ther Sci","first-page":"687","article-title":"Effects of manual therapy on bowel function of patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"25","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hu\n C,\n \n \n Ye\n M,\n \n \n Huang\n Q.\n \n \n Effects of manual therapy on bowel function of patients with spinal cord injury.J Phys Ther Sci.2013; 25( 6): 687\u2013688."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b112","series-title":"Pelvic Organ Dysfunction in Neurological Disease","first-page":"25","article-title":"Neurological control of the bowel in health and disease","year":"2010","unstructured":"Trivedi\n PM,\n \n \n Griffiths\n DJ.\n \n \n Neurological control of the bowel in health and disease. In:FowlerCJ,PanickerJN,EmmanuuelA, eds.Pelvic Organ Dysfunction in Neurological Disease. 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Published 2009. Accessed March 10, 2019."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b122","series-title":"Rehabil Nurs","first-page":"169","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the management of constipation in adults","volume":"27","year":"2002","unstructured":"Folden\n SL.\n \n \n Practice guidelines for the management of constipation in adults.Rehabil Nurs.2002; 27( 5): 169\u2013176."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b123","series-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids","year":"2005","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine.\n \n Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press;2005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/10490. Accessed April 29, 2020."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b124","series-title":"In: Dietary Reference Intakes Proposed Definition of Dietary Fiber","article-title":"Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on the Definition of Dietary Fiber and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. IV. Proposed definition of dietary fiber","year":"2001","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on the Definition of Dietary Fiber and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. IV. Proposed definition of dietary fiber.In: Dietary Reference Intakes Proposed Definition of Dietary Fiber. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US);2001. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK223591\/. Accessed April 29, 2020."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b125","series-title":"Nutr Today","first-page":"82","article-title":"Evidence-based approach to fiber supplements and clinically meaningful health benefits, Part 1: What to look for and how to recommend an effective fiber therapy","volume":"50","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mcrorie\n JW.\n \n \n Evidence-based approach to fiber supplements and clinically meaningful health benefits, Part 1: What to look for and how to recommend an effective fiber therapy.Nutr Today.2015; 50( 2): 82\u201389."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b126","series-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet","first-page":"251","article-title":"Understanding the physics of functional fibers in the gastrointestinal tract: an evidence-based approach to resolving enduring misconceptions about insoluble and soluble fiber","volume":"117","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mcrorie\n JW,\n \n \n Mckeown\n NM.\n \n \n Understanding the physics of functional fibers in the gastrointestinal tract: an evidence-based approach to resolving enduring misconceptions about insoluble and soluble fiber.J Acad Nutr Diet.2017; 117( 2): 251\u2013264."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b127","series-title":"Nutrition","first-page":"143","article-title":"Calorie and macronutrients intake in people with spinal cord injuries: an analysis by sex and injury-related variables","volume":"28","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sabour\n H,\n \n \n Javidan\n AN,\n \n \n Vafa\n MR,\n \n .\n Calorie and macronutrients intake in people with spinal cord injuries: an analysis by sex and injury-related variables.Nutrition.2012; 28( 2): 143\u2013147."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b128","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"204","article-title":"A comparison of bowel care patterns in patients with spinal cord injury: upper motor neuron bowel vs lower motor neuron bowel","volume":"39","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yim\n SY,\n \n \n Yoon\n SH,\n \n \n Lee\n IY,\n \n \n Rah\n EW,\n \n \n Moon\n HW.\n \n \n A comparison of bowel care patterns in patients with spinal cord injury: upper motor neuron bowel vs lower motor neuron bowel.Spinal Cord.2001; 39( 4): 204\u2013207."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b129","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"277","article-title":"Assessment of the effect of increased dietary fibre intake on bowel function in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"34","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cameron\n KJ,\n \n \n Nyulasi\n IB,\n \n \n Collier\n GR,\n \n \n Brown\n DJ.\n \n \n Assessment of the effect of increased dietary fibre intake on bowel function in patients with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.1996; 34( 5): 277\u2013283."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b130","series-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","first-page":"1824","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial comparing the low FODMAP diet vs. modified NICE guidelines in US adults with IBS-D","volume":"111","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eswaran\n SL,\n \n \n Chey\n WD,\n \n \n Han-Markey\n T,\n \n \n Ball\n S,\n \n \n Jackson\n K.\n \n \n A randomized controlled trial comparing the low FODMAP diet vs. modified NICE guidelines in US adults with IBS-D.Am J Gastroenterol.2016; 111( 12): 1824\u20131832."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b131","series-title":"Gastroenterology","first-page":"1399","article-title":"Diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome as well as traditional dietary advice: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"149","year":"2015","unstructured":"B\u00f6hn\n L,\n \n \n St\u00f6rsrud\n S,\n \n \n Liljebo\n T,\n \n .\n Diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome as well as traditional dietary advice: a randomized controlled trial.Gastroenterology.2015; 149( 6): 1399\u20131407.e2."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b132","series-title":"Gastroenterology","first-page":"67","article-title":"A diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"146","year":"2014","unstructured":"Halmos\n EP,\n \n \n Power\n VA,\n \n \n Shepherd\n SJ,\n \n \n Gibson\n PR,\n \n \n Muir\n JG.\n \n \n A diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.Gastroenterology.2014; 146( 1): 67\u201375."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b133","unstructured":"Monash University. The Monash University FODMAP Diet app. https:\/\/www.monashfodmap.com\/ibs-central\/i-have-ibs\/get-the-app\/. Accessed April 29, 2020."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b134","series-title":"Monash University. The Monash University Low FODMAP Diet Booklet","unstructured":"Monash University. The Monash University Low FODMAP Diet Booklet. 6th ed. Melbourne, Australia: Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School. https:\/\/www.monashfodmap.com\/i-am-a-health-professional\/fodmap-resources\/. Accessed April 29, 2020."},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b135","series-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr","first-page":"S88","article-title":"Mild dehydration: a risk factor of constipation?","volume":"57","year":"2003","unstructured":"Arnaud\n MJ.\n \n \n Mild dehydration: a risk factor of constipation?\n Eur J Clin Nutr.2003; 57( suppl 2): S88\u201395."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b136","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"141","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel management after spinal cord injury: Malaysian experience","volume":"45","year":"2013","unstructured":"Engakasan\n JP,\n \n \n Sudin\n SS.\n \n \n Neurogenic bowel management after spinal cord injury: Malaysian experience.J Rehabil Med.2013; 45( 2): 141\u2013144."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b137","series-title":"Food and Nutrition Board. Recommended Dietary Allowances","year":"1989","unstructured":"Food and Nutrition Board. Recommended Dietary Allowances. 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press;1989."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b138","series-title":"Nutr Rev","first-page":"132","article-title":"Meeting the nutritional needs of the elderly in the institutional setting","volume":"52","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chernoff\n R.\n \n \n Meeting the nutritional needs of the elderly in the institutional setting.Nutr Rev.1994; 52( 4): 132\u2013136."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b139","article-title":"Nutritional Assessment and Support","year":"1991","unstructured":"Grant\n A,\n \n \n DeHoog\n S.\n \n \n Nutritional Assessment and Support. 4th ed. Seattle, WA: Grant\/DeHoog;1991."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b140","series-title":"Dietitian\u2019s Handbook of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition","year":"1993","unstructured":"Skipper\n A,\n \n \n ed.\n Dietitian\u2019s Handbook of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition. Rockville, MD: Aspen Publishers;1993: 298."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b141","first-page":"911","article-title":"Probiotics in health and disease: fooling Mother Nature? Infection","volume":"47","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abid\n MB,\n \n \n Koh\n CJ.\n \n \n Probiotics in health and disease: fooling Mother Nature? Infection.2019; 47( 6) 911\u2013917."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b142","series-title":"Br J Nutr","first-page":"672","article-title":"A Lactobacillus casei Shirota probiotic drink reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in patients with spinal cord injuries: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"111","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wong\n S,\n \n \n Jamous\n A,\n \n \n O\u2019Driscoll\n J,\n \n .\n A Lactobacillus casei Shirota probiotic drink reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in patients with spinal cord injuries: a randomised controlled trial.Br J Nutr.2014; 111( 4): 672\u2013678."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b143","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD006095","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006095.pub4","article-title":"Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults and children","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goldenberg\n JZ,\n \n \n Yap\n C,\n \n \n Lytvyn\n L,\n \n .\n Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults and children.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2017; ( 12): CD006095. doi:10.1002\/14651858.CD006095.pub4."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b144","series-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol","first-page":"431","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of prucalopride in patients with chronic constipation due to spinal cord injury","volume":"37","year":"2002","unstructured":"Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Jensen\n MB,\n \n \n Gandrup\n P,\n \n .\n Efficacy and tolerability of prucalopride in patients with chronic constipation due to spinal cord injury.Scand J Gastroenterol.2002; 37( 4): 431\u2013436."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b145","series-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol","first-page":"661","article-title":"Agents that act luminally to treat diarrhoea and constipation","volume":"9","year":"2012","unstructured":"Menees\n S,\n \n \n Saad\n R,\n \n \n Chey\n WD.\n \n \n Agents that act luminally to treat diarrhoea and constipation.Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol.2012; 9( 11): 661\u2013674."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b146","series-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","first-page":"1560","article-title":"Infusion of neostigmine-glycopyrrolate for bowel evacuation in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"100","year":"2005","unstructured":"Korsten\n MA,\n \n \n Rosman\n AS,\n \n \n Ng\n A,\n \n .\n Infusion of neostigmine-glycopyrrolate for bowel evacuation in persons with spinal cord injury.Am J Gastroenterol.2005; 100( 7): 1560\u20131565."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b147","series-title":"Dig Dis Sci","first-page":"2170","article-title":"Intramuscular neostigmine and glycopyrrolate safely accelerated bowel evacuation in patients with spinal cord injury and defecatory disorders","volume":"53","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rosman\n AS,\n \n \n Chaparala\n G,\n \n \n Monga\n A,\n \n \n Spungen\n AM,\n \n \n Bauman\n WA,\n \n \n Korsten\n MA.\n \n \n Intramuscular neostigmine and glycopyrrolate safely accelerated bowel evacuation in patients with spinal cord injury and defecatory disorders.Dig Dis Sci.2008; 53( 10): 2170\u20132173."},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b148","series-title":"Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol","first-page":"S232","article-title":"Need of the ideal drug for the treatment of chronic constipation","volume":"31","year":"1999","unstructured":"Corazziari\n E.\n \n \n Need of the ideal drug for the treatment of chronic constipation.Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol.1999; 31( suppl 3): S232\u2013233."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b149","series-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol","first-page":"391","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations for the current chronic constipation treatments","volume":"9","year":"2013","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Lissner\n S.\n \n \n Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations for the current chronic constipation treatments.Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol.2013; 9( 4): 391\u2013401."},{"issue":"25","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b150","series-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int","first-page":"424","article-title":"The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of constipation","volume":"106","year":"2009","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Lissner\n S.\n \n \n The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of constipation.Dtsch Arztebl Int.2009; 106( 25): 424\u2013431."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b151","series-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil","first-page":"697","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of chronic constipation: a European perspective","volume":"23","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tack\n J,\n \n \n M\u00fcller-Lissner\n S,\n \n \n Stanghellini\n V,\n \n .\n Diagnosis and treatment of chronic constipation: a European perspective.Neurogastroenterol Motil.2011; 23( 8): 697\u2013710."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b152","series-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol","first-page":"577","article-title":"Oral bisacodyl is effective and well-tolerated in patients with chronic constipation","volume":"9","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kamm\n MA,\n \n \n Mueller-Lissner\n S,\n \n \n Wald\n A,\n \n \n Richter\n E,\n \n \n Swallow\n R,\n \n \n Gessner\n U.\n \n \n Oral bisacodyl is effective and well-tolerated in patients with chronic constipation.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol.2011; 9( 7): 577\u2013583."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b153","series-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol","first-page":"427","article-title":"Laxative consumption in chronic nonorganic constipation","volume":"9","year":"1987","unstructured":"Corazziari\n E,\n \n \n Materia\n E,\n \n \n Bausano\n G,\n \n .\n Laxative consumption in chronic nonorganic constipation.J Clin Gastroenterol.1987; 9( 4): 427\u2013430."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b154","series-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"1113","article-title":"Clinical trial: an efficacy evaluation of reduced bisacodyl given as part of a polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution preparation prior to colonoscopy","volume":"26","year":"2007","unstructured":"DiPalma\n JA,\n \n \n McGowan\n J,\n \n \n Cleveland\n MV.\n \n \n Clinical trial: an efficacy evaluation of reduced bisacodyl given as part of a polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution preparation prior to colonoscopy.Aliment Pharmacol Ther.2007; 26( 8): 1113\u20131119."},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b155","series-title":"Rev Gastroenterol Disord","first-page":"S34","article-title":"Current treatment options for chronic constipation","volume":"4","year":"2004","unstructured":"DiPalma\n JA.\n \n \n Current treatment options for chronic constipation.Rev Gastroenterol Disord.2004; 4( suppl 2): S34\u201342."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b156","series-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"1479","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of bisacodyl in the acute treatment of constipation: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"23","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kienzle-Horn\n S,\n \n \n Vix\n JM,\n \n \n Schuijt\n C,\n \n \n Peil\n H,\n \n \n Jordan\n CC,\n \n \n Kamm\n MA.\n \n \n Efficacy and safety of bisacodyl in the acute treatment of constipation: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.Aliment Pharmacol Ther.2006; 23( 10): 1479\u20131488."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b157","unstructured":"The electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC). Bisacodyl 10mg suppositories. https:\/\/www.medicines.org.uk\/emc\/product\/8462\/smpc. Revised February 12, 2019. Accessed April 29, 2020."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b158","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1062","article-title":"Pharmacologically initiated defecation for persons with spinal cord injury: effectiveness of three agents","volume":"78","year":"1997","unstructured":"House\n JG,\n \n \n Stiens\n SA.\n \n \n Pharmacologically initiated defecation for persons with spinal cord injury: effectiveness of three agents.Arch Phys Med Rehabil.1997; 78( 10): 1062\u20131065."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b159","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"227","article-title":"Improved bowel care with a polyethylene glycol based bisacadyl suppository","volume":"20","year":"1997","unstructured":"Frisbie\n JH.\n \n \n Improved bowel care with a polyethylene glycol based bisacadyl suppository.J Spinal Cord Med.1997; 20( 2): 227\u2013229."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b160","series-title":"Rehabil Nurs","first-page":"334","article-title":"A comparison of the effectiveness of Therevac SB and bisacodyl suppositories in SCI patients\u2019 bowel programs","volume":"19","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dunn\n KL,\n \n \n Galka\n ML.\n \n \n A comparison of the effectiveness of Therevac SB and bisacodyl suppositories in SCI patients\u2019 bowel programs.Rehabil Nurs.1994; 19( 6): 334\u2013338."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b161","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"777","article-title":"Polyethylene glycol versus vegetable oil based bisacodyl suppositories to initiate side-lying bowel care: a clinical trial in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"36","year":"1998","unstructured":"Stiens\n SA,\n \n \n Luttrel\n W,\n \n \n Binard\n JE.\n \n \n Polyethylene glycol versus vegetable oil based bisacodyl suppositories to initiate side-lying bowel care: a clinical trial in persons with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.1998; 36( 11): 777\u2013781."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b162","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"21","article-title":"Bowel care for individuals with spinal cord injury: comparison of four approaches","volume":"21","year":"1998","unstructured":"Amir\n I,\n \n \n Sharma\n R,\n \n \n Bauman\n WA,\n \n \n Korsten\n MA.\n \n \n Bowel care for individuals with spinal cord injury: comparison of four approaches.J Spinal Cord Med.1998; 21( 1): 21\u201324."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b163","unstructured":"National Drug Codes List. NDC 17433\u20139877 Enemeez Plus. Docusate sodium and benzocaine. https:\/\/ndclist.com\/ndc\/17433-9877. Accessed July 7, 2018."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b164","article-title":"Fleet Enema [package insert]","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fleet Enema [package insert]. Lynchburg, VA: C.B. Fleet Co, Inc;2020."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b165","article-title":"FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns of possible harm from exceeding recommended dose of over-the-counter sodium phosphate products to treat constipation","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration.\n FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns of possible harm from exceeding recommended dose of over-the-counter sodium phosphate products to treat constipation. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Drugs\/DrugSafety\/ucm380757.htm. Published January 8, 2014. Accessed July 7, 2018."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b166","series-title":"Appl Nurs Res","first-page":"83","article-title":"Colonic cleansing, fluid absorption, and discomfort following tap water and soapsuds enemas","volume":"13","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schmelzer\n M,\n \n \n Case\n P,\n \n \n Chappell\n SM,\n \n \n Wright\n KB.