{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:16:22Z","timestamp":1787843782809,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Universitatsbibliothek der Ruhr-Universitat Bochum","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TCHES"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Multi-Scalar Multiplication (MSM) is the main barrier to accelerating Zero-Knowledge applications. In recent years, hardware acceleration of this algorithm on both FPGA and GPU has become a popular research topic and the subject of a multi-million dollar prize competition (ZPrize). This work presents OPTIMSM: Optimized Processing Through Iterative Multi-Scalar Multiplication. This novel accelerator focuses on the acceleration of the MSM algorithm for any Elliptic Curve (EC) by improving upon the Pippenger algorithm. A new iteration technique is introduced to decouple the required buckets from the window size, resulting in fewer EC computations for the same on-chip memory resources. Furthermore, we combine known optimizations from the literature for the first time to achieve additional latency improvements. Our enhanced MSM implementation significantly reduces computation time, achieving a speedup of up to x12.77 compared to recent FPGA implementations. Specifically, for the BLS12-381 curve, we reduce the computation time for an MSM of size 224 to 914 ms using a single compute unit on the U55C FPGA or to 231 ms using four U55C devices. These results indicate a substantial improvement in efficiency, paving the way for more scalable and efficient Zero-Knowledge proof systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.46586\/tches.v2025.i2.489-510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T10:28:55Z","timestamp":1741170535000},"page":"489-510","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["OPTIMSM: FPGA hardware accelerator for Zero-Knowledge MSM"],"prefix":"10.46586","volume":"2025","author":[{"given":"Xander","family":"Pottier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"De Ruijter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Bertels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wouter","family":"Legiest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiel","family":"Van Beirendonck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Verbauwhede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"25480","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"container-title":["IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tches.iacr.org\/index.php\/TCHES\/article\/download\/12055\/11899","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/tches.iacr.org\/index.php\/TCHES\/article\/download\/12055\/11899","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T10:28:56Z","timestamp":1741170536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tches.iacr.org\/index.php\/TCHES\/article\/view\/12055"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46586\/tches.v2025.i2.489-510","relation":{},"ISSN":["2569-2925"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2569-2925","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]}}}