{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T14:40:06Z","timestamp":1788273606481,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Korean Encephalitis and Neuroinflammation Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["encephalitisjournal.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["encephalitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the anterior hypothalamus is the major circadian pace-maker in humans. Melatonin is a key hormone secreted by the pineal gland in response to dark-ness. Light-induced stimuli are transmitted along the retinohypothalamic tract to the SCN. Acti-vation of the SCN inhibits the production of melatonin by the pineal gland through a complex neural pathway passing through the superior cervical ganglion. Accordingly, when light is una-vailable, the pineal gland secretes melatonin. The circadian rhythm modulates sleep-wake cycles as well as many physiological functions of the endocrine system, including core body tempera-ture, pulse rate, oxygen consumption, hormone levels, metabolism, and gastrointestinal function. In neurodegenerative disorders, the sleep-wake cycle is disrupted and circadian regulation is al-tered, which accelerates disease progression, further disrupting circadian regulation and setting up a vicious cycle. Melatonin plays a critical role in the regulation of circadian rhythms and is a multifunctional pleiotropic agent with broad neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative disor-ders, viral or autoimmune diseases, and cancer. In this review, I discuss the neuroprotective functions of melatonin in circadian regulation and its roles in promoting anti-inflammatory activ-ity, enhancing immune system functions, and preventing alterations in glucose metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders and autoimmune central nervous sys-tem diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.47936\/encephalitis.2022.00094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T02:42:37Z","timestamp":1675824157000},"page":"44-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47936\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Neuroprotective effects of melatonin in neurodegenerative and autoimmune central nervous system diseases"],"prefix":"10.47936","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2155-9068","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jung-Won","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27912","reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"515","volume-title":"","author":"Berry","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-016-0089-7"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-060909-153128"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Melatonin in humans","author":"Karasek","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159x14666161228122115"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12054"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.4215"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988720964250"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13234"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25853"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/endo:27:2:179"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198108"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874609813666200711153223"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01543a060"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/20.3.185"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040367"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15592324.2015.1096469"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/815769"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.55.2.2"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002990000206"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1020107915919"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6462"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1822"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6470"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/mcp.0000000000000522"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12594"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2020.0146"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159x15666170313123454"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.1995.tb00145.x"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.269"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-021-00711-x"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12939"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-002-0884-0"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Melatonin and aging: prospects for human treatment","author":"Bubenik","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.6239"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.05.058"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.12.007"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-021-00504-w"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2021.03.002"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2018.07.019"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527320666210804155617"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/326320"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/741974"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2019.109420"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox3020245"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2019.1631158"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.760"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/26.7.893"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01543.x"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/jgp.0b013e318187de18"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/cia.s65625"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24875\/gmm.m000008"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.105878"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.03.029"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110485"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27886"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.753"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12759"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.10.3.467"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3871"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000360528"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(10)70094-6"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(14)70256-x"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.11.002"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.12.020"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.06.021"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2001.2.2.85"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-019-00793-6"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2007.02911.x"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/951210"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mib.0000436962.32164.6e"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"327","volume-title":"Evalua-tion of melatonin effectiveness in the adjuvant treatment of ulcerative colitis","author":"Chojnacki","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["encephalitis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/encephalitisjournal.org\/upload\/pdf\/encephalitis-2022-00094.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/encephalitisjournal.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.47936\/encephalitis.2022.00094","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/encephalitisjournal.org\/upload\/pdf\/encephalitis-2022-00094.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,9]],"date-time":"2023-04-09T20:56:33Z","timestamp":1681073793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/encephalitisjournal.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.47936\/encephalitis.2022.00094"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47936\/encephalitis.2022.00094","relation":{},"ISSN":["2765-4559","2734-1461"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2765-4559","type":"print"},{"value":"2734-1461","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-15","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-04-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Print publication","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}