\n \n \n Colonic cleansing, fluid absorption, and discomfort following tap water and soapsuds enemas.Appl Nurs Res.2000; 13( 2): 83\u201391."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b167","series-title":"Appl Nurs Res","first-page":"265","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of large-volume enema solutions","volume":"17","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schmelzer\n M,\n \n \n Schiller\n LR,\n \n \n Meyer\n R,\n \n \n Rugari\n SM,\n \n \n Case\n P.\n \n \n Safety and effectiveness of large-volume enema solutions.Appl Nurs Res.2004; 17( 4): 265\u2013274."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b168","series-title":"J Emerg Med","first-page":"667","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of milk and molasses enemas in the emergency department","volume":"48","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vilke\n GM,\n \n \n DeMers\n G,\n \n \n Patel\n N,\n \n \n Castillo\n EM.\n \n \n Safety and efficacy of milk and molasses enemas in the emergency department.J Emerg Med.2015; 48( 6): 667\u2013670."},{"issue":"15","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b169","series-title":"Br J Nurs","first-page":"846","article-title":"A review of transanal irrigation in adults","volume":"26","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilson\n M.\n \n \n A review of transanal irrigation in adults.Br J Nurs.2017; 26( 15): 846\u2013856."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b170","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"732","article-title":"Consensus review of best practice of transanal irrigation in adults","volume":"51","year":"2013","unstructured":"Emmanuel\n AV,\n \n \n Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Bazzochi\n G,\n \n ; Members of the working group on Transanal Irrigation from UK, Denmark, Italy, Germany, France and the Netherlands.\n Consensus review of best practice of transanal irrigation in adults.Spinal Cord.2013; 51( 10): 732\u2013738."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b171","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"255","article-title":"Neurogenic colorectal dysfunction: use of new antegrade and retrograde wash-out methods","volume":"38","year":"2000","unstructured":"Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Kvitzau\n B,\n \n \n Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Buntzen\n S,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S.\n \n \n Neurogenic colorectal dysfunction: use of new antegrade and retrograde wash-out methods.Spinal Cord.2000; 38( 4): 255\u2013261."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b172","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"560","article-title":"Outcome of transanal irrigation for bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"31","year":"2008","unstructured":"Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Bazzocchi\n G,\n \n \n Coggrave\n M,\n \n .\n Outcome of transanal irrigation for bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury.J Spinal Cord Med.2008; 31( 5): 560\u2013567."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b173","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"545","article-title":"Long-term outcome and safety of transanal colonic irrigation for neurogenic bowel dysfunction","volume":"47","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faaborg\n PM,\n \n \n Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Kvitsau\n B,\n \n \n Buntzen\n S,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S,\n \n \n Krogh\n K.\n \n \n Long-term outcome and safety of transanal colonic irrigation for neurogenic bowel dysfunction.Spinal Cord.2009; 47( 7): 545\u2013549."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b174","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"389","article-title":"Application of transanal irrigation for patients with spinal cord injury in South Korea: a 6-month follow-up study","volume":"51","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim\n HR,\n \n \n Lee\n BS,\n \n \n Lee\n JE,\n \n \n Shin\n HI.\n \n \n Application of transanal irrigation for patients with spinal cord injury in South Korea: a 6-month follow-up study.Spinal Cord.2013; 51( 5): 389\u2013394."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b175","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD002115","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002115.pub5","article-title":"Management of faecal incontinence and constipation in adults with central neurological diseases","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coggrave\n M,\n \n \n Norton\n C,\n \n \n Cody\n JD.\n \n \n Management of faecal incontinence and constipation in adults with central neurological diseases.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2014; ( 1): CD002115. doi:10.1002\/14651858.CD002115.pub5"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b176","series-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol","first-page":"517","article-title":"Transanal irrigation for disordered defecation: a systematic review","volume":"45","year":"2010","unstructured":"Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Krogh\n K.\n \n \n Transanal irrigation for disordered defecation: a systematic review.Scand J Gastroenterol.2010; 45( 5): 517\u2013527."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b177","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"517","article-title":"Treatment of neurogenic bowel dysfunction using transanal irrigation: a multicenter Italian study","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Del Popolo\n G,\n \n \n Mosiello\n G,\n \n \n Pilati\n C,\n \n .\n Treatment of neurogenic bowel dysfunction using transanal irrigation: a multicenter Italian study.Spinal Cord.2008; 46( 7): 517\u2013522."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b178","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0159394","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159394","article-title":"Long-term cost-effectiveness of transanal irrigation in patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction","volume":"11","year":"2016","unstructured":"Emmanuel\n A,\n \n \n Kumar\n G,\n \n \n Christensen\n P,\n \n .\n Long-term cost-effectiveness of transanal irrigation in patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction.PLoS One.2016; 11( 8): e0159394. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0159394."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b179","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"138","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of transanal irrigation versus conservative bowel management for spinal cord injury patients","volume":"47","year":"2009","unstructured":"Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Andreasen\n J,\n \n \n Ehlers\n L.\n \n \n Cost-effectiveness of transanal irrigation versus conservative bowel management for spinal cord injury patients.Spinal Cord.2009; 47( 2): 138\u2013143."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b180","series-title":"Tech Coloproctol","first-page":"109","article-title":"Global audit on bowel perforations related to transanal irrigation","volume":"20","year":"2016","unstructured":"Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Perrouin-Verbe\n B,\n \n .\n Global audit on bowel perforations related to transanal irrigation.Tech Coloproctol.2016; 20( 2): 109\u2013115."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b181","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"694","article-title":"Use of pulsed irrigation evacuation in the management of the neuropathic bowel","volume":"35","year":"1997","unstructured":"Puet\n TA,\n \n \n Jackson\n H,\n \n \n Amy\n S.\n \n \n Use of pulsed irrigation evacuation in the management of the neuropathic bowel.Spinal Cord.1997; 35( 10): 694\u2013699."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b182","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"452","article-title":"Sport, free time and hobbies in people with spinal cord injury","volume":"50","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sale\n P,\n \n \n Mazzarella\n F,\n \n \n Pagliacci\n MC,\n \n \n Aito\n S,\n \n \n Agosti\n M,\n \n \n Franceschini\n M.\n \n \n Sport, free time and hobbies in people with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2012; 50( 6): 452\u2013456."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b183","series-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","first-page":"232","article-title":"Myths and misconceptions about chronic constipation","volume":"100","year":"2005","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Lissner\n SA,\n \n \n Kamm\n MA,\n \n \n Scarpignato\n C,\n \n \n Wald\n A.\n \n \n Myths and misconceptions about chronic constipation.Am J Gastroenterol.2005; 100( 1): 232\u2013242."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b184","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"623","article-title":"Lower extremity functional electrical stimulation cycling promotes physical and functional recovery in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"36","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sadowsky\n CL,\n \n \n Hammond\n ER,\n \n \n Strohl\n AB,\n \n .\n Lower extremity functional electrical stimulation cycling promotes physical and functional recovery in chronic spinal cord injury.J Spinal Cord Med.2013; 36( 6): 623\u2013631."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b185","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0190998","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190998","article-title":"Improvements in bladder, bowel and sexual outcomes following task-specific locomotor training in human spinal cord injury","volume":"13","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hubscher\n CH,\n \n \n Herrity\n AN,\n \n \n Williams\n CS,\n \n .\n Improvements in bladder, bowel and sexual outcomes following task-specific locomotor training in human spinal cord injury.PLoS One.2018; 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81( 8): 1392\u20131399."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b191","series-title":"Assistive Tech","first-page":"84","article-title":"Follow-up assessment of standing mobility device users","volume":"10","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dunn\n RB,\n \n \n Walter\n JS,\n \n \n Lucero\n Y,\n \n .\n Follow-up assessment of standing mobility device users.Assistive Tech.1998; 10( 2): 84\u201393."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b192","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"152","article-title":"Indications for a home standing program for individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"22","year":"1999","unstructured":"Walter\n JS,\n \n \n Sola\n PG,\n \n \n Sacks\n J,\n \n \n Lucero\n Y,\n \n \n Langbein\n E,\n \n \n Weaver\n F.\n \n \n Indications for a home standing program for individuals with spinal cord injury.J Spinal Cord Med.1999; 22( 3): 152\u2013158."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b193","series-title":"Clinical guideline for standing adults following spinal cord injury","unstructured":"Multidisciplinary Association of Spinal Cord Injury Professionals (MASCIP).\n Clinical guideline for standing adults following spinal cord injury. https:\/\/www.mascip.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/Clinical-Guidelines-for-Standing-Adults-Following-Spinal-Cord-Injury.pdf. Published April 2013. Accessed June 10, 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b194","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"36","article-title":"Does regular standing improve bowel function in people with spinal cord injury? A randomised crossover trial","volume":"53","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kwok\n S,\n \n \n Harvey\n L,\n \n \n Glinsky\n J,\n \n \n Bowden\n JL,\n \n \n Coggrave\n M,\n \n \n Tussle\n D.\n \n \n Does regular standing improve bowel function in people with spinal cord injury? A randomised crossover trial.Spinal Cord.2015; 53( 1): 36\u201341."},{"issue":"20","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b195","series-title":"Br J Nurs","first-page":"1108","article-title":"Progressive protocol in the bowel management of spinal cord injuries","volume":"15","year":"2006","unstructured":"Coggrave\n M,\n \n \n Burrows\n D,\n \n \n Durand\n MA.\n \n \n Progressive protocol in the bowel management of spinal cord injuries.Br J Nurs.2006; 15( 20): 1108\u20131113."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b196","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"806","article-title":"Functional magnetic stimulation facilitates gastric emptying","volume":"83","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lin\n VW,\n \n \n Kim\n KH,\n \n \n Hsiao\n I,\n \n \n Brown\n W.\n \n \n Functional magnetic stimulation facilitates gastric emptying.Arch Phys Med Rehabil.2002; 83( 6): 806\u2013810."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b197","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"41","article-title":"Efficacy of functional magnetic stimulation in neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury","volume":"41","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tsai\n PY,\n \n \n Wang\n CP,\n \n \n Chiu\n FY,\n \n \n Tsai\n YA,\n \n \n Chang\n YC,\n \n \n Chuang\n TY.\n \n \n Efficacy of functional magnetic stimulation in neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury.J Rehabil Med.2009; 41( 1): 41\u201347."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b198","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"1827","article-title":"Effects of magnetic sacral root stimulation on anorectal pressure and volume","volume":"44","year":"2001","unstructured":"Morren\n GL,\n \n \n Walter\n S,\n \n \n Hallb\u00f6\u00f6k\n O,\n \n \n Sj\u00f6dahl\n R.\n \n \n Effects of magnetic sacral root stimulation on anorectal pressure and volume.Dis Colon Rectum.2001; 44( 12): 1827\u20131833."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b199","series-title":"Urology","first-page":"368","article-title":"Magnetic stimulation: a novel method for inducing evacuation of the neuropathic rectum and urinary bladder in a canine model","volume":"54","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shafik\n A.\n \n \n Magnetic stimulation: a novel method for inducing evacuation of the neuropathic rectum and urinary bladder in a canine model.Urology.1999; 54( 2): 368\u2013372."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b200","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"986","article-title":"Effect of sacral anterior root stimulator on bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"52","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vall\u00e8s\n M,\n \n \n Rodr\u00edguez\n A,\n \n \n Borau\n A,\n \n \n Mearin\n F.\n \n \n Effect of sacral anterior root stimulator on bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury.Dis Colon Rectum.2009; 52( 5): 986\u2013992."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b201","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1512","article-title":"An implantable neuroprosthesis for restoring bladder and bowel control to patients with spinal cord injuries: a multicenter trial","volume":"82","year":"2001","unstructured":"Creasey\n GH,\n \n \n Grill\n JH,\n \n \n Korsten\n M,\n \n ; Implanted Neuroprosthesis Research Group.\n An implantable neuroprosthesis for restoring bladder and bowel control to patients with spinal cord injuries: a multicenter trial.Arch Phys Med Rehabil.2001; 82( 11): 1512\u20131519."},{"issue":"6738","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b202","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"1494","article-title":"Control of defecation in patients with spinal injuries by stimulation of sacral anterior nerve roots","volume":"300","year":"1990","unstructured":"MacDonagh\n RP,\n \n \n Sun\n WM,\n \n \n Smallwood\n R,\n \n \n Forster\n D,\n \n \n Read\n NW.\n \n \n Control of defecation in patients with spinal injuries by stimulation of sacral anterior nerve roots.BMJ.1990; 300( 6738): 1494\u20131497."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b203","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"463","article-title":"Constipation associated with chronic spinal cord injury: the effect of pelvic parasympathetic stimulation by the Brindley stimulator","volume":"29","year":"1991","unstructured":"Binnie\n NR,\n \n \n Smith\n AN,\n \n \n Creasey\n GH,\n \n \n Edmond\n P.\n \n \n Constipation associated with chronic spinal cord injury: the effect of pelvic parasympathetic stimulation by the Brindley stimulator.Paraplegia.1991; 29( 7): 463\u2013439."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b204","series-title":"SCI Nurs","first-page":"125","article-title":"Health promotion in motion: improving quality of life for persons with neurogenic bladder and bowel using assistive technology","volume":"17","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kachourbos\n MJ,\n \n \n Creasey\n GH.\n \n \n Health promotion in motion: improving quality of life for persons with neurogenic bladder and bowel using assistive technology.SCI Nurs.2000; 17( 3): 125\u2013129."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b205","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"297","article-title":"Sacral anterior root stimulation improves bowel function in subjects with spinal cord injury","volume":"53","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rasmussen\n MM,\n \n \n Kutzenberger\n J,\n \n \n Krogh\n K,\n \n .\n Sacral anterior root stimulation improves bowel function in subjects with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2015; 53( 4): 297\u2013301."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b206","series-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563294","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/563294","article-title":"Neurostimulation for neurogenic bowel dysfunction","volume":"2013","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wors\u00f8e\n J,\n \n \n Rasmussen\n M,\n \n \n Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Krogh\n K.\n \n \n Neurostimulation for neurogenic bowel dysfunction.Gastroenterol Res Pract.2013; 2013: 563294. doi:10.1155\/2013\/563294."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b207","series-title":"Br J Surg","first-page":"734","article-title":"Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence in patients with previous partial spinal injury including disc prolapse","volume":"92","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jarrett\n ME,\n \n \n Matzel\n KE,\n \n \n Christiansen\n J,\n \n .\n Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence in patients with previous partial spinal injury including disc prolapse.Br J Surg.2005; 92( 6): 734\u2013739."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b208","series-title":"Br J Surg","first-page":"749","article-title":"Sacral nerve stimulation for neurogenic faecal incontinence","volume":"94","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holzer\n B,\n \n \n Rosen\n HR,\n \n \n Novi\n G,\n \n \n Ausch\n C,\n \n \n H\u00f6lbling\n N,\n \n \n Schiessel\n R.\n \n \n Sacral nerve stimulation for neurogenic faecal incontinence.Br J Surg.2007; 94( 6): 749\u2013753."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b209","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"154","article-title":"Clinical outcome of sacral neuromodulation in incomplete spinal cord-injured patients suffering from neuro-genic bowel dysfunctions","volume":"48","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lombardi\n G,\n \n \n Del Popolo\n G,\n \n \n Cecconi\n F,\n \n \n Surrenti\n E,\n \n \n Macchiarella\n A.\n \n \n Clinical outcome of sacral neuromodulation in incomplete spinal cord-injured patients suffering from neuro-genic bowel dysfunctions.Spinal Cord.2010; 48( 2): 154\u2013159."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b210","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"629","article-title":"Clinical concomitant benefits on pelvic floor dysfunctions after sacral neuromodulation in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"49","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lombardi\n G,\n \n \n Nelli\n F,\n \n \n Mencarini\n M,\n \n \n Del Popolo\n G.\n \n \n Clinical concomitant benefits on pelvic floor dysfunctions after sacral neuromodulation in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2011; 49( 5): 629\u2013636."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b211","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"204","article-title":"Sacral neuromodulation for neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction with multiple symptoms secondary to spinal cord disease","volume":"53","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen\n G,\n \n \n Liao\n L.\n \n \n Sacral neuromodulation for neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction with multiple symptoms secondary to spinal cord disease.Spinal Cord.2015; 53( 3): 204\u2013208."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b212","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"644","article-title":"Sacral nerve stimulation as an option for the treatment of faecal incontinence in patients suffering from cauda equina syndrome","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gstaltner\n K,\n \n \n Rosen\n H,\n \n \n Hufgard\n J,\n \n \n M\u00e4rk\n R,\n \n \n Schrei\n K.\n \n \n Sacral nerve stimulation as an option for the treatment of faecal incontinence in patients suffering from cauda equina syndrome.Spinal Cord.2008; 46( 9): 644\u2013647."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b213","series-title":"Ann Neurol","first-page":"74","article-title":"Early sacral neuromodulation prevents urinary incontinence after complete spinal cord injury","volume":"67","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sievert\n KD,\n \n \n Amend\n B,\n \n \n Gakis\n G,\n \n .\n Early sacral neuromodulation prevents urinary incontinence after complete spinal cord injury.Ann Neurol.2010; 67( 1): 74\u201384."