{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T01:59:11Z","timestamp":1789955951130,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Societatea Romana de Morfologie","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rom J Morphol Embryol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused a global public health crisis, with a significant impact on multiple body systems. This virus, a member of the Coronaviridae family, shows ~80% genomic similarity to SARS-CoV and ~50% genomic similarity to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The spike (S) protein plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of the virus, as it facilitates its entry into host cells by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. In addition to the respiratory system damage, SARS-CoV-2 infection causes a variety of gastrointestinal (GI), neurological, cardiovascular (CV), ocular, renal, etc. clinical manifestations. Neurological complications, such as anosmia, ague, headache, encephalitis and cerebrovascular events, were frequently observed, being attributed to both direct viral invasion and a very strong systemic inflammatory response. GI symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea and vomiting are common and may occur independently of respiratory symptoms, and the presence of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) detected in fecal samples suggests possible fecal-oral transmission. The CV system is affected by myocardial damage, inflammation and coagulation disorders, with an increased risk of thromboembolic events. At the ocular level, the virus was identified in ocular secretions, and conjunctivitis, uveitis and episcleritis were observed in about 11% of patients. Renal involvement, manifested by acute kidney injury, was detected in 0.5\u20137% of cases. In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2 infection is not limited to respiratory tract involvement but also has significant systemic implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.47162\/rjme.66.1.05","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T04:40:16Z","timestamp":1748580016000},"page":"61-67","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["COVID-19 \u2013 multisystem disease"],"prefix":"10.47162","volume":"66","author":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta Andreea","family":"Cercel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florin Ionu\u0163","family":"Buiba\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mircea-Sebastian","family":"\u015eerb\u0103nescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania; Department of Pathology, Philanthropy Municipal Clinical Hospital, Craiova, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adina Andreea","family":"Mirea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florentina","family":"Dumitrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ionica","family":"Pirici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oana","family":"Badea-Voiculescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Modern Languages, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren\u0163iu","family":"Mogoant\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Histology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania; Research Center for Microscopic Morphology and Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai-Marius","family":"Botezat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"26736","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\"[1] Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS, Cook JR, Nordvig AS, Shalev D, Sehrawat TS, Ahluwalia N, Bikdeli B, Dietz D, Der-Nigoghossian C, Liyanage-Don N, Rosner GF, Bernstein EJ, Mohan S, Beckley AA, Seres DS, Choueiri TK, Uriel N, Ausiello JC, Accili D, Freedberg DE, Baldwin M, Schwartz A, Brodie D, Garcia CK, Elkind MSV, Connors JM, Bilezikian JP, Landry DW, Wan EY. 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