{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T02:49:44Z","timestamp":1782787784392,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Pakistan Medical Association","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701129600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Pak Med Assoc"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To investigate the association of vascular endothelial growth factor A gene polymorphisms 2578C\/A (rs699947) and 1154G\/A (rs1570360) with type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy and serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels in Pakistani patients.\nMethod: The case-control study was conducted from Jan 2017 to Dec 2018 after approval from the ethics review board of Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan, and comprised type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of either gender with diabetic retinopathy in group A, and without diabetic retinopathy in group B. Non-diabetic healthy individuals were enrolled in control group C. Genotyping was done by amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction and serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data was analysed using SPSS 22.\nResults: Of the 450 subjects, 150(33.3%) were in each of the 3 groups. The mean age in group A was 58.16\u00b19.42, in group B 56.25\u00b18.5 years and in group C it was 55.90\u00b110.90. The proportion of Punjabi ethnicity was significantly high in group B compared to other groups (p&lt;0.05). There was no significant association of rs699947 and rs1570360 genotypic and allelic frequencies in group B compared to group A. Further, rs699947 AA genotype was significantly associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy compared to group A (p&lt;0.05). Minor allele A showed significant association in groups A and B compared to group C (p&lt;0.05). Significantly raised serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels were found in group B compared to group A (p&lt;0.05), and were associated with rs699947 and rs1570360 heterozygosity in group A (p&lt;0.05). Also, rs699947 genotype showed significant association with groups A and B in Punjabi and Pathan ethnicities (p&lt;0.05) and with Kashmiri ethnicity in group B (p&lt;0.05).\nConclusion: There was a strong association of vascular endothelial growth factor 2578C\/A (rs699947) gene polymorphism with proliferative diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic Pakistani patients, suggesting its role in the pathogenesis of this condition.\nKey Words: Diabetic retinopathy, Polymorphisms, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Vascular endothelial growth factor A gene.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.47391\/jpma.6072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T05:23:30Z","timestamp":1701408210000},"page":"2348-2356","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association of vascular endothelial growth factor a gene (VEGFA) polymorphisms, rs699947 and rs1570360, with diabetic retinopathy and altered VEGF secretion in the Pakistani patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case-control study"],"prefix":"10.47391","volume":"73","author":[{"family":"Shazia Qayyum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Muhammad Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Abdul Khaliq Naveed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imran Azam","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Madiha Sajjad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Moiz Azam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"26547","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"container-title":["Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ojs.jpma.org.pk\/index.php\/public_html\/article\/download\/6072\/2841","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ojs.jpma.org.pk\/index.php\/public_html\/article\/download\/6072\/2841","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T05:23:30Z","timestamp":1701408210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ojs.jpma.org.pk\/index.php\/public_html\/article\/view\/6072"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47391\/jpma.6072","relation":{},"ISSN":["0030-9982"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0030-9982","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]}}}