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b214","series-title":"Tech Coloproctol","first-page":"115","article-title":"Posterior tibial nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence after partial spinal injury: preliminary report","volume":"11","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mentes\n BB,\n \n \n Y\u00fcksel\n O,\n \n \n Aydin\n A,\n \n \n Tezcaner\n T,\n \n \n Leventoglu\n A,\n \n \n Ayta\u00e7\n B.\n \n \n Posterior tibial nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence after partial spinal injury: preliminary report.Tech Coloproctol.2007; 11( 2): 115\u2013119."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b215","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"462","article-title":"Acute effect of electrical stimulation of the dorsal genital nerve on rectal capacity in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"50","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wors\u00f8e\n J,\n \n \n Fynne\n L,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S,\n \n \n Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Rijkhoff\n NJ.\n \n \n Acute effect of electrical stimulation of the dorsal genital nerve on rectal capacity in patients with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2012; 50( 6): 462\u2013466."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b216","series-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev","first-page":"95","article-title":"Difficulty with evacuation after spinal cord injury: colonic motility during sleep and effects of abdominal wall stimulation","volume":"41","year":"2004","unstructured":"Korsten\n MA,\n \n \n Fajardo\n NR,\n \n \n Rosman\n AS,\n \n \n Creasey\n GH,\n \n \n Spungen\n AM,\n \n \n Bauman\n WA.\n \n \n Difficulty with evacuation after spinal cord injury: colonic motility during sleep and effects of abdominal wall stimulation.J Rehabil Res Dev.2004; 41( 1): 95\u2013100."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b217","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"445","article-title":"Neuromuscular electrical stimulation of completely paralyzed abdominal muscles in spinal cord-injured patients: a pilot study","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hascakova-Bartova\n R,\n \n \n Dinant\n JF,\n \n \n Parent\n A,\n \n \n Ventura\n M.\n \n \n Neuromuscular electrical stimulation of completely paralyzed abdominal muscles in spinal cord-injured patients: a pilot study.Spinal Cord.2008; 46( 6): 445\u2013450."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b218","series-title":"Front Physiol","first-page":"1816","article-title":"Epidural spinal cord stimulation acutely modulates lower urinary tract and bowel function following spinal cord injury: a case report","volume":"9","year":"2018","unstructured":"Walter\n M,\n \n \n Lee\n AHX,\n \n \n Kavanagh\n A,\n \n \n Phillips\n AA,\n \n \n Krassioukov\n AV.\n \n \n Epidural spinal cord stimulation acutely modulates lower urinary tract and bowel function following spinal cord injury: a case report.Front Physiol.2018; 9: 1816."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b219","series-title":"Br J Surg","first-page":"1139","article-title":"Optimal treatment for severe neurogenic bowel dysfunction after chronic spinal cord injury: a decision analysis","volume":"94","year":"2007","unstructured":"Furlan\n JC,\n \n \n Urbach\n DR,\n \n \n Fehlings\n MG.\n \n \n Optimal treatment for severe neurogenic bowel dysfunction after chronic spinal cord injury: a decision analysis.Br J Surg.2007; 94( 9): 1139\u20131150."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b220","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"1278","article-title":"Malone antegrade continence enema for adults with neurogenic bowel disease","volume":"160","year":"1998","unstructured":"Teichman\n JMH,\n \n \n Harris\n JM,\n \n \n Currie\n DM,\n \n \n Barber\n DB.\n \n \n Malone antegrade continence enema for adults with neurogenic bowel disease.J Urol.1998; 160( 4): 1278\u20131281."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b221","series-title":"Urology","first-page":"502","article-title":"Long-term results for Malone antegrade continence enema for adults with neurogenic bowel disease","volume":"61","year":"2003","unstructured":"Teichman\n JM,\n \n \n Zabihi\n N,\n \n \n Kraus\n SR,\n \n \n Harris\n JM,\n \n \n Barber\n DB.\n \n \n Long-term results for Malone antegrade continence enema for adults with neurogenic bowel disease.Urology.2003; 61( 3): 502\u2013506."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b222","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"1523","article-title":"Long-term results of antegrade colonic enema in adults: assessment of functional results","volume":"51","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wors\u00f8e\n J,\n \n \n Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Buntzen\n S,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S.\n \n \n Long-term results of antegrade colonic enema in adults: assessment of functional results.Dis Colon Rectum.2008; 51( 10): 1523\u20131528."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b223","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"213","article-title":"Antegrade continence enema procedure: impact of QOL in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"53","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smith\n PH,\n \n \n Decker\n RM.\n \n \n Antegrade continence enema procedure: impact of QOL in patients with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2015; 53( 3): 213\u2013215."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b224","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"23","article-title":"Early colostomy formation can improve independence following spinal cord injury and increase acceptability of bowel management","volume":"25","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boucher\n M,\n \n \n Dukes\n S,\n \n \n Bryan\n S,\n \n \n Branagan\n G.\n \n \n Early colostomy formation can improve independence following spinal cord injury and increase acceptability of bowel management.Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.2019; 25( 1): 23\u201330."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b225","series-title":"J Am Paraplegia Soc","first-page":"3","article-title":"Effect of enterostomy on quality of life in spinal cord injury patients","volume":"9","year":"1986","unstructured":"Frisbie\n JH,\n \n \n Tun\n CG,\n \n \n Nguyen\n CH.\n \n \n Effect of enterostomy on quality of life in spinal cord injury patients.J Am Paraplegia Soc.1986; 9( 1\u20132): 3\u20135."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b226","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"514","article-title":"Colostomy as treatment for complications of spinal cord injury","volume":"71","year":"1990","unstructured":"Stone\n JM,\n \n \n Wolfe\n VA,\n \n \n Nino-Murcia\n M,\n \n \n Perkash\n I.\n \n \n Colostomy as treatment for complications of spinal cord injury.Arch Phys Med Rehabil.1990; 71( 7): 514\u2013518."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b227","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"211","article-title":"The role of intestinal stoma in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"37","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kelly\n SR,\n \n \n Shashidharan\n M,\n \n \n Bonwell,\n Tromans AM,\n \n \n Finnis\n D,\n \n \n Grundy\n DJ.\n \n \n The role of intestinal stoma in patients with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.1999; 37( 3): 211\u2013214."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b228","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"174","article-title":"The effects of colostomy on the quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury: a retrospective analysis","volume":"25","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rosito\n O,\n \n \n Nino-Murcia\n M,\n \n \n Wolfe\n VA,\n \n \n Kiratli\n BJ,\n \n \n Perkash\n I.\n \n \n The effects of colostomy on the quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury: a retrospective analysis.J Spinal Cord Med.2002; 25( 3): 174\u2013183."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b229","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"680","article-title":"Effect of stoma formation on bowel care and quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"41","year":"2003","unstructured":"Branagan\n G,\n \n \n Tromans\n A,\n \n \n Finnis\n D,\n \n .\n Effect of stoma formation on bowel care and quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2003; 41( 12): 680\u2013683."},{"issue":"88","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b230","series-title":"Hepatogastroenterology","first-page":"2125","article-title":"Intestinal stoma in patients with spinal cord injury: a retrospective analysis of 23 patients","volume":"55","year":"2008","unstructured":"Munck\n J,\n \n \n Simoens\n Ch,\n \n \n Thill\n V,\n \n .\n Intestinal stoma in patients with spinal cord injury: a retrospective analysis of 23 patients.Hepatogastroenterology.2008; 55( 88): 2125\u20132129."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b231","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"848","article-title":"The impact of stoma for bowel management after spinal cord injury","volume":"50","year":"2012","unstructured":"Coggrave\n MJ,\n \n \n Ingram\n RM,\n \n \n Gardner\n BP,\n \n \n Norton\n CS.\n \n \n The impact of stoma for bowel management after spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2012; 50( 11): 848\u2013852."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b232","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"1525","article-title":"Elective stoma construction improves outcomes in medically intractable pressure ulcers","volume":"46","year":"2003","unstructured":"de la Fuente\n SG,\n \n \n Levin\n LS,\n \n \n Reynolds\n JD,\n \n .\n Elective stoma construction improves outcomes in medically intractable pressure ulcers.Dis Colon Rectum.2003; 46( 11): 1525\u20131530."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b233","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"572","article-title":"Comprehensive management of pressure ulcers in spinal cord injury: current concepts and future trends.","volume":"36","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kruger\n EA,\n \n \n Pires\n M,\n \n \n Ngann\n Y,\n \n \n Sterling\n M,\n \n \n Rubayi\n S.\n \n \n Comprehensive management of pressure ulcers in spinal cord injury: current concepts and future trends.\n J Spinal Cord Med.2013; 36( 6): 572\u2013584."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b234","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0169070","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169070","article-title":"Ischemic bowel syndrome in patients with spinal cord injury: a nationwide study","volume":"12","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tseng\n CW,\n \n \n Lin\n CL,\n \n \n Chen\n YT,\n \n \n Jeng\n LB.\n \n \n Ischemic bowel syndrome in patients with spinal cord injury: a nationwide study.PLoS One.2017; 12: e0169070. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0169070."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b235","series-title":"Tech Coloproctol","first-page":"19","article-title":"Management of hemorrhoidal disease in patients with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"6","year":"2002","unstructured":"Scott\n D,\n \n \n Papa\n MZ,\n \n \n Sareli\n M,\n \n \n Velano\n A,\n \n \n Ben-Ari\n GY,\n \n \n Koller\n M.\n \n \n Management of hemorrhoidal disease in patients with chronic spinal cord injury.Tech Coloproctol.2002; 6( 1): 19\u201322."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b236","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"398","article-title":"Twenty years of a veterans spinal cord colorectal clinic: flexible sigmoidoscopy and multiple hemorrhoid ligation","volume":"60","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cosman\n BC,\n \n \n Cajas-Monson\n LC,\n \n \n Ramamoorthy\n SL.\n \n \n Twenty years of a veterans spinal cord colorectal clinic: flexible sigmoidoscopy and multiple hemorrhoid ligation.Dis Colon Rectum.2017; 60( 4): 398\u2013404."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b237","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil","first-page":"405","article-title":"Evaluation of patient education in spinal cord injury rehabilitation: knowledge, problem-solving and perceived importance","volume":"28","year":"2006","unstructured":"May\n L,\n \n \n Day\n R,\n \n \n Warren\n S.\n \n \n Evaluation of patient education in spinal cord injury rehabilitation: knowledge, problem-solving and perceived importance.Disabil Rehabil.2006; 28( 7): 405\u2013413."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b238","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"30","article-title":"Challenges in educating individuals with SCI to reduce secondary conditions","volume":"10","year":"2004","unstructured":"Potter\n PJ,\n \n \n Wolfe\n DL,\n \n \n Burkell\n JA,\n \n \n Hayes\n KC.\n \n \n Challenges in educating individuals with SCI to reduce secondary conditions.Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.2004; 10( 1): 30\u201340."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b239","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1371","article-title":"Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord injured population","volume":"21","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anderson\n K.\n \n \n Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord injured population.J Neurotrauma.2004; 21( 10): 1371\u20131383."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b240","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"500","article-title":"Who wants to walk? Preferences for recovery after SCI: a longitudinal and cross-sectional study","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ditunno\n PL,\n \n \n Patrick\n M,\n \n \n Stineman\n M,\n \n \n Dittuno\n JF.\n \n \n Who wants to walk? Preferences for recovery after SCI: a longitudinal and cross-sectional study.Spinal Cord.2008; 46( 3): 500\u2013506."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b241","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"679","article-title":"Social activity and relationship changes experienced by people with bowel and bladder dysfunction following spinal cord injury","volume":"55","year":"2017","unstructured":"Braaf\n S,\n \n \n Lennon\n A,\n \n \n Nunn\n A,\n \n \n Gabbe\n B.\n \n \n Social activity and relationship changes experienced by people with bowel and bladder dysfunction following spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2017; 55( 7): 679\u2013686."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b242","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"205","article-title":"The SCIRehab project: treatment time spent in SCI rehabilitation. Nursing bedside education and care management time during inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation","volume":"34","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rundquist,\n J.,\n \n \n Gassaway\n J,\n \n \n Bailey\n J,\n \n \n Lingefelt\n P,\n \n \n Reyes\n IA,\n \n \n Thomas\n J.\n \n \n The SCIRehab project: treatment time spent in SCI rehabilitation. Nursing bedside education and care management time during inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation.J Spinal Cord Med.2011; 34( 2): 205\u2013215."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b243","series-title":"SCI Nurs","first-page":"69","article-title":"A model for assessing learning readiness for self-direction of care in individuals with spinal cord injuries: a qualitative study","volume":"21","year":"2004","unstructured":"Olinzock\n BJ.\n \n \n A model for assessing learning readiness for self-direction of care in individuals with spinal cord injuries: a qualitative study.SCI Nurs.2004; 21( 2): 69\u201374."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b244","series-title":"Rehabil Nurs","first-page":"123","article-title":"Interprofessional collaboration and peer mentors for bowel education in spinal cord injury: a case consultation","volume":"44","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cabigon\n RD,\n \n \n Wojciechowski\n E,\n \n \n Rosen\n L,\n \n \n Miller\n D,\n \n \n Mix\n C,\n \n \n Chen\n D.\n \n \n Interprofessional collaboration and peer mentors for bowel education in spinal cord injury: a case consultation.Rehabil Nurs.2019; 44( 2): 123\u2013127."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b245","series-title":"Int J Ther Rehabil","first-page":"79","article-title":"Preparing patients to self-manage faecal continence following spinal cord injury","volume":"11","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pryor\n J,\n \n \n Jannings\n W.\n \n \n Preparing patients to self-manage faecal continence following spinal cord injury.Int J Ther Rehabil.2004; 11( 2): 79\u201382."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b246","article-title":"Peristomal skin assessment guide for clinicians and consumers","unstructured":"Wound, Ostomy and Incontinence Nurse Society.\n \n Peristomal skin assessment guide for clinicians and consumers. https:\/\/www.wocn.org\/page\/PSAG. Published 2018. Accessed April 29, 2020."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b247","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"548","article-title":"Impact of bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction on health status of people with thoracolumbar spinal cord injuries living in the community","volume":"40","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park\n SE,\n \n \n Elliott\n S,\n \n \n Noonan\n VK,\n \n .\n Impact of bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction on health status of people with thoracolumbar spinal cord injuries living in the community.J Spinal Cord Med.2017; 40( 5): 548\u2013559."},{"issue":"26","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b248","series-title":"World J Gastroenterol","first-page":"3276","article-title":"Impact of fecal incontinence on quality of life","volume":"15","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bartlett\n L,\n \n \n Nowak\n M,\n \n \n Ho\n Y.\n \n \n Impact of fecal incontinence on quality of life.World J Gastroenterol.2009; 15( 26): 3276\u20133282."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b249","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"407","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel after spinal cord injury from the perspective of support providers: a phenomenological study","volume":"7","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burns\n AS,\n \n \n St-Germain\n D,\n \n \n Connolly\n M,\n \n .\n Neurogenic bowel after spinal cord injury from the perspective of support providers: a phenomenological study.PM R.2015; 7( 4): 407\u2013416."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b250","series-title":"Clin Rehabil","first-page":"948","article-title":"A study of burden of care and its correlates among family members supporting relatives and loved ones with traumatic spinal cord injuries","volume":"31","year":"2017","unstructured":"Castellano-Tejedor\n C,\n \n \n Lusilla-Palacios\n P.\n \n \n A study of burden of care and its correlates among family members supporting relatives and loved ones with traumatic spinal cord injuries.Clin Rehabil.2017; 31( 7): 948\u2013956."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b251","series-title":"Psychol Health","first-page":"1101","article-title":"The impact of assuming the primary caregiver role following traumatic spinal cord injury: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the spouse\u2019s experience","volume":"25","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dickson\n A,\n \n \n O\u2019Brien\n G,\n \n \n Ward\n R,\n \n \n Allan\n D,\n \n \n O\u2019Carroll\n RE.\n \n \n The impact of assuming the primary caregiver role following traumatic spinal cord injury: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the spouse\u2019s experience.Psychol Health.2010; 25( 9): 1101\u20131120."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b252","series-title":"Rehabil Psychol","first-page":"397","article-title":"The impact of being a support provider to a person living in the community with a spinal cord injury","volume":"50","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boschen\n KA,\n \n \n Tonack\n M,\n \n \n Gargaro\n J.\n \n \n The impact of being a support provider to a person living in the community with a spinal cord injury.Rehabil Psychol.2005; 50( 4): 397\u2013407."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b253","series-title":"J Clin Psychol","first-page":"406","article-title":"Brief problem-solving training for family caregivers of persons with recent-onset spinal cord injuries: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"65","year":"2009","unstructured":"Elliott\n TR,\n \n \n Berry\n JW.\n \n \n Brief problem-solving training for family caregivers of persons with recent-onset spinal cord injuries: a randomized controlled trial.J Clin Psychol.2009; 65( 4): 406\u2013422."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b254","series-title":"Neurosurg Q","first-page":"388","article-title":"The sex effect on the perceived significance of functional loss due to spinal cord injury","volume":"25","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bozan\n BC,\n \n \n Karamehmetoglu\n SS,\n \n \n Koyuncu\n H.\n \n \n The sex effect on the perceived significance of functional loss due to spinal cord injury.Neurosurg Q.2015; 25( 3): 388\u2013391."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b255","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"154","article-title":"Women\u2019s sexual functioning and sex life after spinal cord injury","volume":"49","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kreuter\n M,\n \n \n Taft\n C,\n \n \n Si\u00f6steen\n A,\n \n \n Biering-S\u00f8rensen\n F.\n \n \n Women\u2019s sexual functioning and sex life after spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2011; 49( 1): 154\u2013160."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b256","series-title":"Med J Malaysia","first-page":"104","article-title":"Bowel dysfunction in spinal cord injury","volume":"63","year":"2008","unstructured":"Naicker\n AS,\n \n \n Roohi\n SA,\n \n \n Naicker\n MS,\n \n \n Zaleha\n O.