{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T19:57:59Z","timestamp":1781207879980,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Pakistan Medical Association","issue":"06","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Pak Med Assoc"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To investigate the role of surfactant protein D as an early biomarker for diabetic complications.\nMethod: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the diabetic clinic of Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, from March 1 to August 31, 2021, and comprised type 2 diabetic patients and non-diabetic controls. Serum surfactant protein D levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and pulmonary function was assessed using spirometry. Data analysed was conducted using SPSS 26.\nResults: Of the 164 subjects, 82(50%) each were diabetics and controls. In both the groups, there were 49(59.75%) females and 33(40.24%) males. The mean age of diabetics was 51.02\u00b111.98 years, while it was 44.65\u00b115.18 years among the controls (p&lt;0.05). Diabetics had significantly elevated surfactant protein D levels (63.59\u00b126.20ng\/mL) compared to non-diabetics (37.41\u00b123.65ng\/mL; p&lt;0.05) as shown in Table 2. Pulmonary function was also compromised in diabetics, with lower forced expiratory volume in one second and its ratio with forced vital capacity (p&lt;0.05) despite similar forced vital capacity values (p&lt;0.05).\nConclusion: Increased levels of serum surfactant protein D were found to be linked with pulmonary dysfunction. Surfactant protein D could serve as an early indicator of pulmonary involvement in diabetes.\nKey Words: Diabetes mellitus type 2, Surfactant protein D, Pulmonary function tests, Spirometry, Lung diseases, Oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.47391\/jpma.22976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T19:22:29Z","timestamp":1780255349000},"page":"872-876","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum surfactant protein-D as an early marker of pulmonary dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients"],"prefix":"10.47391","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7892-6301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hira","family":"Zahid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibgha","family":"Zulfiqar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"26547","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"container-title":["Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jpma.org.pk\/index.php\/public_html\/article\/download\/22976\/4840","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jpma.org.pk\/index.php\/public_html\/article\/download\/22976\/4840","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T19:32:27Z","timestamp":1781206347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jpma.org.pk\/index.php\/public_html\/article\/view\/22976"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"06","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47391\/jpma.22976","relation":{},"ISSN":["0030-9982"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0030-9982","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]}}}