\n \n \n Bowel dysfunction in spinal cord injury.Med J Malaysia.2008; 63( 2): 104\u2013108."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b257","series-title":"Disabil Health J","first-page":"583","article-title":"Perceived influence of intrinsic\/extrinsic factors on participation in life activities after spinal cord injury","volume":"11","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cobb\n JE,\n \n \n Leblond\n J,\n \n \n Dumont\n FS,\n \n \n Noreau\n L.\n \n \n Perceived influence of intrinsic\/extrinsic factors on participation in life activities after spinal cord injury.Disabil Health J.2018; 11( 4): 583\u2013590."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b258","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil","first-page":"573","article-title":"Women\u2019s experiences of living with neurogenic bladder and bowel after spinal cord injury: life controlled by bladder and bowel","volume":"38","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nevedal\n A,\n \n \n Kratz\n AL,\n \n \n Tate\n DG.\n \n \n Women\u2019s experiences of living with neurogenic bladder and bowel after spinal cord injury: life controlled by bladder and bowel.Disabil Rehabil.2016; 38( 6): 573\u201381."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b259","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"1431","article-title":"Assessment of quality of life in the treatment of patients with neuropathic fecal incontinence","volume":"45","year":"2002","unstructured":"Byrne\n CM,\n \n \n Pager\n CK,\n \n \n Rex\n J,\n \n \n Roberts\n R,\n \n \n Solomon\n MJ.\n \n \n Assessment of quality of life in the treatment of patients with neuropathic fecal incontinence.Dis Colon Rectum.2002; 45( 11): 1431\u20131436."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b260","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"34","article-title":"Prevalence of secondary conditions in veterans with spinal cord injury and their interference with life activities","volume":"6","year":"2000","unstructured":"Prysak\n G,\n \n \n Andresen\n E,\n \n \n Meyers\n A.\n \n \n Prevalence of secondary conditions in veterans with spinal cord injury and their interference with life activities.Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.2000; 6( 1): 34\u201342."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b261","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1749","article-title":"Symptoms of major depression in people with spinal cord injury: implications for screening","volume":"85","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bombardier\n CH,\n \n \n Richards\n JS,\n \n \n Krause\n JS,\n \n \n Tulsky\n D,\n \n \n Tate\n DG.\n \n \n Symptoms of major depression in people with spinal cord injury: implications for screening.Arch Phys Med Rehabil.2004; 85( 11): 1749\u20131756."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b262","series-title":"Arch Intern Med","first-page":"1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spitzer\n RL,\n \n \n Kroenke\n K,\n \n \n Williams\n JBW,\n \n \n L\u00f6we\n B.\n \n \n A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.Arch Intern Med.2006; 166( 10): 1092\u20131097."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b263","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"701","article-title":"Bowel function in adults who have sustained spinal cord injury in childhood","volume":"33","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kannisto\n M,\n \n \n Rintala\n R.\n \n \n Bowel function in adults who have sustained spinal cord injury in childhood.Paraplegia.1995; 33( 12): 701\u2013703."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b264","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"791","article-title":"Barriers to sexual activity: counselling spinal cord injured women in Malaysia","volume":"49","year":"2011","unstructured":"Julia\n PE,\n \n \n Othman\n AS.\n \n \n Barriers to sexual activity: counselling spinal cord injured women in Malaysia.Spinal Cord.2011; 49( 7): 791\u2013794."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b265","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"557","article-title":"Sexual satisfaction in women with spinal cord injuries","volume":"53","year":"2015","unstructured":"Otero-Villaverde\n S,\n \n \n Ferreiro-Velasco\n ME,\n \n \n Montoto-Marqu\u00e9s\n A,\n \n \n Salvador de la Barrera\n S,\n \n \n Arias-Pardo\n AI,\n \n \n Rodriguez-Sotillo\n A.\n \n \n Sexual satisfaction in women with spinal cord injuries.Spinal Cord.2015; 53( 7): 557\u2013560."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b1","series-title":"AMIA Annu Symp Proc","first-page":"359","article-title":"Evaluation of PICO as a knowledge representation for clinical questions","volume":"2006","unstructured":"Huang\n X,\n \n \n Lin\n J,\n \n \n Demner-Fushman\n D.\n \n \n Evaluation of PICO as a knowledge representation for clinical questions.AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2006: 359\u2013363."},{"issue":"7650","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b2","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"924","article-title":"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyatt\n GH,\n \n \n Oxman\n AD,\n \n \n Vist\n GE,\n \n ; GRADE Working Group.\n GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations.BMJ.2008; 336( 7650): 924\u2013926."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b3","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"201","article-title":"International standards to document remaining autonomic function after spinal cord injury","volume":"35","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krassioukov\n A,\n \n \n Biering-S\u00f8rensen\n F,\n \n \n Donovan\n W,\n \n ; Autonomic Standards Committee of the American Spinal Injury Association\/International Spinal Cord Society.\n International standards to document remaining autonomic function after spinal cord injury.J Spinal Cord Med.2012; 35( 4): 201\u2013210."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b4","series-title":"Gastroenterology","first-page":"287","article-title":"Colonic dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"86","year":"1984","unstructured":"Glick\n ME,\n \n \n Meshkinpour\n H,\n \n \n Haldeman\n S,\n \n \n Hoeler\n F,\n \n \n Downey\n N,\n \n \n Bradley\n WE.\n \n \n Colonic dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury.Gastroenterology.1984; 86( 2): 287\u2013294."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b5","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"111","article-title":"Colonic compliance in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"64","year":"1983","unstructured":"Meshkinpour\n H,\n \n \n Nowroozi\n F,\n \n \n Glick\n ME.\n \n \n Colonic compliance in patients with spinal cord injury.Arch Phys Med Rehabil.1983; 64( 3): 111\u2013112."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b6","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"641","article-title":"Rectal wall properties in patients with acute and chronic spinal cord lesions","volume":"45","year":"2002","unstructured":"Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Mosdal\n C,\n \n \n Gregersen\n H,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S.\n \n \n Rectal wall properties in patients with acute and chronic spinal cord lesions.Dis Colon Rectum.2002; 45( 5): 641\u2013649."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b7","series-title":"Acta Neurol Scand","first-page":"123","article-title":"Gastric and small intestinal dysfunction in spinal cord injury patients","volume":"125","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fynne\n L,\n \n \n Wors\u00f8e\n J,\n \n \n Gregersen\n T,\n \n \n Schlageter\n V,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S,\n \n \n Krogh\n K.\n \n \n Gastric and small intestinal dysfunction in spinal cord injury patients.Acta Neurol Scand.2012; 125( 2): 123\u2013128."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b8","series-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst","first-page":"199","article-title":"Colonic transit time and anorectal manometric anomalies in 19 patients with complete transection of the spinal cord","volume":"30","year":"1990","unstructured":"Beuret-Blanquart\n F,\n \n \n Weber\n J,\n \n \n Gouverneur\n JP,\n \n \n Demangeon\n S,\n \n \n Denis\n P.\n \n \n Colonic transit time and anorectal manometric anomalies in 19 patients with complete transection of the spinal cord.J Auton Nerv Syst.1990; 30( 3): 199\u2013207."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b9","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"240","article-title":"Cisapride for constipation in spinal cord injured patients: a preliminary report","volume":"18","year":"1995","unstructured":"Longo\n WE,\n \n \n Woolsey\n RM,\n \n \n Vernava\n AM,\n \n \n Virgo\n KS,\n \n \n McKirgan\n L,\n \n \n Johnson\n FE.\n \n \n Cisapride for constipation in spinal cord injured patients: a preliminary report.J Spinal Cord Med.1995; 18( 4): 240\u2013244."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b10","series-title":"Gastroenterology","first-page":"1372","article-title":"Anorectal function in incontinent patients with cerebrospinal disease","volume":"99","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sun\n WM,\n \n \n Read\n NW,\n \n \n Donnelly\n TC.\n \n \n Anorectal function in incontinent patients with cerebrospinal disease.Gastroenterology.1990; 99( 5): 1372\u20131379."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b11","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"256","article-title":"An investigation on the nervous control of defaecation","volume":"58","year":"1935","unstructured":"Denny-Brown\n D,\n \n \n Graeme Robertson\n E.\n \n \n An investigation on the nervous control of defaecation.Brain.1935; 58: 256\u2013310."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b12","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"615","article-title":"Gastrointestinal & segmental colonic transit times in patients with acute and chronic spinal cord lesions","volume":"38","year":"2000","unstructured":"Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Mosdal\n C,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S.\n \n \n Gastrointestinal & segmental colonic transit times in patients with acute and chronic spinal cord lesions.Spinal Cord.2000; 38( 10): 615\u2013621."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b13","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"924","article-title":"Large-bowel transit in paraplegic patients","volume":"30","year":"1987","unstructured":"Menardo\n G,\n \n \n Bausano\n G,\n \n \n Corazziari\n E,\n \n .\n Large-bowel transit in paraplegic patients.Dis Colon Rectum.1987; 30( 12): 924\u2013928."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b14","series-title":"Invest Radiol","first-page":"109","article-title":"Colonic transit in spinal cord-injured patients","volume":"25","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nino-Murcia\n M,\n \n \n Stone\n JM,\n \n \n Chang\n PJ,\n \n \n Perkash\n I.\n \n \n Colonic transit in spinal cord-injured patients.Invest Radiol.1990; 25( 2): 109\u2013112."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b15","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"72","article-title":"Reproducibility and validity of radiographically determined gastrointestinal and segmental colonic transit times in spinal cord-injured patients","volume":"47","year":"2009","unstructured":"Media\n S,\n \n \n Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Lauge\n I,\n \n \n Al-Hashimi\n M,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S,\n \n \n Krogh\n K.\n \n \n Reproducibility and validity of radiographically determined gastrointestinal and segmental colonic transit times in spinal cord-injured patients.Spinal Cord.2009; 47( 1): 72\u201375."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b16","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"683","article-title":"Colorectal transport during defecation in subjects with supraconal spinal cord injury","volume":"51","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rasmussen\n MM,\n \n \n Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Clemmensen\n D,\n \n \n Bluhme\n H,\n \n \n Rawashdeh\n Y,\n \n \n Christensen\n P.\n \n \n Colorectal transport during defecation in subjects with supraconal spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2013; 51( 9): 683\u2013687."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b17","series-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil","first-page":"25","article-title":"Colorectal transport during defecation in patients with lesions of the sacral spinal cord","volume":"15","year":"2003","unstructured":"Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Olsen\n N,\n \n \n Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Madsen\n JL,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S.\n \n \n Colorectal transport during defecation in patients with lesions of the sacral spinal cord.Neurogastroenterol Motil.2003; 15( 1): 25\u201331."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b18","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"81","article-title":"SmartPill technology provides safe and effective assessment of gastrointestinal function in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"50","year":"2012","unstructured":"Williams\n RE\n 3rd\n ,BaumanWA,SpungenAM,.\n SmartPill technology provides safe and effective assessment of gastrointestinal function in persons with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2012; 50( 1): 81\u201384."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b19","series-title":"Dig Dis Sci","first-page":"1512","article-title":"Gastric emptying in spinal cord injury patients","volume":"44","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kao\n CH,\n \n \n Ho\n YJ,\n \n \n Changlai\n SP,\n \n \n Ding\n HJ.\n \n \n Gastric emptying in spinal cord injury patients.Dig Dis Sci.1999; 44( 8): 1512\u20131515."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b20","series-title":"Gut","first-page":"488","article-title":"Anal pressure studies in spinal patients","volume":"18","year":"1977","unstructured":"Wheatley\n IC,\n \n \n Hardy\n KJ,\n \n \n Dent\n J.\n \n \n Anal pressure studies in spinal patients.Gut.1977; 18( 6): 488\u2013490."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b21","series-title":"Dig DisSci","first-page":"1908","article-title":"Morphological abnormalities of the recto-anal inhibitory reflex reflects symptom pattern in neurogenic bowel","volume":"57","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thiruppathy\n K,\n \n \n Roy\n A,\n \n \n Preziosi\n G,\n \n \n Pannicker\n J,\n \n \n Emmanuel\n A.\n \n \n Morphological abnormalities of the recto-anal inhibitory reflex reflects symptom pattern in neurogenic bowel.Dig DisSci.2012; 57( 7): 1908\u20131914."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b22","series-title":"Gut","first-page":"638","article-title":"Function of the anal sphincters in spinal man","volume":"16","year":"1975","unstructured":"Freckner\n B.\n \n \n Function of the anal sphincters in spinal man.Gut.1975; 16( 8): 638\u2013644."},{"issue":"9016","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b23","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1651","article-title":"Bowel dysfunction in spinal-cord-injury patients","volume":"347","year":"1996","unstructured":"Glickman\n S,\n \n \n Kamm\n MA.\n \n \n Bowel dysfunction in spinal-cord-injury patients.Lancet.1996; 347( 9016): 1651\u20131653."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b24","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"1233","article-title":"Colorectal function in patients with spinal cord lesions","volume":"40","year":"1997","unstructured":"Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Nielsen\n J,\n \n \n Djurhuus\n JC,\n \n \n Mosd9.al\n C,\n \n \n Sabroe\n S,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S.\n \n \n Colorectal function in patients with spinal cord lesions.Dis Colon Rectum.1997; 40( 10): 1233\u2013123"},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b25","series-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","first-page":"2290","article-title":"Bowel dysfunction in patients with motor complete spinal cord injury: clinical, neurological, and pathophysiological associations","volume":"101","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vall\u00e8s\n M,\n \n \n Vidal\n J,\n \n \n Clav\u00e9\n P,\n \n \n Mearin\n F.\n \n \n Bowel dysfunction in patients with motor complete spinal cord injury: clinical, neurological, and pathophysiological associations.Am J Gastroenterol.2006; 101( 10): 2290\u20132299."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b26","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"234","article-title":"The pattern of colorectal dysfunction changes with time since spinal cord injury","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Faaborg\n PM,\n \n \n Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Finnerup\n N,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S,\n \n \n Krogh\n K.\n \n \n The pattern of colorectal dysfunction changes with time since spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2008; 46( 3): 234\u2013238."},{"issue":"22","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b27","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil","first-page":"1381","article-title":"Health problems of persons with spinal cord injury living in the Netherlands","volume":"27","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bloemen-Vrencken\n JHA,\n \n \n Post\n MWM,\n \n \n Hendriks\n JMS,\n \n \n De Reus\n ECE,\n \n \n De Witte\n LP.\n \n \n Health problems of persons with spinal cord injury living in the Netherlands.Disabil Rehabil.2005; 27( 22): 1381\u20131389."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b28","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"323","article-title":"Management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in the community after spinal cord injury: a postal survey in the United Kingdom","volume":"47","year":"2009","unstructured":"Coggrave\n MJ,\n \n \n Norton\n C,\n \n \n Wilson-Barnett\n J.\n \n \n Management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in the community after spinal cord injury: a postal survey in the United Kingdom.Spinal Cord.2009; 47( 4): 323\u2013330."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b29","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"63","article-title":"Constipation and other chronic gastrointestinal problems in spinal cord injury patients","volume":"36","year":"1998","unstructured":"De Looze\n D,\n \n \n Van Laere\n M,\n \n \n De Muynck\n M,\n \n \n Beke\n R,\n \n \n Elewaut\n A.\n \n \n Constipation and other chronic gastrointestinal problems in spinal cord injury patients.Spinal Cord.1998; 36( 1): 63\u201366."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b30","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"485","article-title":"Chronic gastrointestinal problems and bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"36","year":"1998","unstructured":"Han\n TR,\n \n \n Kim\n JH,\n \n \n Kwon\n BS.\n \n \n Chronic gastrointestinal problems and bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.1998; 36( 7): 485\u2013490."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b31","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"545","article-title":"Secondary health complications in an aging Canadian spinal cord injury sample","volume":"87","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hitzig\n SL,\n \n \n Tonack\n M,\n \n \n Campbell\n KA,\n \n .\n Secondary health complications in an aging Canadian spinal cord injury sample.Am J Phys Med Rehabil.2008; 87( 7): 545\u2013555."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b32","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"303","article-title":"Management of bowel dysfunction in the community after spinal cord injury: a postal survey in the Republic of Korea","volume":"50","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim\n JY,\n \n \n Koh\n ES,\n \n \n Leigh\n J,\n \n \n Shin\n H.\n \n \n Management of bowel dysfunction in the community after spinal cord injury: a postal survey in the Republic of Korea.Spinal Cord.2012; 50( 4): 303\u2013308."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b33","series-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med","first-page":"873","article-title":"Assessment of neurogenic bowel dysfunction impact after spinal cord injury using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health","volume":"54","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pires\n JM,\n \n \n Ferreira\n AM,\n \n \n Rocha\n F,\n \n .\n Assessment of neurogenic bowel dysfunction impact after spinal cord injury using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.Eur J Phys Rehabil Med.2018; 54( 6): 873\u2013879."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b34","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"665","article-title":"Secondary conditions in a community sample of people with spinal cord damage","volume":"39","year":"2016","unstructured":"New\n PW.\n \n \n Secondary conditions in a community sample of people with spinal cord damage.J Spinal Cord Med.2016; 39( 6): 665\u2013670."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b35","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"717","article-title":"Bowel dysfunction following spinal cord injury: a description of bowel function in a spinal cord-injured population and comparison with age and gender matched controls","volume":"38","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lynch\n AC,\n \n \n Wong\n C,\n \n \n Anthony\n A,\n \n \n Dobbs\n BR,\n \n \n Frizelle\n FA.\n \n \n Bowel dysfunction following spinal cord injury: a description of bowel function in a spinal cord-injured population and comparison with age and gender matched controls.Spinal Cord.2000; 38( 12): 717\u2013723."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b36","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"35","article-title":"Relationship between neurogenic bowel dysfunction and health-related quality of life in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"41","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu\n CW,\n \n \n Huang\n CC,\n \n \n Yang\n YH,\n \n \n Chen\n SC,\n \n \n Weng\n MC,\n \n \n Huang\n MH.\n \n \n Relationship between neurogenic bowel dysfunction and health-related quality of life in persons with spinal cord injury.J Rehabil Med.2009; 41( 1): 35\u201340."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b37","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"625","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel dysfunction score","volume":"44","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Sabroe\n S,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S.\n \n \n Neurogenic bowel dysfunction score.Spinal Cord.2006; 44( 10): 625\u2013631."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b38","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"554","article-title":"Prediction of severe neurogenic bowel dysfunction in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"48","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu\n CW,\n \n \n Huang\n CC,\n \n \n Chen\n CH,\n \n \n Yang\n YH,\n \n \n Chen\n TW,\n \n \n Huang\n MH.\n \n \n Prediction of severe neurogenic bowel dysfunction in persons with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2010; 48( 7): 554\u2013559."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b39","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1679","article-title":"Risk factors associated with neurogenic bowel complications and dysfunction in spinal cord injury","volume":"97","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tate\n DG,\n \n \n Forchheimer\n M,\n \n \n Rodriguez\n G,\n \n .\n Risk factors associated with neurogenic bowel complications and dysfunction in spinal cord injury.Arch Phys Med Rehabil.2016; 97( 10): 1679\u20131686."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b40","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"356","article-title":"Secondary health conditions, activity limitations, and life satisfaction in older adults with long-term spinal cord injury","volume":"9","year":"2017","unstructured":"J\u00f6rgensen\n S,\n \n \n Iwarsson\n S,\n \n \n Lexell\n J.\n \n \n Secondary health conditions, activity limitations, and life satisfaction in older adults with long-term spinal cord injury.PM R.2017; 9( 4): 356\u2013366."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b41","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"769","article-title":"Ageing with neurogenic bowel dysfunction","volume":"55","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nielsen\n SD,\n \n \n Faaborg\n PM,\n \n \n Finnerup\n NB,\n \n \n Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Krogh\n K.\n \n \n Ageing with neurogenic bowel dysfunction.Spinal Cord.2017; 55( 8): 769\u2013773."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b42","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"853","article-title":"Secondary health conditions and quality of life in persons living with spinal cord injury for at least ten years","volume":"48","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adriaansen\n JJ,\n \n \n Ruijs\n LE,\n \n \n van Koppenhagen\n CF,\n \n .\n Secondary health conditions and quality of life in persons living with spinal cord injury for at least ten years.J Rehabil Med.2016; 48( 10): 853\u2013860."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b43","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"301","article-title":"Ageing with spinal cord injury: cross-sectional and longitudinal effects","volume":"39","year":"2001","unstructured":"Weitzenkamp\n DA,\n \n \n Jones\n RH,\n \n \n Whiteneck\n GG,\n \n \n Young\n DA.\n \n \n Ageing with spinal cord injury: cross-sectional and longitudinal effects.Spinal Cord.2001; 39( 6): 301\u2013309."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b44","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"905","article-title":"Outcomes of neurogenic bowel management in individuals living with a spinal cord injury for at least 10 years","volume":"96","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adriaansen\n JJ,\n \n \n van Asbeck FW van Kuppevelt\n MD,\n \n \n Snoek\n GJ,\n \n \n Post\n MW.\n \n \n Outcomes of neurogenic bowel management in individuals living with a spinal cord injury for at least 10 years.Arch Phys Med Rehabil.2015; 96( 5): 905\u2013912."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b45","series-title":"International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI)","unstructured":"American Spinal Injury Association.\n International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI). https:\/\/asia-spinalinjury.org\/product\/international-standards-for-neurological-classification-of-spinal-cord-injury-isncsci-revised-2019. Revised 2019. Accessed April 29,2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b46","series-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","first-page":"33","article-title":"Epidemiology of fecal incontinence: the silent affliction","volume":"91","year":"1996","unstructured":"Johanson\n JF,\n \n \n Lafferty\n J.\n \n \n Epidemiology of fecal incontinence: the silent affliction.Am J Gastroenterol.1996; 91( 1): 33\u201336."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b47","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"1010","article-title":"Development and validation of a bowel-routine-based self-report questionnaire for sacral sparing after spinal cord injury","volume":"55","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu\n N,\n \n \n Xing\n H,\n \n \n Zhou\n MW,\n \n \n Biering-S\u00f8rensen\n F.\n \n \n Development and validation of a bowel-routine-based self-report questionnaire for sacral sparing after spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2017; 55( 11): 1010\u20131015."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b48","series-title":"Neurourol Urodyn","first-page":"8","article-title":"Patient reported outcomes measures in neurogenic bladder and bowel: a systematic review of the current literature","volume":"35","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patel\n DP,\n \n \n Elliott\n SP,\n \n \n Stoffel\n JT,\n \n \n Brant\n WO,\n \n \n Hotaling\n JM,\n \n \n Myers\n JB.\n \n \n Patient reported outcomes measures in neurogenic bladder and bowel: a systematic review of the current literature.Neurourol Urodyn.2016; 35( 1): 8\u201314."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b49","series-title":"World J Urol","first-page":"1587","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel management for the adult spinal cord injury patient","volume":"36","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stoffel\n JT,\n \n \n Van der Aa\n F,\n \n \n Wittmann\n D,\n \n \n Yande\n S,\n \n \n Elliott\n S.\n \n \n Neurogenic bowel management for the adult spinal cord injury patient.World J Urol.2018; 36( 10): 1587\u20131592."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b50","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"77","article-title":"Etiology and management of fecal incontinence","volume":"36","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jorge\n JM,\n \n \n Wexner\n SD.\n \n \n Etiology and management of fecal incontinence.Dis Colon Rectum.1993; 36( 1): 77\u201397."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b51","series-title":"Gut","first-page":"77","article-title":"Prospective comparison of faecal incontinence grading systems","volume":"44","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vaizey\n CJ,\n \n \n Carapeti\n E,\n \n \n Cahill\n JA,\n \n \n Kamm\n MA.\n \n \n Prospective comparison of faecal incontinence grading systems.Gut.1999; 44( 1): 77\u201380."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b52","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"681","article-title":"A constipation scoring system to simplify evaluation and management of constipated patients","volume":"39","year":"1996","unstructured":"Agachan\n F,\n \n \n Chen\n T,\n \n \n Pfeifer\n J,\n \n \n Reissman\n P,\n \n \n Wexner\n SD.\n \n \n A constipation scoring system to simplify evaluation and management of constipated patients.Dis Colon Rectum.1996; 39( 6): 681\u2013685."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b53","series-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol","first-page":"920","article-title":"Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time","volume":"32","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lewis\n SJ,\n \n \n Heaton\n KW.\n \n \n Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time.Scand J Gastroenterol.1997; 32( 9): 920\u2013924."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b54","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"288","article-title":"Development and psychometric characteristics of the SCI-QOL Bladder Management Difficulties and Bowel Management Difficulties item banks and short forms and the SCI-QOL Bladder Complications scale","volume":"38","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tulsky\n DS,\n \n \n Kisala\n PA,\n \n \n Tate\n DG,\n \n \n Spungen\n AM,\n \n \n Kirshblum\n SC.\n \n \n Development and psychometric characteristics of the SCI-QOL Bladder Management Difficulties and Bowel Management Difficulties item banks and short forms and the SCI-QOL Bladder Complications scale.J Spinal Cord Med.2015; 38( 3): 288\u2013302."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b55","series-title":"Gastroenterology","first-page":"738","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of transanal irrigation versus conservative bowel management in spinal cord injured patients","volume":"131","year":"2006","unstructured":"Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Bazzocchi\n G,\n \n \n Coggrave\n M,\n \n .\n A randomized, controlled trial of transanal irrigation versus conservative bowel management in spinal cord injured patients.Gastroenterology.2006; 131( 3): 738\u2013747."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b56","series-title":"Prog Urol","first-page":"553","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD) translation and linguistic validation to classical Arabic","volume":"26","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mallek\n A,\n \n \n Elleuch\n MH,\n \n \n Ghroubi\n S.\n \n \n Neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD) translation and linguistic validation to classical Arabic.Prog Urol.2016; 26( 10): 553\u2013557."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b57","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"1084","article-title":"Reliability, validity and sensitivity to change of neurogenic bowel dysfunction score in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"55","year":"2017","unstructured":"Erdem\n D,\n \n \n Hava\n D,\n \n \n Keskinoglu\n P,\n \n .\n Reliability, validity and sensitivity to change of neurogenic bowel dysfunction score in patients with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2017; 55( 12): 1084\u20131087."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b58","series-title":"J Pediatr Rehabil Med","first-page":"325","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel and continence programs for the individual with spina bifida","volume":"1","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leibold\n S.\n \n \n Neurogenic bowel and continence programs for the individual with spina bifida.J Pediatr Rehabil Med.2008; 1( 4): 325\u2013336."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b59","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"692","article-title":"International spinal cord injury bowel function basic data set (Version 2.0)","volume":"55","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Emmanuel\n A,\n \n \n Perrouin-Verbe\n B,\n \n \n Korsten\n MA,\n \n \n Mulcahey\n MJ,\n \n \n Biering-S\u00f8rensen\n F.\n \n \n International spinal cord injury bowel function basic data set (Version 2.0).Spinal Cord.2017; 55( 7): 692\u2013698."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b60","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"230","article-title":"International bowel function basic spinal cord injury data set","volume":"47","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Perkash\n I,\n \n \n Stiens\n SA,\n \n \n Biering-S\u00f8rensen\n F.\n \n \n International bowel function basic spinal cord injury data set.Spinal Cord.2009; 47( 3): 230\u2013234."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b61","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"235","article-title":"International bowel function extended spinal cord injury data set","volume":"47","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Perkash\n I,\n \n \n Stiens\n SA,\n \n \n Biering-S\u00f8rensen\n F.\n \n \n International bowel function extended spinal cord injury data set.Spinal Cord.2009; 47( 3): 235\u2013241."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b62","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"886","article-title":"Reliability of the international spinal cord injury bowel function basic and extended data sets","volume":"49","year":"2011","unstructured":"Juul\n T,\n \n \n Bazzocchi\n G,\n \n \n Coggrave\n M,\n \n .\n Reliability of the international spinal cord injury bowel function basic and extended data sets.Spinal Cord.2011; 49( 8): 886\u2013891."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b63","series-title":"Neurourol Urodyn","first-page":"46","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel dysfunction: clinical management recommendations of the Neurologic Incontinence Committee of the Fifth International Consultation on Incontinence 2013","volume":"37","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cotterill\n N,\n \n \n Madersbacher\n H,\n \n \n Wyndaele\n JJ,\n \n .\n Neurogenic bowel dysfunction: clinical management recommendations of the Neurologic Incontinence Committee of the Fifth International Consultation on Incontinence 2013.Neurourol Urodyn.2018; 37( 1): 46\u201353."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b64","series-title":"Braddom\u2019s Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","first-page":"449","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel: dysfunction and rehabilitation","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodriguez\n G,\n \n \n Stiens\n SA.\n \n \n Neurogenic bowel: dysfunction and rehabilitation. In:CifuDX, ed.Braddom\u2019s Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier;2016: 449\u2013468."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b65","series-title":"Paralyzed Veterans of America","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel management in adults with spinal cord injury: clinical practice guidelines","year":"1998","unstructured":"Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine.\n \n Neurogenic bowel management in adults with spinal cord injury: clinical practice guidelines.Paralyzed Veterans of America;1998."},{"issue":"3 suppl","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b66","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"S86","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury: clinical evaluation and rehabilitative management","volume":"78","year":"1997","unstructured":"Stiens\n SA,\n \n \n Bergman\n SB,\n \n \n Goetz\n LL.\n \n \n Neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury: clinical evaluation and rehabilitative management.Arch Phys Med Rehabil.1997; 78( 3 suppl): S86\u2013102."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b67","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"718","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel management after spinal cord injury: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"48","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krassioukov\n A,\n \n \n Eng\n JJ,\n \n \n Claxton\n G,\n \n \n Sakakibara\n BM,\n \n \n Shum\n S.\n \n \n Neurogenic bowel management after spinal cord injury: a systematic review of the evidence.Spinal Cord.2010; 48( 10): 718\u2013733."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b68","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"504","article-title":"The need for manual evacuation and oral laxatives in the management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial of a stepwise protocol","volume":"48","year":"2010","unstructured":"Coggrave\n MJ,\n \n \n Norton\n C.\n \n \n The need for manual evacuation and oral laxatives in the management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial of a stepwise protocol.Spinal Cord.2010; 48( 6): 504\u2013510."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b69","series-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol","first-page":"417","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel dysfunction: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and treatment","volume":"3","year":"2009","unstructured":"Preziosi\n G,\n \n \n Emmanuel\n A.\n \n \n Neurogenic bowel dysfunction: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and treatment.Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol.2009; 3( 4): 417\u2013423."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b70","series-title":"J Gastrointestin Liver Dis","first-page":"75","article-title":"Gastrointestinal involvement in spinal cord injury: a clinical perspective","volume":"21","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ebert\n E.\n \n \n Gastrointestinal involvement in spinal cord injury: a clinical perspective.J Gastrointestin Liver Dis.2012; 21( 1): 75\u201382."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b71","series-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am","first-page":"205","article-title":"Chronic constipation","volume":"45","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brenner\n DM,\n \n \n Shah\n M.\n \n \n Chronic constipation.Gastroenterol Clin North Am.2016; 45( 2): 205\u2013216."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b72","series-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","first-page":"1141","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: management of benign anorectal disorders","volume":"109","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wald\n A,\n \n \n Bharucha\n AE,\n \n \n Cosman\n BC,\n \n .\n ACG clinical guideline: management of benign anorectal disorders.Am J Gastroenterol.2014; 109( 8): 1141\u20131157."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b73","series-title":"Ann Rehabil Med","first-page":"547","article-title":"Plain abdominal radiograph as an evaluation method of bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"37","year":"2013","unstructured":"Park\n HJ,\n \n \n Noh\n SE,\n \n \n Kim\n GD,\n \n \n Joo\n MC.\n \n \n Plain abdominal radiograph as an evaluation method of bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury.Ann Rehabil Med.2013; 37( 4): 547\u2013555."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b74","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"651","article-title":"Large-bowel obstruction in the adult: classic radiographic and CT findings, etiology, and mimics","volume":"275","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jaffe\n T,\n \n \n Thompson\n WM.\n \n \n Large-bowel obstruction in the adult: classic radiographic and CT findings, etiology, and mimics.Radiology.2015; 275( 3): 651\u2013663."},{"issue":"1305","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b75","series-title":"N Z Med J","first-page":"57","article-title":"The use of computed tomography in the detection and characterisation of large bowel obstruction","volume":"122","year":"2009","unstructured":"Godfrey\n EM,\n \n \n Addley\n HC,\n \n \n Shaw\n AS.\n \n \n The use of computed tomography in the detection and characterisation of large bowel obstruction.N Z Med J.2009; 122( 1305): 57\u201373."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b76","series-title":"Radiol Clin North Am","first-page":"925","article-title":"Ischemia and infarction of the intestine related to obstruction","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Romano\n S,\n \n \n Bartone\n G,\n \n \n Romano\n L.\n \n \n Ischemia and infarction of the intestine related to obstruction.Radiol Clin North Am.2008; 46( 5): 925\u2013942."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b77","series-title":"Abdom Imaging","first-page":"160","article-title":"Radiology of small bowel obstruction: contemporary approach and controversies [erratum in Abdom Imaging. 2005;30(5):651]","volume":"30","year":"2005","unstructured":"Maglinte\n DD,\n \n \n Kelvin\n FM,\n \n \n Sandrasegaran\n K,\n \n .\n Radiology of small bowel obstruction: contemporary approach and controversies [erratum in Abdom Imaging. 2005;30(5):651].Abdom Imaging.2005; 30( 2): 160\u2013178."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b78","series-title":"Semin Roentgenol","first-page":"108","article-title":"Imaging of suspected acute small bowel obstruction","volume":"36","year":"2001","unstructured":"Macari\n M,\n \n \n Megibow\n A.\n \n \n Imaging of suspected acute small bowel obstruction.Semin Roentgenol.2001; 36( 2): 108\u2013117."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b79","series-title":"Gastroenterology","first-page":"211","article-title":"American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on constipation","volume":"144","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Gastroenterological Association;BharuchaAE,DornSD,LemboA,PressmanA.\n American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on constipation.Gastroenterology.2013; 144( 1): 211\u2013217."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b80","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"623","article-title":"Relationship between gut-specific autonomic testing and bowel dysfunction in spinal cord injury patients","volume":"47","year":"2009","unstructured":"Emmanuel\n AV,\n \n \n Chung\n EA,\n \n \n Kamm\n MA,\n \n \n Middleton\n F.\n \n \n Relationship between gut-specific autonomic testing and bowel dysfunction in spinal cord injury patients.Spinal Cord.2009; 47( 8): 623\u2013627."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b81","series-title":"JIMSA","first-page":"35","article-title":"Colonic transit time: current methodology and its clinical implications","volume":"25","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ranjan\n P,\n \n \n Bansal\n N,\n \n \n Sachdeva\n M,\n \n \n Jain\n P,\n \n \n Arora\n A.\n \n \n Colonic transit time: current methodology and its clinical implications.JIMSA.2012; 25( 1) 35\u201337."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b82","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"279","article-title":"Functional abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with spinal cord injuries: evaluation with imaging procedures","volume":"158","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nino-Murcia\n M,\n \n \n Friedland\n GW.\n \n \n Functional abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with spinal cord injuries: evaluation with imaging procedures.AJR Am J Roentgenol.1992; 158( 2): 279\u2013281."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b83","series-title":"J Nucl Med Technol","first-page":"76","article-title":"A comparison of methods of assessment of scintigraphic colon transit","volume":"34","year":"2006","unstructured":"Freedman,\n PN,\n \n \n Goldberg,\n PA,\n \n \n Fataar,\n AB,\n \n \n Mann,\n MM\n .\n A comparison of methods of assessment of scintigraphic colon transit.J Nucl Med Technol.2006; 34( 2): 76\u201381."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b84","series-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","first-page":"1295","article-title":"Delayed colonic transit in spinal cord-injured patients measured by indium-111 amberlite scintigraphy","volume":"90","year":"1995","unstructured":"Keshavarzian\n A,\n \n \n Barnes\n WE,\n \n \n Bruninga,\n K,\n \n \n Nemchausky\n B,\n \n \n Mermall\n H,\n \n \n Bushnell\n D.\n \n \n Delayed colonic transit in spinal cord-injured patients measured by indium-111 amberlite scintigraphy.Am J Gastroenterol.1995; 90( 8): 1295\u20131300."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b85","article-title":"SmartPill\u2122 motility testing system","unstructured":"Medtronic.\n SmartPill\u2122 motility testing system. www.medtronic.com\/covidien\/en-us\/products\/motility-testing\/smartpill-motility-testing-system.html#smartpill-motility-capsule. Accessed April 29, 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b86","series-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil","first-page":"8","article-title":"Evaluation of gastrointestinal transit in clinical practice: position paper of the American and European Neurogastroenterology and Motility Societies","volume":"23","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rao\n SS,\n \n \n Camilleri\n M,\n \n \n Hasler\n WL,\n \n .\n Evaluation of gastrointestinal transit in clinical practice: position paper of the American and European Neurogastroenterology and Motility Societies.Neurogastroenterol Motil.2011; 23( 1): 8\u201323."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b87","series-title":"Gut","first-page":"1532","article-title":"Anorectal function in patients with complete supraconal spinal cord lesions","volume":"33","year":"1992","unstructured":"MacDonagh\n R,\n \n \n Sun\n WM,\n \n \n Thomas\n DG,\n \n \n Smallwood\n R,\n \n \n Read\n NW.\n \n \n Anorectal function in patients with complete supraconal spinal cord lesions.Gut.1992; 33( 11): 1532\u20131538."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b88","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"927","article-title":"Anorectal physiologic testing for bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord lesions","volume":"43","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tjandra\n JJ,\n \n \n Ooi\n BS,\n \n \n Han\n WR.\n \n \n Anorectal physiologic testing for bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord lesions.Dis Colon Rectum.2000; 43( 7): 927\u2013931."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b89","article-title":"Guidelines for management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in individuals with central neurological conditions","unstructured":"Multidisciplinary Association of Spinal Cord Injury Professionals (MASCIP).\n \n Guidelines for management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in individuals with central neurological conditions. www.mascip.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/CV653N-Neurogenic-Guidelines-Sept-2012.pdf. Published 2012. Accessed April 28, 2020."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b90","series-title":"ISCoS Textbook on Comprehensive Management of Spinal Cord Injuries","first-page":"423","article-title":"Management of neurogenic bowel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Srikumar\n V.\n \n \n Management of neurogenic bowel. In:ChhabraHS, ed.ISCoS Textbook on Comprehensive Management of Spinal Cord Injuries. New Delhi, India: Wolters Kluwer;2015: 423\u2013432."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b91","series-title":"Neural Regen Res","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Outcomes of bowel program in spinal cord injury patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction","volume":"10","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ozisler\n Z,\n \n \n Koklu\n K,\n \n \n Ozel\n S,\n \n \n Unsal-Delialioglu\n S.\n \n \n Outcomes of bowel program in spinal cord injury patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction.Neural Regen Res.2015; 10( 7): 1153\u20131158."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b92","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"301","article-title":"Clinical evaluation and management of neurogenic bowel after spinal cord injury","volume":"38","year":"2000","unstructured":"Correa\n GI,\n \n \n Rotter\n KP.\n \n \n Clinical evaluation and management of neurogenic bowel after spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2000; 38( 5): 301\u2013308."},{"issue":"20","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b93","series-title":"Br J Nurs","first-page":"1108","article-title":"Progressive protocol in the bowel management of spinal cord injuries","volume":"15","year":"2006","unstructured":"Coggrave\n M,\n \n \n Burrows\n D,\n \n \n Durand\n MA.\n \n \n Progressive protocol in the bowel management of spinal cord injuries.Br J Nurs2006; 15( 20): 1108\u20131113."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b94","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"116","article-title":"Sequential treatment of chronic constipation in paraplegic subjects","volume":"35","year":"1997","unstructured":"Badiali\n D,\n \n \n Bracci\n F,\n \n \n Castellano\n V,\n \n .\n Sequential treatment of chronic constipation in paraplegic subjects.Spinal Cord.1997; 35( 2): 116\u2013120."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b95","series-title":"Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Evidence. Version 5.0","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bowel dysfunction and management following spinal cord injury","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coggrave\n M,\n \n \n Mills\n P,\n \n \n Willms\n R,\n \n \n Eng\n JJ.\n \n \n Bowel dysfunction and management following spinal cord injury. In:EngJJ,TeasellRW,MillerWC,., eds.Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Evidence. Version 5.0. 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Revised January 2015. Accessed April 28,2020."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b103","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"270","article-title":"Physiologic basis of digital-rectal stimulation for bowel evacuation in patients with spinal cord injury: identification of an anorectal excitatory reflex","volume":"23","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shafik\n A,\n \n \n El-Sibai\n O,\n \n \n Shafik\n IA.\n \n \n Physiologic basis of digital-rectal stimulation for bowel evacuation in patients with spinal cord injury: identification of an anorectal excitatory reflex.J Spinal Cord Med.2000; 23( 4): 270\u2013275."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b104","series-title":"Paralyzed Veterans of America","article-title":"Evaluation and management of autonomic dysreflexia and other autonomic dysfunctions: preventing the highs and lows: clinical practice guidelines","unstructured":"Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine.\n \n Evaluation and management of autonomic dysreflexia and other autonomic dysfunctions: preventing the highs and lows: clinical practice guidelines.Paralyzed Veterans of America;in press."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b105","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"144","article-title":"Topical anesthesia blunts the pressor response induced by bowel manipulation in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"47","year":"2009","unstructured":"Furusawa\n K,\n \n \n Sugiyama\n H,\n \n \n Tokuhior\n A,\n \n \n Takahashi\n M,\n \n \n Nakamura\n T,\n \n \n Tajima\n F.\n \n \n Topical anesthesia blunts the pressor response induced by bowel manipulation in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2009; 47( 2): 144\u2013148."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b106","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"49","article-title":"Incidence of symptomatic autonomic dysreflexia varies according to the bowel and bladder management techniques in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"49","year":"2011","unstructured":"Furusawa\n K,\n \n \n Tokuhiro\n A,\n \n \n Sugiyama\n H,\n \n .\n Incidence of symptomatic autonomic dysreflexia varies according to the bowel and bladder management techniques in patients with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2011; 49( 1): 49\u201354."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b107","series-title":"Br J Neurosci Nurs","first-page":"216","article-title":"Digital removal of faeces in the bowel management of patients with spinal cord injury: a review","volume":"9","year":"2013","unstructured":"Solomons\n J,\n \n \n Woodward\n S.\n \n \n Digital removal of faeces in the bowel management of patients with spinal cord injury: a review.Br J Neurosci Nurs.2013; 9( 5): 216\u2013222."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b108","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1091","article-title":"A community perspective on bowel management and quality of life after spinal cord injury: the influence of autonomic dysreflexia","volume":"35","year":"2018","unstructured":"Inskip\n JA,\n \n \n Lucci\n VM,\n \n \n McGrath\n MS,\n \n \n Willms\n R,\n \n \n Claydon\n VE.\n \n \n A community perspective on bowel management and quality of life after spinal cord injury: the influence of autonomic dysreflexia.J Neurotrauma.2018; 35( 9): 1091\u20131105."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b109","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"693","article-title":"Electromechanical abdominal massage and colonic function in individuals with a spinal cord injury and chronic bowel problems","volume":"52","year":"2014","unstructured":"Janssen\n TWJ,\n \n \n Prakken\n ES,\n \n \n Heniks\n JM,\n \n \n Lourens\n C,\n \n \n van der Vlist\n J,\n \n \n Smit\n CA.\n \n \n Electromechanical abdominal massage and colonic function in individuals with a spinal cord injury and chronic bowel problems.Spinal Cord.2014; 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In:FowlerCJ,PanickerJN,EmmanuuelA, eds.Pelvic Organ Dysfunction in Neurological Disease. 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Published 2009. Accessed March 10, 2019."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b122","series-title":"Rehabil Nurs","first-page":"169","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the management of constipation in adults","volume":"27","year":"2002","unstructured":"Folden\n SL.\n \n \n Practice guidelines for the management of constipation in adults.Rehabil Nurs.2002; 27( 5): 169\u2013176."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b123","series-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids","year":"2005","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine.\n \n Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press;2005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/10490. Accessed April 29, 2020."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b124","series-title":"In: Dietary Reference Intakes Proposed Definition of Dietary Fiber","article-title":"Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on the Definition of Dietary Fiber and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. IV. Proposed definition of dietary fiber","year":"2001","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on the Definition of Dietary Fiber and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. IV. Proposed definition of dietary fiber.In: Dietary Reference Intakes Proposed Definition of Dietary Fiber. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US);2001. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK223591\/. 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Washington, DC: National Academy Press;1989."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b138","series-title":"Nutr Rev","first-page":"132","article-title":"Meeting the nutritional needs of the elderly in the institutional setting","volume":"52","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chernoff\n R.\n \n \n Meeting the nutritional needs of the elderly in the institutional setting.Nutr Rev.1994; 52( 4): 132\u2013136."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b139","article-title":"Nutritional Assessment and Support","year":"1991","unstructured":"Grant\n A,\n \n \n DeHoog\n S.\n \n \n Nutritional Assessment and Support. 4th ed. Seattle, WA: Grant\/DeHoog;1991."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b140","series-title":"Dietitian\u2019s Handbook of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition","year":"1993","unstructured":"Skipper\n A,\n \n \n ed.\n Dietitian\u2019s Handbook of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition. Rockville, MD: Aspen Publishers;1993: 298."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b141","first-page":"911","article-title":"Probiotics in health and disease: fooling Mother Nature? Infection","volume":"47","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abid\n MB,\n \n \n Koh\n CJ.\n \n \n Probiotics in health and disease: fooling Mother Nature? Infection.2019; 47( 6) 911\u2013917."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b142","series-title":"Br J Nutr","first-page":"672","article-title":"A Lactobacillus casei Shirota probiotic drink reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in patients with spinal cord injuries: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"111","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wong\n S,\n \n \n Jamous\n A,\n \n \n O\u2019Driscoll\n J,\n \n .\n A Lactobacillus casei Shirota probiotic drink reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in patients with spinal cord injuries: a randomised controlled trial.Br J Nutr.2014; 111( 4): 672\u2013678."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b143","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD006095","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006095.pub4","article-title":"Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults and children","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goldenberg\n JZ,\n \n \n Yap\n C,\n \n \n Lytvyn\n L,\n \n .\n Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults and children.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2017; 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100( 7): 1560\u20131565."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b147","series-title":"Dig Dis Sci","first-page":"2170","article-title":"Intramuscular neostigmine and glycopyrrolate safely accelerated bowel evacuation in patients with spinal cord injury and defecatory disorders","volume":"53","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rosman\n AS,\n \n \n Chaparala\n G,\n \n \n Monga\n A,\n \n \n Spungen\n AM,\n \n \n Bauman\n WA,\n \n \n Korsten\n MA.\n \n \n Intramuscular neostigmine and glycopyrrolate safely accelerated bowel evacuation in patients with spinal cord injury and defecatory disorders.Dig Dis Sci.2008; 53( 10): 2170\u20132173."},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b148","series-title":"Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol","first-page":"S232","article-title":"Need of the ideal drug for the treatment of chronic constipation","volume":"31","year":"1999","unstructured":"Corazziari\n E.\n \n \n Need of the ideal drug for the treatment of chronic constipation.Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol.1999; 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38( 4): 255\u2013261."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b172","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"560","article-title":"Outcome of transanal irrigation for bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"31","year":"2008","unstructured":"Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Bazzocchi\n G,\n \n \n Coggrave\n M,\n \n .\n Outcome of transanal irrigation for bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury.J Spinal Cord Med.2008; 31( 5): 560\u2013567."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b173","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"545","article-title":"Long-term outcome and safety of transanal colonic irrigation for neurogenic bowel dysfunction","volume":"47","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faaborg\n PM,\n \n \n Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Kvitsau\n B,\n \n \n Buntzen\n S,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S,\n \n \n Krogh\n K.\n \n \n Long-term outcome and safety of transanal colonic irrigation for neurogenic bowel dysfunction.Spinal Cord.2009; 47( 7): 545\u2013549."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b174","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"389","article-title":"Application of transanal irrigation for patients with spinal cord injury in South Korea: a 6-month follow-up study","volume":"51","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim\n HR,\n \n \n Lee\n BS,\n \n \n Lee\n JE,\n \n \n Shin\n HI.\n \n \n Application of transanal irrigation for patients with spinal cord injury in South Korea: a 6-month follow-up study.Spinal Cord.2013; 51( 5): 389\u2013394."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b175","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD002115","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002115.pub5","article-title":"Management of faecal incontinence and constipation in adults with central neurological diseases","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coggrave\n M,\n \n \n Norton\n C,\n \n \n Cody\n JD.\n \n \n Management of faecal incontinence and constipation in adults with central neurological diseases.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2014; ( 1): CD002115. doi:10.1002\/14651858.CD002115.pub5"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b176","series-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol","first-page":"517","article-title":"Transanal irrigation for disordered defecation: a systematic review","volume":"45","year":"2010","unstructured":"Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Krogh\n K.\n \n \n Transanal irrigation for disordered defecation: a systematic review.Scand J Gastroenterol.2010; 45( 5): 517\u2013527."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b177","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"517","article-title":"Treatment of neurogenic bowel dysfunction using transanal irrigation: a multicenter Italian study","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Del Popolo\n G,\n \n \n Mosiello\n G,\n \n \n Pilati\n C,\n \n .\n Treatment of neurogenic bowel dysfunction using transanal irrigation: a multicenter Italian study.Spinal Cord.2008; 46( 7): 517\u2013522."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b178","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0159394","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159394","article-title":"Long-term cost-effectiveness of transanal irrigation in patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction","volume":"11","year":"2016","unstructured":"Emmanuel\n A,\n \n \n Kumar\n G,\n \n \n Christensen\n P,\n \n .\n Long-term cost-effectiveness of transanal irrigation in patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction.PLoS One.2016; 11( 8): e0159394. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0159394."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b179","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"138","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of transanal irrigation versus conservative bowel management for spinal cord injury patients","volume":"47","year":"2009","unstructured":"Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Andreasen\n J,\n \n \n Ehlers\n L.\n \n \n Cost-effectiveness of transanal irrigation versus conservative bowel management for spinal cord injury patients.Spinal Cord.2009; 47( 2): 138\u2013143."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b180","series-title":"Tech Coloproctol","first-page":"109","article-title":"Global audit on bowel perforations related to transanal irrigation","volume":"20","year":"2016","unstructured":"Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Perrouin-Verbe\n B,\n \n .\n Global audit on bowel perforations related to transanal irrigation.Tech Coloproctol.2016; 20( 2): 109\u2013115."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b181","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"694","article-title":"Use of pulsed irrigation evacuation in the management of the neuropathic bowel","volume":"35","year":"1997","unstructured":"Puet\n TA,\n \n \n Jackson\n H,\n \n \n Amy\n S.\n \n \n Use of pulsed irrigation evacuation in the management of the neuropathic bowel.Spinal Cord.1997; 35( 10): 694\u2013699."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b182","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"452","article-title":"Sport, free time and hobbies in people with spinal cord injury","volume":"50","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sale\n P,\n \n \n Mazzarella\n F,\n \n \n Pagliacci\n MC,\n \n \n Aito\n S,\n \n \n Agosti\n M,\n \n \n Franceschini\n M.\n \n \n Sport, free time and hobbies in people with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2012; 50( 6): 452\u2013456."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b183","series-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","first-page":"232","article-title":"Myths and misconceptions about chronic constipation","volume":"100","year":"2005","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Lissner\n SA,\n \n \n Kamm\n MA,\n \n \n Scarpignato\n C,\n \n \n Wald\n A.\n \n \n Myths and misconceptions about chronic constipation.Am J Gastroenterol.2005; 100( 1): 232\u2013242."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b184","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"623","article-title":"Lower extremity functional electrical stimulation cycling promotes physical and functional recovery in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"36","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sadowsky\n CL,\n \n \n Hammond\n ER,\n \n \n Strohl\n AB,\n \n .\n Lower extremity functional electrical stimulation cycling promotes physical and functional recovery in chronic spinal cord injury.J Spinal Cord Med.2013; 36( 6): 623\u2013631."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b185","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0190998","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190998","article-title":"Improvements in bladder, bowel and sexual outcomes following task-specific locomotor training in human spinal cord injury","volume":"13","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hubscher\n CH,\n \n \n Herrity\n AN,\n \n \n Williams\n CS,\n \n .\n Improvements in bladder, bowel and sexual outcomes following task-specific locomotor training in human spinal cord injury.PLoS One.2018; 13( 1): e0190998. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0190998."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b186","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"806","article-title":"Exoskeleton gait training after spinal cord injury: an exploratory study on secondary health conditions","volume":"50","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baunsgaard\n CB,\n \n \n Nissen\n UV,\n \n \n Brust\n AK,\n \n .\n Exoskeleton gait training after spinal cord injury: an exploratory study on secondary health conditions.J Rehabil Med.2018; 50( 9): 806\u2013813."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b187","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"911","article-title":"The ReWalk powered exoskeleton to restore ambulatory function to individuals with thoracic-level motor-complete spinal cord injury","volume":"91","year":"2012","unstructured":"Esquenazi\n A,\n \n \n Talaty\n M,\n \n \n Packel\n A,\n \n \n Saulino\n M.\n \n \n The ReWalk powered exoskeleton to restore ambulatory function to individuals with thoracic-level motor-complete spinal cord injury.Am J Phys Med Rehabil.2012; 91( 11): 911\u2013921."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b188","series-title":"J Phys Ther Sci","first-page":"1377","article-title":"Effects of robot training on bowel function in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"27","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang\n Q,\n \n \n Yu\n L,\n \n \n Gu\n R,\n \n \n Zhou\n Y,\n \n \n Hu\n C.\n \n \n Effects of robot training on bowel function in patients with spinal cord injury.J Phys Ther Sci.2015; 27( 5): 1377\u20131378."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b189","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"110","article-title":"Time and effort required by persons with spinal cord injury to learn to use a powered exoskeleton for assisted walking","volume":"21","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kozlowski\n AJ,\n \n \n Bryce\n TN,\n \n \n Dijkers\n MP.\n \n \n Time and effort required by persons with spinal cord injury to learn to use a powered exoskeleton for assisted walking.Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.2015; 21( 2): 110\u2013121."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b190","series-title":"Phys Ther","first-page":"1392","article-title":"Use of prolonged standing for individuals with spinal cord injuries","volume":"81","year":"2001","unstructured":"Eng\n JJ,\n \n \n Levins\n SM,\n \n \n Townson\n AF,\n \n \n Mah-Jones\n D,\n \n \n Bremmer\n J,\n \n \n Huston\n G.\n \n \n Use of prolonged standing for individuals with spinal cord injuries.Phys Ther.2001; 81( 8): 1392\u20131399."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b191","series-title":"Assistive Tech","first-page":"84","article-title":"Follow-up assessment of standing mobility device users","volume":"10","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dunn\n RB,\n \n \n Walter\n JS,\n \n \n Lucero\n Y,\n \n .\n Follow-up assessment of standing mobility device users.Assistive Tech.1998; 10( 2): 84\u201393."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b192","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"152","article-title":"Indications for a home standing program for individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"22","year":"1999","unstructured":"Walter\n JS,\n \n \n Sola\n PG,\n \n \n Sacks\n J,\n \n \n Lucero\n Y,\n \n \n Langbein\n E,\n \n \n Weaver\n F.\n \n \n Indications for a home standing program for individuals with spinal cord injury.J Spinal Cord Med.1999; 22( 3): 152\u2013158."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b193","series-title":"Clinical guideline for standing adults following spinal cord injury","unstructured":"Multidisciplinary Association of Spinal Cord Injury Professionals (MASCIP).\n Clinical guideline for standing adults following spinal cord injury. https:\/\/www.mascip.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/Clinical-Guidelines-for-Standing-Adults-Following-Spinal-Cord-Injury.pdf. Published April 2013. Accessed June 10, 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b194","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"36","article-title":"Does regular standing improve bowel function in people with spinal cord injury? A randomised crossover trial","volume":"53","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kwok\n S,\n \n \n Harvey\n L,\n \n \n Glinsky\n J,\n \n \n Bowden\n JL,\n \n \n Coggrave\n M,\n \n \n Tussle\n D.\n \n \n Does regular standing improve bowel function in people with spinal cord injury? A randomised crossover trial.Spinal Cord.2015; 53( 1): 36\u201341."},{"issue":"20","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b195","series-title":"Br J Nurs","first-page":"1108","article-title":"Progressive protocol in the bowel management of spinal cord injuries","volume":"15","year":"2006","unstructured":"Coggrave\n M,\n \n \n Burrows\n D,\n \n \n Durand\n MA.\n \n \n Progressive protocol in the bowel management of spinal cord injuries.Br J Nurs.2006; 15( 20): 1108\u20131113."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b196","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"806","article-title":"Functional magnetic stimulation facilitates gastric emptying","volume":"83","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lin\n VW,\n \n \n Kim\n KH,\n \n \n Hsiao\n I,\n \n \n Brown\n W.\n \n \n Functional magnetic stimulation facilitates gastric emptying.Arch Phys Med Rehabil.2002; 83( 6): 806\u2013810."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b197","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"41","article-title":"Efficacy of functional magnetic stimulation in neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury","volume":"41","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tsai\n PY,\n \n \n Wang\n CP,\n \n \n Chiu\n FY,\n \n \n Tsai\n YA,\n \n \n Chang\n YC,\n \n \n Chuang\n TY.\n \n \n Efficacy of functional magnetic stimulation in neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury.J Rehabil Med.2009; 41( 1): 41\u201347."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b198","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"1827","article-title":"Effects of magnetic sacral root stimulation on anorectal pressure and volume","volume":"44","year":"2001","unstructured":"Morren\n GL,\n \n \n Walter\n S,\n \n \n Hallb\u00f6\u00f6k\n O,\n \n \n Sj\u00f6dahl\n R.\n \n \n Effects of magnetic sacral root stimulation on anorectal pressure and volume.Dis Colon Rectum.2001; 44( 12): 1827\u20131833."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b199","series-title":"Urology","first-page":"368","article-title":"Magnetic stimulation: a novel method for inducing evacuation of the neuropathic rectum and urinary bladder in a canine model","volume":"54","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shafik\n A.\n \n \n Magnetic stimulation: a novel method for inducing evacuation of the neuropathic rectum and urinary bladder in a canine model.Urology.1999; 54( 2): 368\u2013372."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b200","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"986","article-title":"Effect of sacral anterior root stimulator on bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"52","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vall\u00e8s\n M,\n \n \n Rodr\u00edguez\n A,\n \n \n Borau\n A,\n \n \n Mearin\n F.\n \n \n Effect of sacral anterior root stimulator on bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury.Dis Colon Rectum.2009; 52( 5): 986\u2013992."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b201","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1512","article-title":"An implantable neuroprosthesis for restoring bladder and bowel control to patients with spinal cord injuries: a multicenter trial","volume":"82","year":"2001","unstructured":"Creasey\n GH,\n \n \n Grill\n JH,\n \n \n Korsten\n M,\n \n ; Implanted Neuroprosthesis Research Group.\n An implantable neuroprosthesis for restoring bladder and bowel control to patients with spinal cord injuries: a multicenter trial.Arch Phys Med Rehabil.2001; 82( 11): 1512\u20131519."},{"issue":"6738","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b202","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"1494","article-title":"Control of defecation in patients with spinal injuries by stimulation of sacral anterior nerve roots","volume":"300","year":"1990","unstructured":"MacDonagh\n RP,\n \n \n Sun\n WM,\n \n \n Smallwood\n R,\n \n \n Forster\n D,\n \n \n Read\n NW.\n \n \n Control of defecation in patients with spinal injuries by stimulation of sacral anterior nerve roots.BMJ.1990; 300( 6738): 1494\u20131497."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b203","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"463","article-title":"Constipation associated with chronic spinal cord injury: the effect of pelvic parasympathetic stimulation by the Brindley stimulator","volume":"29","year":"1991","unstructured":"Binnie\n NR,\n \n \n Smith\n AN,\n \n \n Creasey\n GH,\n \n \n Edmond\n P.\n \n \n Constipation associated with chronic spinal cord injury: the effect of pelvic parasympathetic stimulation by the Brindley stimulator.Paraplegia.1991; 29( 7): 463\u2013439."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b204","series-title":"SCI Nurs","first-page":"125","article-title":"Health promotion in motion: improving quality of life for persons with neurogenic bladder and bowel using assistive technology","volume":"17","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kachourbos\n MJ,\n \n \n Creasey\n GH.\n \n \n Health promotion in motion: improving quality of life for persons with neurogenic bladder and bowel using assistive technology.SCI Nurs.2000; 17( 3): 125\u2013129."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b205","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"297","article-title":"Sacral anterior root stimulation improves bowel function in subjects with spinal cord injury","volume":"53","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rasmussen\n MM,\n \n \n Kutzenberger\n J,\n \n \n Krogh\n K,\n \n .\n Sacral anterior root stimulation improves bowel function in subjects with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2015; 53( 4): 297\u2013301."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b206","series-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563294","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/563294","article-title":"Neurostimulation for neurogenic bowel dysfunction","volume":"2013","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wors\u00f8e\n J,\n \n \n Rasmussen\n M,\n \n \n Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Krogh\n K.\n \n \n Neurostimulation for neurogenic bowel dysfunction.Gastroenterol Res Pract.2013; 2013: 563294. doi:10.1155\/2013\/563294."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b207","series-title":"Br J Surg","first-page":"734","article-title":"Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence in patients with previous partial spinal injury including disc prolapse","volume":"92","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jarrett\n ME,\n \n \n Matzel\n KE,\n \n \n Christiansen\n J,\n \n .\n Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence in patients with previous partial spinal injury including disc prolapse.Br J Surg.2005; 92( 6): 734\u2013739."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b208","series-title":"Br J Surg","first-page":"749","article-title":"Sacral nerve stimulation for neurogenic faecal incontinence","volume":"94","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holzer\n B,\n \n \n Rosen\n HR,\n \n \n Novi\n G,\n \n \n Ausch\n C,\n \n \n H\u00f6lbling\n N,\n \n \n Schiessel\n R.\n \n \n Sacral nerve stimulation for neurogenic faecal incontinence.Br J Surg.2007; 94( 6): 749\u2013753."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b209","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"154","article-title":"Clinical outcome of sacral neuromodulation in incomplete spinal cord-injured patients suffering from neuro-genic bowel dysfunctions","volume":"48","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lombardi\n G,\n \n \n Del Popolo\n G,\n \n \n Cecconi\n F,\n \n \n Surrenti\n E,\n \n \n Macchiarella\n A.\n \n \n Clinical outcome of sacral neuromodulation in incomplete spinal cord-injured patients suffering from neuro-genic bowel dysfunctions.Spinal Cord.2010; 48( 2): 154\u2013159."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b210","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"629","article-title":"Clinical concomitant benefits on pelvic floor dysfunctions after sacral neuromodulation in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"49","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lombardi\n G,\n \n \n Nelli\n F,\n \n \n Mencarini\n M,\n \n \n Del Popolo\n G.\n \n \n Clinical concomitant benefits on pelvic floor dysfunctions after sacral neuromodulation in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2011; 49( 5): 629\u2013636."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b211","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"204","article-title":"Sacral neuromodulation for neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction with multiple symptoms secondary to spinal cord disease","volume":"53","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen\n G,\n \n \n Liao\n L.\n \n \n Sacral neuromodulation for neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction with multiple symptoms secondary to spinal cord disease.Spinal Cord.2015; 53( 3): 204\u2013208."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b212","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"644","article-title":"Sacral nerve stimulation as an option for the treatment of faecal incontinence in patients suffering from cauda equina syndrome","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gstaltner\n K,\n \n \n Rosen\n H,\n \n \n Hufgard\n J,\n \n \n M\u00e4rk\n R,\n \n \n Schrei\n K.\n \n \n Sacral nerve stimulation as an option for the treatment of faecal incontinence in patients suffering from cauda equina syndrome.Spinal Cord.2008; 46( 9): 644\u2013647."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b213","series-title":"Ann Neurol","first-page":"74","article-title":"Early sacral neuromodulation prevents urinary incontinence after complete spinal cord injury","volume":"67","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sievert\n KD,\n \n \n Amend\n B,\n \n \n Gakis\n G,\n \n .\n Early sacral neuromodulation prevents urinary incontinence after complete spinal cord injury.Ann Neurol.2010; 67( 1): 74\u201384."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b214","series-title":"Tech Coloproctol","first-page":"115","article-title":"Posterior tibial nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence after partial spinal injury: preliminary report","volume":"11","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mentes\n BB,\n \n \n Y\u00fcksel\n O,\n \n \n Aydin\n A,\n \n \n Tezcaner\n T,\n \n \n Leventoglu\n A,\n \n \n Ayta\u00e7\n B.\n \n \n Posterior tibial nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence after partial spinal injury: preliminary report.Tech Coloproctol.2007; 11( 2): 115\u2013119."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b215","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"462","article-title":"Acute effect of electrical stimulation of the dorsal genital nerve on rectal capacity in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"50","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wors\u00f8e\n J,\n \n \n Fynne\n L,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S,\n \n \n Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Rijkhoff\n NJ.\n \n \n Acute effect of electrical stimulation of the dorsal genital nerve on rectal capacity in patients with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2012; 50( 6): 462\u2013466."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b216","series-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev","first-page":"95","article-title":"Difficulty with evacuation after spinal cord injury: colonic motility during sleep and effects of abdominal wall stimulation","volume":"41","year":"2004","unstructured":"Korsten\n MA,\n \n \n Fajardo\n NR,\n \n \n Rosman\n AS,\n \n \n Creasey\n GH,\n \n \n Spungen\n AM,\n \n \n Bauman\n WA.\n \n \n Difficulty with evacuation after spinal cord injury: colonic motility during sleep and effects of abdominal wall stimulation.J Rehabil Res Dev.2004; 41( 1): 95\u2013100."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b217","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"445","article-title":"Neuromuscular electrical stimulation of completely paralyzed abdominal muscles in spinal cord-injured patients: a pilot study","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hascakova-Bartova\n R,\n \n \n Dinant\n JF,\n \n \n Parent\n A,\n \n \n Ventura\n M.\n \n \n Neuromuscular electrical stimulation of completely paralyzed abdominal muscles in spinal cord-injured patients: a pilot study.Spinal Cord.2008; 46( 6): 445\u2013450."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b218","series-title":"Front Physiol","first-page":"1816","article-title":"Epidural spinal cord stimulation acutely modulates lower urinary tract and bowel function following spinal cord injury: a case report","volume":"9","year":"2018","unstructured":"Walter\n M,\n \n \n Lee\n AHX,\n \n \n Kavanagh\n A,\n \n \n Phillips\n AA,\n \n \n Krassioukov\n AV.\n \n \n Epidural spinal cord stimulation acutely modulates lower urinary tract and bowel function following spinal cord injury: a case report.Front Physiol.2018; 9: 1816."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b219","series-title":"Br J Surg","first-page":"1139","article-title":"Optimal treatment for severe neurogenic bowel dysfunction after chronic spinal cord injury: a decision analysis","volume":"94","year":"2007","unstructured":"Furlan\n JC,\n \n \n Urbach\n DR,\n \n \n Fehlings\n MG.\n \n \n Optimal treatment for severe neurogenic bowel dysfunction after chronic spinal cord injury: a decision analysis.Br J Surg.2007; 94( 9): 1139\u20131150."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b220","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"1278","article-title":"Malone antegrade continence enema for adults with neurogenic bowel disease","volume":"160","year":"1998","unstructured":"Teichman\n JMH,\n \n \n Harris\n JM,\n \n \n Currie\n DM,\n \n \n Barber\n DB.\n \n \n Malone antegrade continence enema for adults with neurogenic bowel disease.J Urol.1998; 160( 4): 1278\u20131281."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b221","series-title":"Urology","first-page":"502","article-title":"Long-term results for Malone antegrade continence enema for adults with neurogenic bowel disease","volume":"61","year":"2003","unstructured":"Teichman\n JM,\n \n \n Zabihi\n N,\n \n \n Kraus\n SR,\n \n \n Harris\n JM,\n \n \n Barber\n DB.\n \n \n Long-term results for Malone antegrade continence enema for adults with neurogenic bowel disease.Urology.2003; 61( 3): 502\u2013506."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b222","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"1523","article-title":"Long-term results of antegrade colonic enema in adults: assessment of functional results","volume":"51","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wors\u00f8e\n J,\n \n \n Christensen\n P,\n \n \n Krogh\n K,\n \n \n Buntzen\n S,\n \n \n Laurberg\n S.\n \n \n Long-term results of antegrade colonic enema in adults: assessment of functional results.Dis Colon Rectum.2008; 51( 10): 1523\u20131528."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b223","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"213","article-title":"Antegrade continence enema procedure: impact of QOL in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"53","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smith\n PH,\n \n \n Decker\n RM.\n \n \n Antegrade continence enema procedure: impact of QOL in patients with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2015; 53( 3): 213\u2013215."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b224","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"23","article-title":"Early colostomy formation can improve independence following spinal cord injury and increase acceptability of bowel management","volume":"25","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boucher\n M,\n \n \n Dukes\n S,\n \n \n Bryan\n S,\n \n \n Branagan\n G.\n \n \n Early colostomy formation can improve independence following spinal cord injury and increase acceptability of bowel management.Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.2019; 25( 1): 23\u201330."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b225","series-title":"J Am Paraplegia Soc","first-page":"3","article-title":"Effect of enterostomy on quality of life in spinal cord injury patients","volume":"9","year":"1986","unstructured":"Frisbie\n JH,\n \n \n Tun\n CG,\n \n \n Nguyen\n CH.\n \n \n Effect of enterostomy on quality of life in spinal cord injury patients.J Am Paraplegia Soc.1986; 9( 1\u20132): 3\u20135."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b226","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"514","article-title":"Colostomy as treatment for complications of spinal cord injury","volume":"71","year":"1990","unstructured":"Stone\n JM,\n \n \n Wolfe\n VA,\n \n \n Nino-Murcia\n M,\n \n \n Perkash\n I.\n \n \n Colostomy as treatment for complications of spinal cord injury.Arch Phys Med Rehabil.1990; 71( 7): 514\u2013518."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b227","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"211","article-title":"The role of intestinal stoma in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"37","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kelly\n SR,\n \n \n Shashidharan\n M,\n \n \n Bonwell,\n Tromans AM,\n \n \n Finnis\n D,\n \n \n Grundy\n DJ.\n \n \n The role of intestinal stoma in patients with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.1999; 37( 3): 211\u2013214."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b228","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"174","article-title":"The effects of colostomy on the quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury: a retrospective analysis","volume":"25","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rosito\n O,\n \n \n Nino-Murcia\n M,\n \n \n Wolfe\n VA,\n \n \n Kiratli\n BJ,\n \n \n Perkash\n I.\n \n \n The effects of colostomy on the quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury: a retrospective analysis.J Spinal Cord Med.2002; 25( 3): 174\u2013183."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b229","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"680","article-title":"Effect of stoma formation on bowel care and quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"41","year":"2003","unstructured":"Branagan\n G,\n \n \n Tromans\n A,\n \n \n Finnis\n D,\n \n .\n Effect of stoma formation on bowel care and quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2003; 41( 12): 680\u2013683."},{"issue":"88","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b230","series-title":"Hepatogastroenterology","first-page":"2125","article-title":"Intestinal stoma in patients with spinal cord injury: a retrospective analysis of 23 patients","volume":"55","year":"2008","unstructured":"Munck\n J,\n \n \n Simoens\n Ch,\n \n \n Thill\n V,\n \n .\n Intestinal stoma in patients with spinal cord injury: a retrospective analysis of 23 patients.Hepatogastroenterology.2008; 55( 88): 2125\u20132129."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b231","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"848","article-title":"The impact of stoma for bowel management after spinal cord injury","volume":"50","year":"2012","unstructured":"Coggrave\n MJ,\n \n \n Ingram\n RM,\n \n \n Gardner\n BP,\n \n \n Norton\n CS.\n \n \n The impact of stoma for bowel management after spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2012; 50( 11): 848\u2013852."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b232","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"1525","article-title":"Elective stoma construction improves outcomes in medically intractable pressure ulcers","volume":"46","year":"2003","unstructured":"de la Fuente\n SG,\n \n \n Levin\n LS,\n \n \n Reynolds\n JD,\n \n .\n Elective stoma construction improves outcomes in medically intractable pressure ulcers.Dis Colon Rectum.2003; 46( 11): 1525\u20131530."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b233","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"572","article-title":"Comprehensive management of pressure ulcers in spinal cord injury: current concepts and future trends.","volume":"36","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kruger\n EA,\n \n \n Pires\n M,\n \n \n Ngann\n Y,\n \n \n Sterling\n M,\n \n \n Rubayi\n S.\n \n \n Comprehensive management of pressure ulcers in spinal cord injury: current concepts and future trends.\n J Spinal Cord Med.2013; 36( 6): 572\u2013584."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b234","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0169070","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169070","article-title":"Ischemic bowel syndrome in patients with spinal cord injury: a nationwide study","volume":"12","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tseng\n CW,\n \n \n Lin\n CL,\n \n \n Chen\n YT,\n \n \n Jeng\n LB.\n \n \n Ischemic bowel syndrome in patients with spinal cord injury: a nationwide study.PLoS One.2017; 12: e0169070. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0169070."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b235","series-title":"Tech Coloproctol","first-page":"19","article-title":"Management of hemorrhoidal disease in patients with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"6","year":"2002","unstructured":"Scott\n D,\n \n \n Papa\n MZ,\n \n \n Sareli\n M,\n \n \n Velano\n A,\n \n \n Ben-Ari\n GY,\n \n \n Koller\n M.\n \n \n Management of hemorrhoidal disease in patients with chronic spinal cord injury.Tech Coloproctol.2002; 6( 1): 19\u201322."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b236","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"398","article-title":"Twenty years of a veterans spinal cord colorectal clinic: flexible sigmoidoscopy and multiple hemorrhoid ligation","volume":"60","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cosman\n BC,\n \n \n Cajas-Monson\n LC,\n \n \n Ramamoorthy\n SL.\n \n \n Twenty years of a veterans spinal cord colorectal clinic: flexible sigmoidoscopy and multiple hemorrhoid ligation.Dis Colon Rectum.2017; 60( 4): 398\u2013404."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b237","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil","first-page":"405","article-title":"Evaluation of patient education in spinal cord injury rehabilitation: knowledge, problem-solving and perceived importance","volume":"28","year":"2006","unstructured":"May\n L,\n \n \n Day\n R,\n \n \n Warren\n S.\n \n \n Evaluation of patient education in spinal cord injury rehabilitation: knowledge, problem-solving and perceived importance.Disabil Rehabil.2006; 28( 7): 405\u2013413."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b238","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"30","article-title":"Challenges in educating individuals with SCI to reduce secondary conditions","volume":"10","year":"2004","unstructured":"Potter\n PJ,\n \n \n Wolfe\n DL,\n \n \n Burkell\n JA,\n \n \n Hayes\n KC.\n \n \n Challenges in educating individuals with SCI to reduce secondary conditions.Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.2004; 10( 1): 30\u201340."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b239","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1371","article-title":"Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord injured population","volume":"21","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anderson\n K.\n \n \n Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord injured population.J Neurotrauma.2004; 21( 10): 1371\u20131383."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b240","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"500","article-title":"Who wants to walk? Preferences for recovery after SCI: a longitudinal and cross-sectional study","volume":"46","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ditunno\n PL,\n \n \n Patrick\n M,\n \n \n Stineman\n M,\n \n \n Dittuno\n JF.\n \n \n Who wants to walk? Preferences for recovery after SCI: a longitudinal and cross-sectional study.Spinal Cord.2008; 46( 3): 500\u2013506."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b241","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"679","article-title":"Social activity and relationship changes experienced by people with bowel and bladder dysfunction following spinal cord injury","volume":"55","year":"2017","unstructured":"Braaf\n S,\n \n \n Lennon\n A,\n \n \n Nunn\n A,\n \n \n Gabbe\n B.\n \n \n Social activity and relationship changes experienced by people with bowel and bladder dysfunction following spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2017; 55( 7): 679\u2013686."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b242","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"205","article-title":"The SCIRehab project: treatment time spent in SCI rehabilitation. Nursing bedside education and care management time during inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation","volume":"34","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rundquist,\n J.,\n \n \n Gassaway\n J,\n \n \n Bailey\n J,\n \n \n Lingefelt\n P,\n \n \n Reyes\n IA,\n \n \n Thomas\n J.\n \n \n The SCIRehab project: treatment time spent in SCI rehabilitation. Nursing bedside education and care management time during inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation.J Spinal Cord Med.2011; 34( 2): 205\u2013215."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b243","series-title":"SCI Nurs","first-page":"69","article-title":"A model for assessing learning readiness for self-direction of care in individuals with spinal cord injuries: a qualitative study","volume":"21","year":"2004","unstructured":"Olinzock\n BJ.\n \n \n A model for assessing learning readiness for self-direction of care in individuals with spinal cord injuries: a qualitative study.SCI Nurs.2004; 21( 2): 69\u201374."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b244","series-title":"Rehabil Nurs","first-page":"123","article-title":"Interprofessional collaboration and peer mentors for bowel education in spinal cord injury: a case consultation","volume":"44","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cabigon\n RD,\n \n \n Wojciechowski\n E,\n \n \n Rosen\n L,\n \n \n Miller\n D,\n \n \n Mix\n C,\n \n \n Chen\n D.\n \n \n Interprofessional collaboration and peer mentors for bowel education in spinal cord injury: a case consultation.Rehabil Nurs.2019; 44( 2): 123\u2013127."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b245","series-title":"Int J Ther Rehabil","first-page":"79","article-title":"Preparing patients to self-manage faecal continence following spinal cord injury","volume":"11","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pryor\n J,\n \n \n Jannings\n W.\n \n \n Preparing patients to self-manage faecal continence following spinal cord injury.Int J Ther Rehabil.2004; 11( 2): 79\u201382."},{"key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b246","article-title":"Peristomal skin assessment guide for clinicians and consumers","unstructured":"Wound, Ostomy and Incontinence Nurse Society.\n \n Peristomal skin assessment guide for clinicians and consumers. https:\/\/www.wocn.org\/page\/PSAG. Published 2018. Accessed April 29, 2020."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b247","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"548","article-title":"Impact of bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction on health status of people with thoracolumbar spinal cord injuries living in the community","volume":"40","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park\n SE,\n \n \n Elliott\n S,\n \n \n Noonan\n VK,\n \n .\n Impact of bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction on health status of people with thoracolumbar spinal cord injuries living in the community.J Spinal Cord Med.2017; 40( 5): 548\u2013559."},{"issue":"26","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b248","series-title":"World J Gastroenterol","first-page":"3276","article-title":"Impact of fecal incontinence on quality of life","volume":"15","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bartlett\n L,\n \n \n Nowak\n M,\n \n \n Ho\n Y.\n \n \n Impact of fecal incontinence on quality of life.World J Gastroenterol.2009; 15( 26): 3276\u20133282."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b249","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"407","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel after spinal cord injury from the perspective of support providers: a phenomenological study","volume":"7","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burns\n AS,\n \n \n St-Germain\n D,\n \n \n Connolly\n M,\n \n .\n Neurogenic bowel after spinal cord injury from the perspective of support providers: a phenomenological study.PM R.2015; 7( 4): 407\u2013416."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b250","series-title":"Clin Rehabil","first-page":"948","article-title":"A study of burden of care and its correlates among family members supporting relatives and loved ones with traumatic spinal cord injuries","volume":"31","year":"2017","unstructured":"Castellano-Tejedor\n C,\n \n \n Lusilla-Palacios\n P.\n \n \n A study of burden of care and its correlates among family members supporting relatives and loved ones with traumatic spinal cord injuries.Clin Rehabil.2017; 31( 7): 948\u2013956."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b251","series-title":"Psychol Health","first-page":"1101","article-title":"The impact of assuming the primary caregiver role following traumatic spinal cord injury: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the spouse\u2019s experience","volume":"25","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dickson\n A,\n \n \n O\u2019Brien\n G,\n \n \n Ward\n R,\n \n \n Allan\n D,\n \n \n O\u2019Carroll\n RE.\n \n \n The impact of assuming the primary caregiver role following traumatic spinal cord injury: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the spouse\u2019s experience.Psychol Health.2010; 25( 9): 1101\u20131120."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b252","series-title":"Rehabil Psychol","first-page":"397","article-title":"The impact of being a support provider to a person living in the community with a spinal cord injury","volume":"50","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boschen\n KA,\n \n \n Tonack\n M,\n \n \n Gargaro\n J.\n \n \n The impact of being a support provider to a person living in the community with a spinal cord injury.Rehabil Psychol.2005; 50( 4): 397\u2013407."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b253","series-title":"J Clin Psychol","first-page":"406","article-title":"Brief problem-solving training for family caregivers of persons with recent-onset spinal cord injuries: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"65","year":"2009","unstructured":"Elliott\n TR,\n \n \n Berry\n JW.\n \n \n Brief problem-solving training for family caregivers of persons with recent-onset spinal cord injuries: a randomized controlled trial.J Clin Psychol.2009; 65( 4): 406\u2013422."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b254","series-title":"Neurosurg Q","first-page":"388","article-title":"The sex effect on the perceived significance of functional loss due to spinal cord injury","volume":"25","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bozan\n BC,\n \n \n Karamehmetoglu\n SS,\n \n \n Koyuncu\n H.\n \n \n The sex effect on the perceived significance of functional loss due to spinal cord injury.Neurosurg Q.2015; 25( 3): 388\u2013391."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b255","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"154","article-title":"Women\u2019s sexual functioning and sex life after spinal cord injury","volume":"49","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kreuter\n M,\n \n \n Taft\n C,\n \n \n Si\u00f6steen\n A,\n \n \n Biering-S\u00f8rensen\n F.\n \n \n Women\u2019s sexual functioning and sex life after spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord.2011; 49( 1): 154\u2013160."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b256","series-title":"Med J Malaysia","first-page":"104","article-title":"Bowel dysfunction in spinal cord injury","volume":"63","year":"2008","unstructured":"Naicker\n AS,\n \n \n Roohi\n SA,\n \n \n Naicker\n MS,\n \n \n Zaleha\n O.\n \n \n Bowel dysfunction in spinal cord injury.Med J Malaysia.2008; 63( 2): 104\u2013108."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b257","series-title":"Disabil Health J","first-page":"583","article-title":"Perceived influence of intrinsic\/extrinsic factors on participation in life activities after spinal cord injury","volume":"11","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cobb\n JE,\n \n \n Leblond\n J,\n \n \n Dumont\n FS,\n \n \n Noreau\n L.\n \n \n Perceived influence of intrinsic\/extrinsic factors on participation in life activities after spinal cord injury.Disabil Health J.2018; 11( 4): 583\u2013590."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b258","series-title":"Disabil Rehabil","first-page":"573","article-title":"Women\u2019s experiences of living with neurogenic bladder and bowel after spinal cord injury: life controlled by bladder and bowel","volume":"38","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nevedal\n A,\n \n \n Kratz\n AL,\n \n \n Tate\n DG.\n \n \n Women\u2019s experiences of living with neurogenic bladder and bowel after spinal cord injury: life controlled by bladder and bowel.Disabil Rehabil.2016; 38( 6): 573\u201381."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b259","series-title":"Dis Colon Rectum","first-page":"1431","article-title":"Assessment of quality of life in the treatment of patients with neuropathic fecal incontinence","volume":"45","year":"2002","unstructured":"Byrne\n CM,\n \n \n Pager\n CK,\n \n \n Rex\n J,\n \n \n Roberts\n R,\n \n \n Solomon\n MJ.\n \n \n Assessment of quality of life in the treatment of patients with neuropathic fecal incontinence.Dis Colon Rectum.2002; 45( 11): 1431\u20131436."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b260","series-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","first-page":"34","article-title":"Prevalence of secondary conditions in veterans with spinal cord injury and their interference with life activities","volume":"6","year":"2000","unstructured":"Prysak\n G,\n \n \n Andresen\n E,\n \n \n Meyers\n A.\n \n \n Prevalence of secondary conditions in veterans with spinal cord injury and their interference with life activities.Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.2000; 6( 1): 34\u201342."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b261","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1749","article-title":"Symptoms of major depression in people with spinal cord injury: implications for screening","volume":"85","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bombardier\n CH,\n \n \n Richards\n JS,\n \n \n Krause\n JS,\n \n \n Tulsky\n D,\n \n \n Tate\n DG.\n \n \n Symptoms of major depression in people with spinal cord injury: implications for screening.Arch Phys Med Rehabil.2004; 85( 11): 1749\u20131756."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b262","series-title":"Arch Intern Med","first-page":"1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spitzer\n RL,\n \n \n Kroenke\n K,\n \n \n Williams\n JBW,\n \n \n L\u00f6we\n B.\n \n \n A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.Arch Intern Med.2006; 166( 10): 1092\u20131097."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b263","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"701","article-title":"Bowel function in adults who have sustained spinal cord injury in childhood","volume":"33","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kannisto\n M,\n \n \n Rintala\n R.\n \n \n Bowel function in adults who have sustained spinal cord injury in childhood.Paraplegia.1995; 33( 12): 701\u2013703."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b264","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"791","article-title":"Barriers to sexual activity: counselling spinal cord injured women in Malaysia","volume":"49","year":"2011","unstructured":"Julia\n PE,\n \n \n Othman\n AS.\n \n \n Barriers to sexual activity: counselling spinal cord injured women in Malaysia.Spinal Cord.2011; 49( 7): 791\u2013794."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1082-0744-27-2-75-b265","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"557","article-title":"Sexual satisfaction in women with spinal cord injuries","volume":"53","year":"2015","unstructured":"Otero-Villaverde\n S,\n \n \n Ferreiro-Velasco\n ME,\n \n \n Montoto-Marqu\u00e9s\n A,\n \n \n Salvador de la Barrera\n S,\n \n \n Arias-Pardo\n AI,\n \n \n Rodriguez-Sotillo\n A.\n \n \n Sexual satisfaction in women with spinal cord injuries.Spinal Cord.2015; 53( 7): 557\u2013560."}],"container-title":["Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/tscr\/27\/2\/article-p75.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/tscir\/article-pdf\/27\/2\/75\/3069566\/i1082-0744-27-2-75.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tscr\/27\/2\/article-p75.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tscr\/27\/2\/article-p75.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T15:50:15Z","timestamp":1775145015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tscir.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/tscr\/27\/2\/article-p75.xml"}},"subtitle":["Clinical Practice Guideline for Health Care Providers"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":530,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46292\/sci2702-75","relation":{},"ISSN":["1082-0744"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1082-0744","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}